Part 37

1. E. alba, Hassk. Rough with fine appressed hairs; stems procumbent, or ascending and 1--3 deg. high; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end, mostly sessile, slightly serrate; rays equalling the disk. (E. procumbens, _Michx._)--Wet river-banks, N. J. to Ill. and southward. Peduncles very variable. (All tropical countries.)

47. HELIOPSIS, Pers. OX-EYE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays 10 or more, fertile. Involucral scales in 2 or 3 rows, nearly equal; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical; chaff linear. Achenes smooth, thick, 4-angular, truncate; pappus none, or a mere border.--Perennial herbs, like Helianthus. Heads showy, peduncled, terminal. Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of [Greek: e(/lios], _the sun_, and [Greek: o)/psis], _appearance_, from the likeness to the Sunflower.)

1. H. laevis, Pers. Nearly smooth (1--4 deg. high); leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, rather narrowly pointed, occasionally ternate; scales (as in the next) with a rigid strongly nerved base; rays linear; pappus none or of 2--4 obscure teeth.--Banks and copses, N. Y. to Ill. and southward. Aug.

2. H. scabra, Dunal. Roughish, especially the leaves, which are disposed to be less narrowly pointed, the upper sometimes entire; rays broadly oblong to linear or oblanceolate; pappus coroniform and chaffy or of 2 or 3 conspicuous teeth. (H. laevis, var. scabra, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Western N. Y. to Minn., Mo., and southward.

48. ECHINACEA, Moench. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle conical; the lanceolate carinate spiny-tipped chaff longer than the disk-flowers. Achenes thick and short, 4-sided; pappus a small toothed border.--Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and terminated by a single large head; leaves chiefly alternate, 3--5-nerved. Rays rose-purple, rather persistent; disk purplish. (Name formed from [Greek: e)chi~nos], _the hedgehog_, or _sea-urchin_, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.)

1. E. purpurea, Moench. _Leaves_ rough, often serrate; the lowest _ovate, 5-nerved_, veiny, long-petioled; the others _ovate-lanceolate_; involucre imbricated in 3--5 rows; stem smooth, or in one form rough-bristly, as well as the leaves.--Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Va. to Iowa, and southward; occasionally adv. eastward. July.--Rays 15--20, dull purple (rarely whitish), 1--2' long or more. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular medicine under the name of _Black Sampson_.--Very variable, and probably connects with

2. E. angustifolia, DC. _Leaves_, as well as the slender simple stem, _bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, attenuate at base, 3-nerved, entire_; involucre less imbricated and heads often smaller; rays 12--15 (2' long), rose-color or red.--Plains from Ill. and Wisc., southwestward. June--Aug.

49. RUDBECKIA, L. CONE-FLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar; the short chaff concave, not rigid. Achenes 4-angular (in our species), smooth, not margined, flat at the top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border.--Chiefly perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and showy terminal heads; the rays generally long, yellow, often darker at base. (Named in honor of the _Professors Rudbeck_, father and son, predecessors of Linnaeus at Upsal.)

[*] _Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow; leaves divided and cut._

1. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, branching (2--7 deg. high); leaves smooth or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5--7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets; upper leaves irregularly 3--5-parted, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the uppermost undivided; heads long-peduncled; disk at first globular or hemispherical; chaff truncate, downy at the tip; rays oblanceolate (1--2' long), drooping.--Low thickets; common. July--Sept.--Var. HUMILIS, Gray, low and glabrous, some of the radical leaves undivided or with roundish divisions; heads smaller (1/2' high) and ray shorter. Mountains of Va. and southward.

[*][*] _Disk hemispherical to oblong-ovoid in fruit, dark purple or brown._

[+] _Lower leaves 3-lobed or parted._

2. R. triloba, L. Hairy, biennial, much branched (2--5 deg. high), the branches slender and spreading; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, the lower 3-lobed, tapering at the base, coarsely-serrate (those from the root pinnately parted or undivided); rays 8, oval or oblong; chaff of the black-purple depressed-globular disk smooth, awned.--Dry soil, Penn. to Mich., Mo., and southward. Aug.--Heads small, but numerous and showy.

3. R. subtomentosa, Pursh. Stem branching above (3--4 deg. high), downy, as well as the petiolate ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves beneath; heads short-peduncled; disk globular, dull brown; receptacle sweet-scented; chaff downy at the blunt apex.--Prairies, Wisc., Ill., Mo., and southward.

[+][+] _Leaves undivided, rarely laciniately toothed._

4. R. hirta, L. _Biennial_, very rough and bristly-hairy throughout; stems simple or branched near the base, stout (1--2 deg. high), naked above, bearing single large heads; _leaves nearly entire; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile_; the lower spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the involucre; _chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip_, acutish.--Dry soil, western N. Y. to Wisc., and southward. Now common as a weed in eastern meadows, introduced with clover-seed from the West. June--Aug.

5. R. fulgida, Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bearing single heads; _leaves spatulate-oblong_ or lanceolate, _partly clasping, triple-nerved, the upper entire, mostly obtuse_; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding the ample involucre; _chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth_ and blunt.--Dry soil, N. J. and Penn. to Ky., Mo., and southward.--Variable, 1--3 deg. high; the rays orange-yellow.

6. R. spathulata, Michx. Pubescence short and appressed; slender, 8'--3 deg. high; leaves obovate or spatulate or the upper ovate to lanceolate, sometimes all lanceolate or oblanceolate to linear, denticulate; heads long-peduncled, smaller than in the preceding, the rays fewer and broader.--Pine woods, Va. to Tenn., and southward.

7. R. speciosa, Wenderoth. Roughish-hairy (1--2 deg. high), branched; the branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large heads; _leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, petioled, 3--5-nerved, coarsely and unequally toothed or incised_; involucre much shorter than the numerous elongated (1--11/2') rays; chaff of the dark purple disk acutish, smooth.--Dry soil, W. Penn. to Mich., Mo., and southward. July.

50. LEPACHYS, Raf.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays few, neutral. Involucral scales few and small, spreading. Receptacle oblong or columnar; the chaff truncate, thickened and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined achenes. Pappus none or 2 teeth.--Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately divided leaves; the grooved stems or branches naked above, bearing single showy heads. Rays yellow or party-colored, drooping; disk grayish. (Name from [Greek: lepi/s], _a scale_, and [Greek: pachy/s], _thick_, from the thickened tips of the chaff.)

1. L. pinnata, Torr. & Gray. Hoary with minute appressed hairs, slender (4 deg. high), branching; leaflets 3--7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong, much shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2' long).--Dry soil, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. July.--The receptacle exhales a pleasant anisate odor when bruised. Achenes slightly margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top.

2. L. columnaris, Torr. & Gray. Branching from the base, 1--2 deg. high; leaflets 5--9, oblong to narrowly linear, entire or 2--3-cleft; disk columnar, often 1' long or more; ray as long or shorter, yellow or (var. PULCHERRIMA, Torr. & Gray) in part or wholly brown-purple.--Minn. to Tex.

51. BORRICHIA, Adans. SEA OX-EYE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and persistent chaff. Achenes somewhat wedge-shaped, 3--4-angled; pappus a short 4-toothed crown.--Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow flowers; anthers blackish. (Named for _Olof Borrich_, a Danish botanist.)

1. B. frutescens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence (6'--3 deg. high); leaves obovate to spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the base; chaff rigidly pointed.--Va. and southward.

52. HELIANTHUS, L. SUNFLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays several or many, neutral. Involucre imbricated, herbaceous or foliaceous. Receptacle flat or convex; the persistent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally compressed smooth achenes, which are neither winged nor margined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy scales on the principal angles, and sometimes 2 or more small intermediate scales.--Coarse and stout herbs, with solitary or corymbed heads, and yellow rays; flowering toward autumn. (Named from [Greek: e(/lios], _the sun_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _a flower_.)

Sec. 1. _Annuals; leaves mostly alternate, petiolate; receptacle flat; disk brownish._

1. H. annuus, L. (COMMON SUNFLOWER.) Tall, rough; leaves triple-ribbed, ovate or the lower cordate, serrate; involucral scales broadly ovate to oblong, long-pointed, ciliate; disk usually 1' broad or more.--Minn. to Tex., and westward; long cultivated, and occasionally found in waste grounds.

2. H. petiolaris, Nutt. More slender, 1--3 deg. high; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, smaller (1--3' long), mostly entire; scales lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, seldom ciliate; disk 1/2' broad or more.--Minn. to Tex., and westward.

Sec. 2. _Perennials; receptacle convex or at length low-conical; lower leaves usually opposite._

[*] _Involucral scales loose, becoming squarrose, narrowly lanceolate, pointed (1/2' long); disk usually purple or brownish; leaves linear, 1-nerved._

3. H. orgyalis, DC. Stem glabrous, tall, very leafy; leaves mostly alternate, linear to filiform and entire, or the lowest lanceolate and serrulate; scales filiform-attenuate.--Dry plains, Mo. to Neb., south and westward.

4. H. angustifolius, L. Stem slender (2--6 deg. high), usually scabrous; leaves long and linear, sessile, entire, with revolute margins; heads loosely corymbed, long-peduncled; scales acute or pointed.--Low pine barrens, N. J. to Ky., and southward.

[*][*] _Involucral scales closer, more imbricated, short, unequal and not foliaceous; leaves lanceolate to ovate, mostly opposite and 3-nerved._

[+] _Disk dark._

5. H. atrorubens, L. _Rough-hairy; stem slender_ (2--4 deg. high), smooth and naked and forking above; _leaves thinnish, ovate or oval to oblong-lanceolate_, or the lowest heart-shaped (3--6' long), serrate, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole; heads small, corymbed; scales ovate, obtuse, ciliolate, appressed; rays 10--16; pappus of 2 fringed scales.--Dry soil, Va. to Ark., and southward.

6. H. rigidus, Desf. _Stem stout_ (2--6 deg. high or more), simple or sparingly branched, rough; _leaves very thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-lanceolate_, usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, entire or serrate, the lowest oval; heads nearly solitary, pretty large; scales ovate or oblong, obtuse, or mostly acute, ciliate, appressed; rays 20--25, pappus of 2 large and often several small scales.--Dry prairies, Mich. to Ill., and westward.

[+][+] _Disk yellow._

7. H. laetiflorus, Pers. Closely resembling the last; leaves rather thinner; heads single or corymbed; scales rather fewer (in 2 or 3 rows), narrower and acute or mostly acuminate.--Dry open places, Ohio to Wisc. and Minn., and southward.--Rays showy, 1--2' long.

8. H. occidentalis, Riddell. Somewhat hairy, stem _slender, simple, naked above_ (1--3 deg. high, sending out runners from the base), bearing 1--5 small heads on long peduncles; _lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate_, entire or obscurely serrate, _roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy petioles; the upper small and remote_; scales ovate to lanceolate, acute or pointed, sometimes ciliate.--Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisc. and Minn., and southward.

[*][*][*] _Involucre looser, the scales more acuminate or elongated or foliaceous; disk yellow (anthers dark)._

[+] _Leaves all opposite, sessile, serrulate; pubescence rather soft._

9. H. mollis, Lam. Stem simple, leafy to the top (2--3 deg. high); leaves ovate to lanceolate, with broad cordate clasping base, pointed; scales lanceolate, seldom exceeding the disk.--Dry barrens, Ohio to Iowa and southward.

[+][+] _Leaves mostly alternate and 3-nerved, soft-pubescent beneath, scabrous above; scales very long and loose, hairy; tips of chaff and corolla-lobes hirsute._

10. H. tomentosus, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4--8 deg. high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, tapering at both ends, obscurely serrate, large (5--12' long), somewhat petioled; disk 1' broad; rays 12--16, about 1' long.--Rich woods, Ill.(?), Va., and southward along the mountains.

[+][+][+] _Leaves narrow, chiefly alternate, not 3-nerved, scabrous both sides; heads rather small; scales loose, attenuate._

11. H. grosse-serratus, Martens. _Stem smooth and glaucous_, 6--10 deg. high; _leaves elongated-lanceolate_ or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate or denticulate, acute or attenuate at base, _petioled_, often whiter and finely pubescent beneath; scales lance-awl-shaped, slightly ciliate.--Dry plains, Ohio to Dak., Mo., and southwestward.--Probably runs into the next.

12. H. giganteus, L. _Stem hairy or rough_ (3--10 deg. high), branched above; _leaves lanceolate_, pointed, minutely serrate or nearly entire, green both sides, narrowed and ciliate at base, but _nearly sessile_; scales long, linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy or strongly ciliate.--Var. AMBIGUUS, Torr. & Gray; leaves mostly opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base; perhaps a hybrid with n. 17.--Low thickets and swamps; common. Heads somewhat corymbed; the pale yellow rays 15--20; roots often becoming tuber-like.

13. H. Maximiliani, Schrad. Resembling the last; stout, often simple, 1--10 deg. high; leaves becoming rigid and very scabrous, entire or sparingly denticulate; heads rather large, usually short-peduncled, terminal and in the upper axils; scales longer attenuate, more rigid.--Prairies, Minn. to Tex.

[+][+][+][+] _Leaves all or most of them opposite, 3-nerved (faintly in n. 15)._

[++] _Heads very small (about 4'' broad); rays 5--8; scales few, short, irregularly imbricated, the outer with spreading foliaceous pointed tips; stems smooth._

14. H. parviflorus, Bernh. Stem 3--6 deg. high, with numerous slender branches above; _leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed_, somewhat serrate, petioled, _rough above_, pale and puberulent beneath; peduncles slender, rough; scales ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate. (H. microcephalus, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Thickets, Penn. to Ill., and southward.

15. H. laevigatus, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender (1--6 deg. high), simple or sparingly branched, glaucous, _glabrous throughout_, as well as the slightly serrate _lanceolate leaves_ which are usually narrow and attenuate to the base.--Dry soil, Alleghany Mts., and southward.

[++][++] _Heads larger; rays usually over 10; spreading by creeping root stocks._

[=] _Leaves sessile or subsessile to short-petiolate, serrulate or entire._

16. H. doronicoides, Lam. Finely pubescent and roughish, 3--7 deg. high; leaves _sessile_, ovate-oblong, acute, _triply-nerved above, the broadly cuneate base, serrulate_; scales loose, attenuate, mostly 6--8'' long, hairy. (H. cinereus, var. Sullivantii, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Dry ground, Ohio to Mo.

17. H. divaricatus, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the top (1--4 deg. high), _smooth below; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved from the rounded or truncate sessile base_, tapering gradually to a sharp point (3--6' long), serrate, _thickish, rough both sides_; scales narrowly lanceolate, attenuate, ciliate, equalling the disk; rays 8--12.--Thickets and barrens; common.--Disk 6'' wide; rays 1' long.

18. H. hirsutus, Raf. _Stem_ simple or forked above, stout (1--4 deg. high), _bristly-hairy; leaves all shortly petioled, ovate-lanceolate_, gradually pointed, _slightly serrate_, rounded or obtuse at the base, _very rough_ above, usually rough-hairy beneath; scales ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk; rays about 12.--Dry plains, Ohio to Wisc., and southward.

19. H. strumosus, L. Stem (3--6 deg. high) very smooth below, often glaucous; _leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a point_, or the lower ovate and acute, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles, rough above, _whitish and naked or minutely downy underneath_; scales broadly lanceolate with spreading tips, ciliate, equalling the disk; rays 9--15.--Var. MOLLIS, Torr. & Gray, has the leaves downy underneath, often subcordate, the scales looser and more attenuate.--River-banks and low copses; common, especially westward.

20. H. tracheliifolius, Willd. Like the last; leaves thinner and nearly equally green both sides, more sharply serrate, all distinctly petioled; scales all loose and spreading, exceeding the disk, often much elongated.--Copses, Penn. and Ohio to Minn., and southward.

[=][=] _Leaves longer-petiolate, thinnish or soft, coarsely serrate, commonly broad; scales loose, hirsute-ciliate._

21. H. decapetalus, L. Stem branching (2--5 deg. high), smooth below; leaves smooth or roughish, ovate, pointed, abruptly contracted into margined petioles; scales lanceolate-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, sometimes foliaceous, the outer longer than the disk; rays about 10.--Copses and low banks of streams; N. Eng. to Minn. and southward, common.

22. H. tuberosus, L. (JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE.) Pubescent or hirsute, 5--10 deg. high; leaves ovate or subcordate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous above, minutely pubescent or cinereous beneath; scales lanceolate, attenuate, little exceeding the disk; rays 12--20. (H. doronicoides, former ed.)--Penn. to Minn., and southward; often cultivated.--Var. SUBCANESCENS, Gray; usually dwarf, the lower side of the leaves whitish with soft fine pubescence. Minn. to Mo.

53. VERBESINA, L. CROWNBEARD.

Heads several--many-flowered; the rays pistillate, or sometimes neutral and sterile, few, or sometimes none. Involucral scales imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle rather convex (conical in n. 3); the chaff concave. Achenes flat (compressed laterally), winged or wingless, 2-awned.--Mostly perennial herbs; the toothed leaves decurrent on the stem. Flowers mostly yellow. ("Name metamorphosed from Verbena.")

[*] _Heads narrow, small, cymosely paniculate; rays few, pistillate, usually fertile; involucre erect._

1. V. occidentalis, Walt. Stem tall, 4-winged; _leaves opposite_, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, triple-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, often pubescent beneath (large and thin); heads in compound corymbs; receptacle flattish; _flowers yellow_; rays 1--5, lanceolate; achenes wingless. (V. Siegesbeckia, _Michx._)--Rich soil, S. Penn. to Ill., and southward. July.

2. V. Virginica, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, _downy-pubescent, like the lower surface of the_ ovate-lanceolate feather-veined _alternate leaves_; heads in compound corymbs; receptacle convex; _flowers white_; rays 3--4, oval; achenes winged.--Dry soil, Penn.(?) to Ill., and southward. Aug.

[*][*] _Heads broader, solitary or few._

3. V. helianthoides, Michx. Perennial; stem hairy (1--3 deg. high), widely winged by the ovate to the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, which are rough above and soft-hairy beneath; involucre appressed; rays 8--15, pistillate or neutral, usually sterile; achenes winged, tipped with 2 fragile awns. (Actinomeris helianthoides, _Nutt._)--Prairies and copses, Ohio to Iowa and southward. July.

4. V. encelioides, Benth. & Hook. Annual, branching, 1--2 deg. high, cinereous; leaves alternate, ovate or cordate to deltoid-lanceolate, the petioles mostly winged and auriculate at base; involucral scales linear, equal, foliaceous, spreading; rays numerous, fertile.--Kan. to Tex., and westward.

54. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt.

Heads many-flowered; rays neutral, few or none. Involucral scales few, herbaceous, nearly equal, soon deflexed beneath the globular disk. Receptacle small, chaffy. Achenes flat, obovate, winged or wingless, at maturity spreading in all directions; pappus of 2 or 3 smooth persistent awns.--Tall branching perennials, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base and mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed; flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from [Greek: a)kti/s], _a ray_, and [Greek: meri/s], _a part_; alluding to the irregularity of the rays.)

1. A. squarrosa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy, usually winged above (4--8 deg. high); leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends; rays 2--8, irregular.--Rich soil, Penn. and W. New York to Iowa, and southward. Sept.

55. COREOPSIS, L. TICKSEED.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. Involucre double; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaceous and somewhat spreading; the inner broader and appressed, nearly membranaceous. Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenes flat, obcompressed (i.e., parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winged, not narrowed at the top, 2-toothed or 2-awned, or sometimes naked at the summit, the awns not barbed downwardly.--Herbs, generally with opposite leaves, and yellow or party-colored, rarely purple, rays. (Name from [Greek: ko/ris], _a bug_, and [Greek: o)/psis], _resemblance_; from the form of the achene.)

Sec. 1. _Style-tips truncate or nearly so; outer involucre small and short; rays rose-color or yellow with brown base; pappus an obscure border or none._

1. C. rosea, Nutt. Perennial; stem branching, leafy, smooth (6--20' high); leaves linear, entire; heads small, somewhat corymbed, on short peduncles; rays rose-color, 3-toothed; achenes oblong, wingless.--Sandy grassy swamps, Plymouth, Mass., to N. J., and southward; rare. Aug.

2. C. cardaminefolia, Torr. & Gray. Annual, 6'--2 deg. high; leaves 1--2-pinnately divided, the lobes oval to lanceolate or above linear; rays yellow with brown-purple base; achenes short, smooth or papillose, winged.--Kan. to La. and Tex.

3. C. tinctoria, Nutt. Annual, glabrous, 2--3 deg. high; leaves 1--2-pinnately divided, the lobes lanceolate to linear; achenes oblong, wingless; rays yellow with more or less of crimson-brown.--Minn. to Tex., etc.; common in cultivation.

Sec. 2. _Style-tips abruptly cuspidate, hispid; involucres nearly equal; achenes roundish, winged, incurved, often papillose and with a callus inside at base and apex; pappus 2 small teeth or none; ray mostly yellow and palmately lobed; perennials, with long-pedunculate heads; lower leaves petiolate._