Part 61
[*] Flowers all without calyx, included in a cup-shaped calyx-like involucre,--the whole liable to be mistaken for a single flower.
1. Euphorbia. Involucre surrounding many staminate flowers (each of a single naked stamen) and one pistillate flower (a 3-lobed pistil).
[*][*] Flowers with a calyx, without involucre.
[+] Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell; flowers monoecious.
2. Pachysandra. Flowers in basal spikes. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, distinct.
3. Phyllanthus. Flowers axillary. Stamens 3, united.
[+][+] Seeds and ovules 1 in each cell.
[a.] Flowers apetalous, in cymose panicles (2--3-chotomous); stamens 10, erect in the bud.
4. Jatropha. Calyx corolla-like, the staminate salver-form; armed with stinging hairs.
[b.] Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. Stamens inflexed in the bud. Stellate-downy or scurfy, or hairy and glandular; leaves mostly entire.
5. Croton. Flowers spiked or glomerate. Ovary and fruit 3- (rarely 2--4-) celled.
6. Crotonopsis. Flowers scattered on the branchlets. Ovary and fruit 1-celled.
[c.] Flowers in axillary spikes or racemes (except n. 9), apetalous (except n. 7). Stamens 8 or more; anthers erect in the bud.
7. Argythamnia. Petals and sepals 5. Stamens 10--15, united. Styles bifid, linear.
8. Acalypha. Calyx 4- (3--5-) parted. Stamens mostly 8. Fertile flowers in the axils of leafy bracts. Stigmas finely dissected.
9. Ricinus. Racemes terminal, subpanicled. Calyx 3--5-parted. Stamens very numerous; the filaments repeatedly branched. Styles 2-parted.
[d.] Flowers apetalous, in racemes or spikes pistillate at base. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles simple.
10. Tragia. Flowers racemose. Calyx-lobes valvate in bud. Hirsute or pubescent.
11. Stillingia. Flowers spicate. Calyx-lobes imbricate in bud. Fertile bracts glanduliferous. Glabrous.
1. EUPHORBIA, L. SPURGE.
Flowers monoecious, included in a cup-shaped 4--5-lobed involucre (_flower_ of older authors) resembling a calyx or corolla, and usually bearing large thick glands (with or without petal-like margins) at its sinuses. Sterile flowers numerous and lining the base of the involucre, each from the axil of a little bract, and consisting merely of a single stamen jointed on a pedicel like the filament; anther-cells globular, separate. Fertile flower solitary in the middle of the involucre, soon protruded on a long pedicel, consisting of a 3-lobed and 3-celled ovary with no calyx, or a mere vestige. Styles 3, each 2-cleft; the stigmas therefore 6. Pod separating into 3 1-seeded carpels, which split elastically into 2 valves. Seed often caruncled (ours only in Secs. 5 and 6).--Plants (herbs in the United States), with a milky acrid juice. Peduncles terminal, often umbellate-clustered; in the first section mostly appearing lateral, but not really axillary. (Named after _Euphorbus_, physician to King Juba.)
[A.] _Glands of the involucre with petal-like, usually white or rose-colored, margins or appendages; these almost obsolete in n. 1._
Sec. 1. ANISOPHYLLUM. _Leaves all opposite, short-petioled, small, oblique at base; stipules awl-shaped or scaly and often fringed, persistent; stems much branched, spreading or usually procumbent; involucres solitary in the forks or in terminal or pseudo-lateral clusters, small, with 4 glands; seeds ash-colored (except in n. 10); annuals._
[*] _Seeds smooth and even; leaves entire; whole plant glabrous._
1. E. polygonifolia, L. Prostrate-spreading; _leaves oblong-linear_, obtuse, mucronate, slightly cordate or obtuse at base (4--8'' long); stipules setaceously divided; peduncles in the forks, as long as the petioles; lobes of the involucre longer than the _minute not appendaged glands_; pods obtusely angled; seeds ovate (over 1'' long, the largest of this section).--Sandy shores of the Atlantic and of the Great Lakes.
2. E. Geyeri, Engelm. Procumbent; _leaves oblong-ovate_, obtuse, slightly mucronate, mostly acutish at base, lowermost cordate (3--6'' long); stipules setaceously divided; peduncles as long as the petioles, at length in loose foliaceous lateral clusters; glands with _narrow white or red appendages_; pods acutely angled; seeds ovate, acute at one end (1/2'' long).--Sandy soil, Ill. to Wisc., Minn., and Kan.
3. E. petaloidea, Engelm. Resembling the last, but half-erect and spreading; _leaves longer, narrower, retuse or emarginate_; peduncles longer than the petioles; involucres larger, _the broadly campanulate appendages much larger and conspicuous_; pod obtusely angled; seeds nearly 1'' long.--From Iowa and Mo., westward.
4. E. serpens, HBK. Stems filiform, prostrate, and often rooting; _leaves round-ovate_, obtuse or cordate at base (only 1/2--11/2'' long); _stipules membranaceous, triangular_; peduncles much longer than the petioles, at length in loose foliaceous lateral clusters; glands of the very small involucre with _minute crenulate appendages_; pods acutely angled; seeds obtusely angled (1/2'' long or less).--Rich soil, Ill. and Iowa to Kan., and southward. Rarely adv. eastward.
[*][*] _Seeds minutely roughened or transversely wrinkled or pitted; leaves more or less serrulate, smooth or often hairy._
5. E. serpyllifolia, Pers. Glabrous, prostrate-spreading; _leaves obovate-oblong_, narrowed at the very oblique base, sharply serrulate toward the obtuse apex (3--6'' long, often with a red spot); stipules lanceolate, fimbriate; peduncles as long as or longer than the petioles, at length in loose foliaceous lateral clusters; glands of the small involucre with narrow somewhat toothed appendages; pods sharply angled; _seeds acutely quadrangular, slightly cross-wrinkled_, often pitted (nearly 3/4'' long).--Wisc. to Mo., and westward.
6. E. glyptosperma, Engelm. Glabrous (or very rarely puberulent), erect-spreading; _leaves linear-oblong_, mostly falcate, very unequal at base, slightly serrulate toward the obtuse apex (2--5'' long); stipules lanceolate, setaceously divided; peduncles as long as the petioles, in dense foliaceous lateral clusters; glands of the very small involucre with narrow crenulate appendages; pods sharply angled; _seeds sharply 4-angled and with 5 or 6 sharp transverse wrinkles_ (1/2'' long).--Ont. to Wisc., Ill., Mo., and westward.
7. E. maculata, L. Prostrate; stems puberulent or hairy; _leaves oblong-linear_, very oblique at base, serrulate upward, more or less pubescent or sometimes smoothish (4--6'' long), usually with a brown-red spot in the centre; stipules lanceolate, fimbriate; peduncles as long as the petioles, in dense foliaceous lateral clusters; glands of the small involucre minute, with narrow slightly crenate (usually red) appendages; pods acutely angled, puberulent; _seeds ovate_ ({2/5}'' long), _sharply 4-angled and with about 4 shallow grooves across the concave sides_.--Open places, roadsides, etc., common.
8. E. humistrata, Engelm. Procumbent, puberulent or hairy; _leaves elliptical or obovate_, very oblique at base, serrulate toward the apex, sparsely hairy underneath (4--9'' long, sometimes with a brown spot above); stipules lanceolate, fimbriate; peduncles rather shorter than the petioles, in dense scarcely foliaceous lateral clusters; _involucre cleft on the back_, its (red or white) appendages truncate or crenate; pods sharply angled, puberulent; _seeds ovate, obtusely angled, minutely roughened_ (1/2'' long).--Rich soil, Ind. and W. Tenn. to Minn. and Kan.
9. E. Preslii, Guss. Smooth or with scattered hairs, ascending or erect (1--2 deg. high); leaves oblique at the obtuse or slightly cordate base, ovate-oblong or oblong-linear, sometimes falcate, serrate (1/2--11/2' long), often with a red spot or red margins; stipules triangular; peduncles longer than the petioles, collected in loose leafy terminal cymes; _appendages entire_, larger and white, or smaller and sometimes red; _pod glabrous, obtusely angled; seeds ovate, obtusely angled, wrinkled and tubercled_ (1/2'' long), blackish. (E. hypericifolia of _Man._, not _L._)--Common throughout the U. S. east of the plains.
Sec. 2. ZYGOPHYLLIDIUM. _Leaves opposite, on short petioles, not oblique, with stipular glands; stems dichotomously branched, erect; cymes terminal; involucres with 5 glands; seeds tuberculate._
10. E. hexagona, Nutt. Somewhat hairy (1 deg. high or more); branches striate-angled; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire; involucre hairy without and within; glands with green ovate-triangular appendages twice their length; capsule smooth; seeds ovate.--Iowa to Tex., west to Col. and Montana.
Sec. 3. PETALOMA. _Uppermost leaves with conspicuous white petal-like margins, whorled or opposite, the others scattered; erect annuals, with leaves equal at base and entire, and with lanceolate deciduous stipules; involucres 5-lobed, in an umbel-like inflorescence._
11. E. marginata, Pursh. Stem stout (2--3 deg. high), erect, hairy; leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, acute; umbel with 3 dichotomous rays; glands of the involucre with broad white appendages.--Minn. to Mo., west to Col., also spreading eastward to Ohio, and frequently escaped from gardens, where it is often cultivated for its showy broadly white-margined floral leaves.
Sec. 4. TITHYMALOPSIS. _Only the uppermost leaves whorled or opposite; erect perennials, with entire leaves equal at base; stipules none; involucres mostly 5-lobed, in the forks of the branches and terminal; inflorescence umbelliform._
12. E. corollata, L. Glabrous or sometimes sparingly hairy (2--3 deg. high); leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, entire, obtuse; umbel 5- (3--7-) forked, and the forks again 2--3- (or rarely 5-) forked; involucres long-peduncled, with showy white appendages (appearing like petals), the lobes minute and incurved; pod slender-pedicelled, smooth; seeds thick (1'' long or more), ash-colored, slightly uneven.--Rich or sandy soil, N. Y. and N. J. to Fla., west to Minn. and La., also adventive in Mass. July--Oct.
[B.] _Glands of the involucre without petaloid appendages._
Sec. 5. POINSETTIA. _Involucres in terminal clusters, 4--5-lobed, with few (or often solitary) cup-shaped glands; erect annuals, with variable, entire, dentate, or sinuate leaves, all or only the upper ones opposite; the uppermost often colored, especially at base; stipules small and glandular._
13. E. dentata, Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy (1 deg. high); leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, petioled, coarsely toothed (1--2' long), _only the lowest alternate_, the upper often paler at base; involucres almost sessile, with 5 oblong dentate lobes, and one or sometimes more _short-stalked glands_; seeds ovate-globular, slightly tubercled.--Rich soil, Penn. to Tenn., Iowa, E. Kan., and southward. July--Sept.
14. E. heterophylla, L. Erect (1--3 deg. high), glabrous; _leaves alternate_, petioled, ovate-fiddle-shaped and sinuate-toothed, or lanceolate or linear and entire, often only those of the branches linear; the upper usually with a red base; involucres about the length of the peduncle, with 5 ovate incised lobes and a single or few and _almost sessile glands_; seeds nearly globular, tubercled.--Slopes and rocky soil, Minn. to W. Ill., Iowa and Mo.
Sec. 6. TITHYMALUS. _Involucres in a terminal dichotomous or commonly umbelliform inflorescence, 5- or usually 4-lobed, with as many flat or convex entire or crescent-shaped glands; seeds carunculate (except n. 15); ours ascending or erect, and mostly glabrous, without stipules._
[*] _Perennials with entire leaves, all or only the upper opposite; involucres long-peduncled in a dichotomous inflorescence, mostly with 5 transversely oblong glands; seeds without caruncle._
15. E. Ipecacuanhae, L. Stems many from a very long perpendicular root, erect or diffusely spreading (5--10' long), forking from near the base; leaves varying from obovate or oblong to narrowly linear, almost sessile, glabrous; peduncles elongated (1/2--1' long); pod long-pedicelled, obtusely angled, nearly smooth; seed ovate, white, sparsely marked with impressed dots.--Sandy soil, near the coast; Conn. to Fla.; also barrens of S. Ind.
[*][*] _Leaves scattered, only the floral in the umbelliform inflorescence whorled or opposite and of a different shape; glands mostly 4._
[+] _Leaves serrulate or rarely entire; glands transversely oval, obtuse._
[++] _Seeds smooth and even; pod warty or rough._
16. E. Darlingtonii, Gray. Tall _perennial_ (2--4 deg. high); _leaves entire, minutely downy beneath_; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong from a narrow base; the floral oval, very obtuse; the upper roundish-dilated with a truncate base; umbel 5--8-rayed, then simply forked; _pod minutely warty_; large globular seed with a small caruncle.--Copses, N. Y. and Penn., to the mountains of N. C. July--Sept.
17. E. obtusata, Pursh. Erect _annual_ (1--2 deg. high); _leaves oblong-spatulate_, minutely serrulate, _smooth, all obtuse_; upper ones cordate at base; floral ones ovate, dilated, barely mucronate; umbel once or twice divided into 3 rays, then into 2; _involucre with naked lobes_ and small stipitate glands; _styles distinct_, longer than the ovary, erect, _2-cleft to the middle_; pod beset with long warts.--Damp woods, Va. to S. C., west to Iowa and Kan. May--July.
E. PLATYPHYLLA, L. Erect _annual_ (8--18' high); upper _stem-leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute_, cordate at base, minutely serrulate, mostly _with scattered hairs beneath_; floral ones triangular-ovate, subcordate; umbel 5-rayed; _involucre with ciliate lobes_ and large sessile glands; _styles_ longer than the ovary, _united at base, slightly 2-cleft_; pod covered with depressed warts.--Along the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes to Mich. June--Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)
[++][++] _Seeds rugose or reticulated; leaves serrulate; annuals._
18. E. dictyosperma, Fischer & Meyer. Stem erect (8--18' high); _leaves_ oblong- or obovate-spatulate, smooth, all obtuse and _obtusely serrate_; upper ones cordate at base; floral ones roundish-ovate or obscurely heart-shaped, slightly mucronate; umbels once or twice 3-forked, then 2-forked; involucre with nearly naked lobes and _small almost sessile glands_; styles shorter than the ovary, spreading or recurved; _pod warty; seeds delicately reticulated_.--Prairies and roadsides, Md. to Minn., Ala., and westward. May--July.
E. HELIOSCOPIA, L. Stems ascending (6--12' high), stout; _leaves all obovate_ and very rounded or retuse at the end, _finely serrate_, smooth or a little hairy, those of the stem wedge-shaped; umbel divided into 5 rays, then into 3, or at length simply forked; _glands orbicular, stalked; pods smooth and even; seeds with coarse honeycomb-like reticulations_.--Waste places, eastward and along the Great Lakes to Mich. July--Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)
[+][+] _Leaves entire; glands crescent-shaped or 2-horned._
[++] _Seeds smooth and dark-colored; perennials, with running rootstocks._
E. ESULA, L. Stems clustered (1 deg. high); _leaves lanceolate or linear, the floral_ (yellowish) _broadly heart-shaped_, mucronate; umbel divided into many rays, then forking; _glands short-horned_ (brown); pods smoothish and granular.--Mass., western N. Y., and Mich.; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)
E. CYPARISSIAS, L. Stems densely clustered (6--10' high); _stem-leaves linear, crowded, the floral heart-shaped_; umbel many-rayed; _glands crescent-shaped_; pods granular.--Escaped from gardens, common. (Nat. from Eu.)
E. NICAEENSIS, All. _Stout and tall_ glabrous perennial; _leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate_, the floral broadly heart-shaped, mucronate; terminal umbel many-rayed, the rays forking; glands short-horned; _pods finely wrinkled_.--A rare escape; Binghampton, N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.)
[++][++] _Seeds sculptured, ash-colored; pod smooth; annuals or biennials._
E. PEPLUS, L. Erect or ascending (5--10' high); _leaves petioled_, thin round-obovate, the upper floral ones ovate; umbel 3-rayed, then forking; glands long-horned; lobes of the _pod 2-wing-crested_ on the back; _seeds 2-grooved on the inner face, pitted on the back_ (scarcely over 1/2'' long).--Waste places, N. Eng. to N. J. and western N. Y. (Adv. from En.)
19. E. commutata, Engelm. Stems branched from a commonly decumbent base (6--12' high); _leaves_ obovate, obtuse; the upper all _sessile_, the upper floral ones roundish-dilated, broader than long; umbel 3-forked; glands with slender horns; _capsule obtusely angled; seeds ovate, pitted all over_ (1'' long).--Along streams and shady slopes, Md. to Fla., Minn., and Mo.
[*][*][*] _Glabrous annual or biennial with entire opposite and decussate leaves, an umbelliform inflorescence, and short-horned glands._
E. LATHYRIS, L. Stem stout (2--3 deg. high); leaves thick, linear or oblong, the floral oblong-ovate and heart-shaped; umbel 4-rayed, then forking.--Sparingly escaped from gardens, N. Eng. to N. C. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. PACHYSANDRA, Michx.
Flowers monoecious, in naked spikes. Calyx 4--5-parted. Petals none. _Ster. Fl._ Stamens 4, separate; filaments long-exserted, thick and flat; anthers oblong-linear. _Fert. Fl._ Ovary 3-celled; styles 3, thick, awl-shaped, recurved, stigmatic down their whole length inside. Ovules a pair in each cell, suspended, with the rhaphe dorsal (turned away from the placenta). Capsule deeply 3-horned, 3-celled, splitting into 3 at length 2-valved 2-seeded carpels.--Nearly glabrous, low and procumbent perennial herbs, with matted creeping rootstocks, and alternate, ovate or obovate, coarsely toothed leaves, narrowed at base into a petiole. Flowers each 1--3-bracted, the upper staminate, a few fertile ones at base, unpleasantly scented; sepals greenish or purplish; filaments white (their size and thickness giving the name, from [Greek: pachu/s], _thick_, and [Greek: a)ne/r], used for _stamen_).
1. P. procumbens, Michx. Stems (6--9' long) bearing several approximate leaves at the summit on slender petioles, and a few many-flowered spikes along the base; the intervening portion naked, or with a few small scales.--Woods, mountains of Ky., W. Va., and southward. March--May.
3. PHYLLANTHUS, L.
Flowers monoecious, axillary. Calyx usually 5--6-parted, imbricated in the bud. Petals none. Stamens mostly 3, erect in the bud, often united. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Capsule depressed; each carpel 2-valved, 2-seeded. Seeds not carunculate.--Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, with small stipules. (Name composed of [Greek: phy/llon], _leaf_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _blossom_, because the flowers in a few species are borne upon leaf-like dilated branches.)
1. P. Carolinensis, Walt. Annual, low and slender, branched; leaves obovate or oval, short-petioled; flowers commonly 2 in each axil, almost sessile, one staminate, the other fertile; calyx 6-parted; stamens 3; styles 3, each 2-cleft; glands of the disk in the fertile flowers united in a cup.--Gravelly banks, E. Penn. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and Ill. July--Sept.
4. JATROPHA, L.
Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, in a terminal open forking cyme; the fertile ones usually in the lower forks. Calyx corolla-like, in the staminate flowers often salver shaped, 5-lobed; in the pistillate, 5-parted, imbricated or convolute in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct or apparently united petals, or none. Glands of the disk opposite the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10--30, in 2 or more whorls; filaments monadelphous at base. Ovary mostly 3-celled; styles 3, united below, their summits once or twice forked. Capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded, separating into 3 two-valved carpels. Seed carunculate.--Perennial herbaceous or shrubby plants, chiefly tropical, with alternate mostly long-petioled palmately-veined leaves, and stipules.--Our species is of the section CNIDOSCOLUS, with apetalous flowers, the staminate corolla salver-form, and the plants mostly armed with stinging bristles. (Name said by Linnaeus to be formed of [Greek: i)atro\n], _a remedy_, and [Greek: pha/go], _to eat_.)
1. J. stimulosa, Michx. (TREAD-SOFTLY. SPURGE-NETTLE.) Herbaceous, from a long perennial root, branching (6'--2 deg. high); leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3--5-lobed nearly to the base, on long petioles; the divisions entire or acutely toothed, cut, or even pinnatifid, often discolored; flowers white, fragrant, 9'' long or more; filaments 10, monadelphous only at the woolly base, or the outer set almost distinct. (J. urens, var. stimulosa, _J. Muell._)--Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and La. June--Sept.
5. CROTON, L.
Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, mostly in terminal spike-like racemes or spikes. _Ster. Fl._ Calyx 5- (rarely 4--6-) parted; the divisions lightly imbricated or nearly valvate in the bud. Petals usually present, as many, but mostly small or rudimentary, hypogynous. Glands or lobes of the disk as many as and alternate with the petals. Receptacle usually hairy. Stamens 5 or more; filaments with the anthers inflexed in the bud. _Fert. Fl._ Calyx 5--10-cleft or parted, nearly as in the staminate flowers; but petals none or minute rudiments. Ovary 3- (rarely 2--4-) celled, with a single ovule in each cell; styles as many, from once to thrice 2-cleft. Capsule separating into as many 2-valved 1-seeded carpels. Seeds carunculate.--Stellate-downy, or scurfy, or hairy and glandular plants, mostly strong-scented; the fertile flowers usually at the base of the sterile spike or cluster. Leaves alternate, or sometimes imperfectly opposite, with or without obvious stipules. ([Greek: Kroto/n], the Greek name of the Castor-oil Plant, of this family.)
[*] _Sterile flowers with 4-parted calyx, as many petals, a 4-rayed disk and 8 stamens; fertile flowers with 5-parted calyx, very minute rudimentary petals, and the 3 styles 2-cleft._
1. C. glandulosus, L. Annual, rough-hairy and glandular (1--2 deg. high), somewhat umbellately branched; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, obtusely toothed, the base with a saucer-shaped gland on each side; fertile flowers capitate-clustered at the base of the sterile spike, sessile in the forks and terminal.--Open waste places, Va. to Iowa, E. Kan. and southward.
[*][*] _Sterile flowers with 5-parted calyx, as many glands alternating with the petals, and 10--14 stamens; fertile flowers with 7--12-parted calyx, no petals, and the 3 styles twice or thrice 2-parted._
2. C. capitatus, Michx. Annual, densely soft-woolly and somewhat glandular (1--2 deg. high), branched; leaves long-petioled, lance-oblong or elongated-oblong, rounded at base, entire; petals obovate-lanceolate, densely fimbriate; fertile flowers several, capitate-crowded at the base of the short terminal sterile spike.--Barrens, N. J. to Ga., west to S. Ind., Iowa, and E. Kan. July--Sept.
[*][*][*] _Sterile flowers with unequally 3--5-parted calyx, as many petals and scale-like glands, and 3--8 stamens; fertile flowers with equally 5-parted calyx, no petals, 5 glands, and 2 sessile 2-parted stigmas._
3. C. monanthogynus, Michx. Annual, whitish-stellate-pubescent and rusty-glandular; stems (1--2 deg. high) slender, erect, below often umbellately 3--4-forked, then repeatedly 2--3-forked or alternately branched; leaves oblong-ovate or narrowly oblong, entire, often acutish (6--12'' long, about twice the length of the petioles); flowers in the forks, the sterile few on the summit of a short and erect peduncle, the fertile few and clustered or mostly solitary on short recurved peduncles; ovary 2-celled; fruit often by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded; the seed broadly oval.--Barrens and dry prairies, S. Ind. to N. C. and Fla., west to E. Kan. June--Sept.
[*][*][*][*] _Dioecious; calyx equally 5-parted; petals none; stamens 10 or more; styles twice or thrice dichotomously 2-parted._
4. C. Texensis, Muell. Annual, covered with a close canescent stellate pubescence, dichotomously branched or spreading (1--2 deg. high); leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate to linear; staminate spikes or racemes very short, often sessile; capsule stellate-tomentose and somewhat muricate.--Mo. and Kan. to Ala., Tex., and westward.
6. CROTONOPSIS, Michx.