Part 99

1. F. tenella, Nees. Thallus of one or more long-wedge-shaped emarginate divisions about 6--9'' long, grayish-green and porose above, purple on the margins; peduncle 1' high or more, usually purple; receptacle obtusely conic; perianth white, 8-cleft.--On damp ground in sandy fields or on rocks, central N. Y. to Mo., and southward.

4. CONOCEPHALUS, Neck. (Pl. 22.)

Thallus dichotomous, copiously reticulate and porose, with a narrow costa; gemmae none. Receptacle conic-mitriform, membranous. Involucres 5--8, tubular, 1-fruited, suspended from the apex of the peduncle; perianth none. Calyptra persistent, campanulate, 2--4-lobed at the apex. Capsule pedicelled, oblong-pyriform, dehiscing by 5--8 revolute segments. Elaters short, thick. Spores muriculate. Antheridia imbedded in an oval disk sessile near the apex of the thallus. (Name from [Greek: ko nos], _a cone_, and [Greek: kephale/], _a head_.)

1. C. conicus, Dumort. Thallus 2--6' long, 1/2--3/4' wide; receptacle conic, striate, crenate. (Fegatella conica, _Corda._)--Shady banks; common. (Eu.)

5. GRIMALDIA, Raddi. (Pl. 23.)

Thallus thick, more or less channelled, dichotomous, innovating from the apex, with thick epidermis, closely areolate and porose-scabrous above, purple and more or less scaly beneath; gemmae none. Monoecious or dioecious. Receptacle peduncled, hemispherical or conoidal, 3--4-lobed. Involucres as many, 1-fruited, each a distention of the lobe. Capsule filling the involucre, circumscissile in the middle, the calyptra persistent at its base. Antheridia in an oval or obcordate disk immersed in the apex of the thallus. (Named for _D. Grimaldi_, an Italian botanist.)

1. G. barbifrons, Bisch. (Pl. 23.) Thallus linear-obcuneate, 3--6'' long, 1--2'' wide, 2-lobed at the apex, pale green with usually distinct whitish pores, the scales beneath often extending far beyond the margin and becoming whitish; peduncle profusely chaffy at base and apex, sometimes much reduced; antheridial disks obcordate. (Including G. sessilis, _Sulliv._)--Thin soil on rocks, Conn. and N. J. to Iowa; rare or local. (Eu.)

2. G. rupestris, Lindenb. Thallus 3--6'' long, 1--3'' wide, with membranous margins; receptacle small, hemispherical, 1--4-fruited, the peduncle about 1' high, sparingly scaly at base, barbulate at the apex; involucre short, crenulate; spores tuberculate. (Duvalia rupestris, _Nees_.)--On calcareous or shaly rocks, N. Y. and Ohio. (Eu.)

6. ASTERELLA, Beauv. (Pl. 22.)

Thallus rigid, very indistinctly porose, the midrib broad, strong and distinct. Receptacle conic-hemispheric, becoming flattened, 1--6- (usually 4-) lobed. Monoecious. Involucres coherent with the lobes, 1-fruited, 2-valved. Calyptra minute, lacerate, persistent at the base of the capsule. Capsule greenish, rupturing by irregular narrow teeth or by a fragmentary operculum. Elaters moderately long, mostly 2-spiral. Spores tuberculate. Antheridia in sessile lunate disks. (Diminutive of _aster_, a star, from the form of the receptacle.)

1. A. hemisphaerica, Beauv. Thallus forking and increasing by joints, pale green, purple beneath; receptacle papillose on the summit (less so at maturity); peduncle bearded at base and apex, 3/4--1' long, often 2--3 times longer after maturity. (Reboulia hemisphaerica, _Raddi._)--Shaded banks, chiefly along streams; more common southward.--A smaller form or perhaps variety (Reboulia microcephala, _Nees_; R. Sullivantii, _Lehm._) occurs in Penn., Ohio, and southward. (Eu.)

7. DUMORTIERA, Nees. (Pl. 22.)

Thallus large, thin, soft, with a slight costa, dichotomous, usually with scattered hair-like rootlets beneath; gemmae none. Receptacle convex, 2--8-lobed. Involucres 1-fruited, connate with the lobes beneath, horizontal, opening by a vertical terminal slit. Capsule distinctly pedicelled, oblong-globose, dehiscing by 4--6 irregular valves. Elaters 2--3-spiral, parietal, very long, straight, attenuate both ways. Spores muriculate. Antheridia in a short peduncled disk paleaceous beneath. (Named for _B. C. Dumortier_, a Belgian botanist.)

1. D. hirsuta, Nees. Thallus 2--5' long, 6--9'' wide, deep green, becoming blackish, entire on the margins, naked above or with a delicate appressed pubescence; dioecious; receptacle many-fruited, the margin closely hairy; peduncle rather long, chaffy at the apex.--On moist calcareous rocks, Easton, Penn. (_Porter_), and southward.

8. LUNULARIA, Micheli. (Pl. 25.)

Thallus oblong with rounded lobes, distinctly areolate and porose, with imbricate sublunate scales beneath; gemmae in crescent-shaped receptacles. Dioecious. Fertile receptacle usually cruciately divided into 4 horizontal segments or involucres, which are tubular, vertically bilabiate and 1-fruited. Calyptra included, persistent. Capsule exserted, 4--8-valved. Elaters short, very slender, mostly free. Spores nearly smooth. Antheridia borne in the apical sinus of the thallus. (Name from _lunula_, a little moon.)

L. VULGARIS, Raddi. Thallus 1--2' long, forked, innovating from the apex, with a somewhat diffuse costa; peduncle very hairy, 1--11/2' long.--Introduced into greenhouses; always sterile, but easily recognized by the characteristic receptacles. (L. cruciata, _Dumort._) (Int. from Eu.)

ORDER 140. RICCIACEAE.

Plant-body a dichotomously branching thallus, terrestrial or aquatic. Capsules short-pedicelled, or sessile on the thallus, or immersed in its substance, free or connate with the calyptra, globose, at length rupturing irregularly. Calyptra crowned with a more or less deciduous point. Elaters none. Spores usually angular, reticulate or muriculate. Antheridia ovate, immersed in the thallus in flask-shaped cavities with protruding orifices (_ostioles_).

1. Riccia. Capsule immersed in the thallus. Involucre none.

2. Sphaerocarpus. Capsule sessile on the thallus. Involucre inflated-pyriform.

1. RICCIA, Micheli. (Pl. 22.)

Thallus at first radiately divided, the centre often soon decaying; the divisions bifid or di--tri-chotomous, flat or depressed or channelled above, usually convex and naked or squamulose beneath; margins naked or spinulose-ciliate; epidermis usually distinct, eporose; air-cavities evident or wanting. Capsule immersed, sessile. Calyptra with a persistent style. Spores alveolate or muriculate, usually flattened and angular. (Named for _P. F. Ricci_, an Italian nobleman, patron of Micheli.)

Sec. 1. LICHENODES. _Fruit mostly protuberant above; spores about 84 mu broad, issuing through openings in the upper surface of the thallus; terrestrial species (on damp, usually trodden or cultivated ground), without air-cavities._

[*] _Thallus naked, without cilia or scales._

1. R. Frostii, Aust. Thallus orbicular, 6--12'' broad, thinnish, grayish-green, the apex and narrowly membranous margins sometimes purplish, minutely pitted; divisions linear or subspatulate, subtruncate and slightly emarginate; rootlets smooth or obsoletely papillose within; capsules very prominent beneath; spores barely 50 mu broad, nearly round, somewhat margined, with depressed sides when dry, fuscous.--Ohio, Ill., and westward.

[*][*] _Thallus with white scales beneath (dark purple in n. 4), the margin naked._

2. R. sorocarpa, Bisch. Thallus 3--8'' in diameter, pale green becoming whitish, finely reticulate, subradiately or dichotomously divided, the oblong-linear segments subacute, deeply sulcate, with a few inconspicuous scales toward the apex not extending beyond the margin; margins erect when dry; spores issuing through chinks early appearing along the groove above.--Thin rocky soil and cultivated fields, Closter, N. J. (_Austin_), western N. Y. (_Clinton_), and Ill. (_Hall_). (Eu.)

3. R. lamellosa, Raddi. Thallus pale green, elegantly reticulated, subradiately divided, the divisions obovate or obcordate, bifid or 2-lobed, 2--5'' long, channelled at the apex, with membranous ascending margins, and furnished beneath with transverse scales which extend considerably beyond the margin; spores much as in n. 2.--Thin rocky soil, Closter, N. J. (_Austin_).

4. R. nigrella, DC. Thallus dichotomously divided, the divisions linear, channelled, with entire narrowly membranous margins, green above, dark purple beneath and furnished with transverse semicircular scales not exceeding the margin.--Rocky ground, N. Y. (_Torrey_), and Chester, Penn. (_Porter_). (Eu.)

[*][*][*] _Thallus more or less ciliate, naked beneath or obsoletely squamous along the extreme edge._

5. R. arvensis, Aust. Thallus much divided, 3--9'' broad, papillose-reticulate, dull green both sides, becoming fuscous above, the flat margins at length purple; divisions sulcate, dichotomous, the linear-elliptic or subspatulate lobes acutish and obsoletely emarginate; cilia whitish, very short and inconspicuous or nearly wanting; capsules aggregated toward the apex; spores 71--84 mu broad, dark fuscous, reticulate, with pellucid margin.--Var. HIRTA, Aust., decidedly ciliate and with spine-like hairs scattered over the upper surface; divisions broader, more obtuse; spores nearly black, larger (84--101 mu) and smoother.--Cultivated fields and (the var.) rocky places, Closter, N. J. (_Austin_).

6. R. Lescuriana, Aust. Stellately or subcruciately divided, the obcordate or cuneate-linear divisions 2--6'' long, punctate-reticulate, subglaucous or ashy-green both sides or becoming purple beneath, the slightly concave lobes emarginate, closely ciliate with short obtuse spine-like white hairs; capsules scattered, chiefly near the base of the divisions; spores 71--83 mu broad, dark brown, reticulate, not margined.--Cultivated fields and rocky grounds, N. J. to Ill., and southward.

Sec. 2. SPONGODES. _Thallus with large air-cavities usually opening by pits through the upper surface, and with slight depressions over the capsules which are prominent beneath; spores 41--51 mu broad, obtusely angular or globose; terrestrial._

7. R. crystallina, L. Orbicular, 6--9'' broad, the obcordate or cuneate divisions bifid or 2-lobed, flat above and the surface much broken up into pits, the margins subcrenate; capsules scattered; spores issuing through the upper surface.--On mud flats, Ill. (_Hall_), west and southward. (Eu.)

8. R. lutescens, Schwein. Orbicular, 1--11/2' in diameter, light green; divisions 6--8, linear, 2--3 times forked, narrowly channelled, obcordate and thickened at the apex, with delicate whitish obliquely ovate appressed scales, rootlets wanting beneath above the middle; fruiting plant unknown.--Dried up pools and ditches, Canada to Mo., and southward. An analogous form has been developed by Lindberg from R. natans.

9. R. tenuis, Aust. Thallus thin, olive or yellowish-green, shining, the 2--4 divisions roundish-obovate, 2--4'' long, flat, with sinuate margins, green beneath with a slender costa and few rootlets; capsule very delicate, closely adherent to the substance of the thallus, minutely apiculate; spores round or short-oval, conspicuously depressed at one end when dry.--Wet ground in open woods, Closter and Lawrence, N. J. (_Austin_), and Mo. (_Hall_).

Sec. 3. RICCIELLA. _Thallus linear, dichotomous, floating or rarely terrestrial; capsule protuberant from the lower surface._

10. R. fluitans, L. Thallus often in extended patches, thin, green, radiately expanding, the often imbricate divisions 1/2--11/2'' wide, parallel-nerved, flat, without rootlets, cavernous only toward the slightly dilated very obtuse or subtruncate apex; capsules present only in some terrestrial forms, very prominent below, rupturing beneath the apex.--Very variable. The most notable form is var. SULLIVANTI, Aust., with divisions about 1/2'' wide, channelled, cavernous throughout, the margins crisped-crenulate, and rootlets numerous on the costa tumid with abundant capsules, which are tipped with a long funnel-mouthed point; spores obscurely angled, reticulate and margined. (R. Sullivanti, _Aust._)--In ponds or ditches or growing in wet places upon the ground; the variety often in cultivated fields. (Eu.)

Sec. 4. RICCIOCARPUS. _Thallus obcordate, floating or rarely terrestrial; capsules not protruding, at length exposed by a cleft in the central groove._

11. R. natans, L. (Pl. 22.) Divisions obcordate or cuneate, broadly emarginate, 3--6'' long, purplish, very narrowly channelled, with numerous uniform air-cavities beneath the epidermis, rooting toward the base and at length with dark purple scales beneath the apex; capsules in 1 or 2 rows beneath the groove; spores black, angular, strongly papillose.--Canada to the Gulf. (Eu.)

2. SPHAEROCARPUS, Micheli. (Pl. 22.)

Thallus lobed, without costa or epidermis. Involucres sessile, obconic or pyriform, perforated at the apex, continuous with the thallus at base. Calyptra closely investing the single globose indehiscent capsule, crowned with a deciduous point. Spores globose, muriculate, remaining united in a coccus. Antheridia borne in follicular bodies on the surface of a separate thallus.--An anomalous genus, perhaps more closely related to the Jungermanniaceae. (Name from [Greek: sphai~ros], _a sphere_, and [Greek: karpo/s], _fruit_.)

1. S. terrestris, Smith. Thallus orbicular, 3--6'' broad, covered by the clustered inflated involucres, which are nearly 1'' long, 3--4 times the length of the capsule; coccus 102--127 mu wide, indistinctly lobed. (S. Michelii, _Bellardi_.)--In cultivated fields, mostly southern. (Eu.)

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Page 59.--ARGEMONE MEXICANA. Collected at Merodosia, Ill., with white flowers, by _A. B. Seymour_.

Page 75.--Insert after Cleome integrifolia--

C. SPINOSA, L. Viscid-pubescent, 3--4 deg. high; a pair of short stipular spines under the petiole of each leaf; leaflets 5--7, oblong-lanceolate; flowers large, rose-purple to white; stamens 2--3' long; stipe of the linear pod about 2' long. (C. pungens, _Willd._)--An escape from cultivation, near Mt. Carmel, Ill. (_Schneck_), and in waste grounds southward; also on ballast. (Int. from Trop. Amer.)

Page 86.--Arenaria Groenlandica. Found on Mt. Desert Island, Maine (_Rand_).

Page 87.--Stellaria borealis. In the mountains of northern N. J.

S. humifusa. This species has also been found on Cranberry Island, near Mt. Desert, Maine, by _J. H. Redfield_.

Page 91.--Under Talinum teretifolium add the character--style equalling the stamens.--Insert

2. T. calycinum, Engelm. Leaves somewhat broader; flowers and capsules larger; stamens 30 or more; style twice longer than the stamens, declined.--Central Kan. to W. Tex.

Under Claytonia insert--

3. C. Chamissonis, Esch. Weak, procumbent or ascending, rooting below and perennial by lateral and terminal filiform runners; leaves several pairs, oblong-spatulate, 1--2' long; inflorescence racemosely 1--9-flowered; petals pale rose-color; capsule small, 1--3-seeded.--In a cold ravine, Winona Co., Minn.; in the mountains from Colorado north and westward.

Page 211.--Hydrocotyle Americana. Add--propagating by filiform tuberiferous stolons.

Page 230.--Insert after the genus Dipsacus--

2. SCABIOSA, Tourn. SCABIOUS.

Characters of Dipsacus, but the green leaves of the involucre and involucels not rigid nor spinescent. (Name from _scabies_, the itch, from its use as a remedy.)

S. AUSTRALIS, Wulf. Perennial, sparsely branched, nearly glabrous, 11/2--3 deg. high; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, the lower oblanceolate, slightly toothed or entire; heads short-oblong; calyx obtusely short-lobed; corolla pale blue.--Central N. Y. and Penn.; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

Page 395.--After OROBANCHE MINOR insert--

O. RAMOSA, L. Often branched, 6' high or less, of a pale straw-color; flowers 3-bracteate, the lateral bracts small; calyx 4-toothed, split at the back; corolla pale blue, 6--8'' long.--On the roots of hemp and tobacco; Ky. (Int. from Eu.)

Page 421.--After LAMIUM PURPUREUM insert--

L. INTERMEDIUM, Fries. Resembling L. purpureum, but the calyx-teeth longer than the tube, the rather narrower corolla without a hairy ring within near the base, and the nutlet longer (3 times as long as broad).--Cultivated fields near Hingham, Mass. (_C. J. Sprague_). (Adv. from Eu.)

Page 427.--Insert in the generic key--

5. Cladothrix. Flowers perfect, minute, axillary. Densely white-tomentose.

Page 430.--Insert after the genus Froelichia--

5. CLADOTHRIX, Nutt.

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, erect, rigid-scarious, somewhat pilose. Stamens 5, the filaments united at base; anthers large, 1-celled. Stigma large, capitate, 2-lobed. Utricle globose, indehiscent.--Densely stellate-tomentose low herbs or woody at base, with opposite petiolate leaves and very small flowers solitary or few in the axils. (Name from [Greek: kla/dos], _a branch_, and [Greek: thri/x], _hair_, for the branching tomentum.)

1. C. lanuginosa, Nutt. Prostrate or ascending, much branched; leaves round-obovate to rhomboidal, 3--10'' long.--Central Kan. (_Meehan_) and southwestward.

Page 435.--Salsola Kali. This species has been found in Emmet Co., Iowa (_Cratty_), at Yankton, Dak. (_Bruhin_), and in river-bottoms in N. W. Neb. and central Dak.

Page 437.--After Eriogonum annuum insert--

2. E. Alleni, Watson. Perennial, white-tomentose throughout, the tall scape-like stem repeatedly dichotomous above; radical leaves lanceolate, long-petiolate, the upper in whorls of 4 or 5, ovate to oblong-ovate, very shortly petiolate, much reduced above; involucres mostly sessile; flowers glabrous, yellow, the segments elliptical.--Near White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. (_T. F. Allen_).

Page 445.--Asarum Canadense. In this species there are rudimentary subulate petals, alternate with the calyx-lobes.

Page 463.--Celtis Mississippiensis. Common in low river-bottoms of W. Mo. (_F. Bush_); described as having a very smooth trunk, like a sycamore, and soft yellowish brittle wood, not coarse-grained as in C. occidentalis.

Page 491.--Under Pinus add--

10. P. ponderosa, Dougl., var. scopulorum, Engelm. Leaves in twos or usually threes from long sheaths, 3--6' long, rather rigid; staminate flowers 1' long; cones subterminal, 2--3' long, oval, often 3--5 together, the prominent summit of the thick scales bearing a stout straight or incurved prickle.--Central Neb. and westward in the Rocky Mountains.--A large tree with very thick bark.

Page 514.--After IRIS CAROLINIANA insert--

2^a. I. hexagona, Walt. Stems flexuous, often low and slender (1--3 deg. high), leafy; leaves much exceeding the stem, 6--12'' broad; flowers solitary and sessile in the axils, large, deep blue, variegated with yellow, purple, and white; tube 1/2' long; segments about 3' long, the inner narrow; capsule oblong-cylindric, 6-angled, 2' long--Prairies, Ky. (_Short_) to W. Mo. (_Bush_), and on the coast from S. Car. southward.

Page 515.--Sisyrinchium angustifolium. What appears to be a form of this species with pale yellow flowers is found near Independence, Mo. (_Bush_).

Page 516.--Under Zephyranthes Atamasco insert the synonym (Amaryllis Atamasco, _L._).

Page 555.--Sagittaria teres has been collected also at Brewster, Mass. (_Farlow_).

Page 575.--After Eleocharis Torreyana insert--

13^a. E. albida, Torr. Like n. 12 and 13 in habit, somewhat stouter; spikelet dense, ellipsoidal or oblong, 1--4'' long, acutish, with pale obtuse scales; achene very small, triangular-obovate, very smooth, with a broadly triangular tubercle upon a narrow base, shorter than or exceeding the reddish bristles.--Salt marshes, Northampton Co., Va. (_Canby_), and south to Fla. and Tex.

Page 653.--Trisetum subspicatum, var. molle, is reported from Roan Mt., N. C. (_Scribner_), and probably occurs on the higher Alleghanies northward.

Page 662.--After Melica diffusa insert--

3. M. Porteri, Scribn. Tall and slender; panicle very narrow, the slender branches erect or the lower slightly divergent; pedicels flexuous or recurved, pubescent; glumes very unequal and shorter than the spikelet; fertile flowers 3--5, the glumes scabrous.--Mountains of Col. and southward; reported from Cass Co., Neb. (_J. G. Smith_).

Page 663.--Distichlis maritima. On alkaline soil in Neb., and very common in similar localities west and southwestward; chiefly the var. STRICTA, Thurb., with setaceously convolute leaves, the many- (10--20-) flowered spikelets in a loose panicle.

LIST OF ORDERS,

WITH THE NUMBER OF GENERA AND SPECIES, NATIVE AND INTRODUCED.