Part 79

3. E. alpinum, L. (Pl. 3, fig. 1--6.) Culms slender, many in a row from a running rootstock (6--10' high), scabrous, naked; sheaths at the base awl-tipped.--Cold bogs, Lab. to N. Eng., west to Minn. June. (Eu.)

[*][*][*] _Bristles very numerous, not crisped, forming dense cottony heads in fruit._

[+] _Culm bearing a single spikelet; involucre none._

4. E. vaginatum, L. Culms in close tufts (1 deg. high), leafy only at the base, above with 2 inflated leafless sheaths; root-leaves long and thread-form, triangular-channelled; scales of the ovate spikelet long-pointed, lead-color at maturity.--Cold and high peat-bogs, N. Eng. to Penn., Mich., Minn., and northward. May, June. (Eu.)

[+][+] _Culm leafy, bearing several umbellate-clustered heads, involucrate._

5. E. Virginicum, L. Culm rigid (2--4 deg. high); leaves very narrowly linear, elongated, flat; _spikelets nearly sessile, crowded in a dense cluster or head; wool rusty or copper-color_, only thrice the length of the scale; stamen 1.--Bogs and low meadows, Newf. to Fla., west to Minn. and Neb. July, Aug.--Var. ALBUM, Gray, has the wool white. N. New York.

6. E. polystachyon, L. Culm rigid (1--2 deg. high), obscurely triangular; _leaves linear, flat, or barely channelled below_, triangular at the point; _involucre 2--3-leaved_; spikelets several (4--12), on smooth nodding peduncles, some of them elongated in fruit; achene obovate; _wool white_, very straight (1' long or more).--Bogs, Newf. to Ga., Minn., and westward. June, July. (Eu.)--Var. LATIFOLIUM, Gray; peduncles rough; leaves sometimes broader and flatter.

7. E. gracile, Koch. Culm slender (1--2 deg. high), rather triangular; _leaves slender, channelled-triangular_, rough on the angles; _involucre short and scale-like, mostly 1-leaved_; peduncles rough or roughish-pubescent; spikelets 3--7, small, when mature the copious white wool 6--9'' long; achene elliptical-linear.--Cold bogs, Newf. to N. J., west to Minn. and Mo. Scales in our plant mostly light chestnut and about 3-nerved. June--Aug. (Eu.)

10. FUIRENA, Rottboell. UMBRELLA-GRASS. (Pl. 2.)

Spikelets many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary, axillary and terminal. Scales imbricated in many ranks, awned below the apex, all floriferous. Perianth of 3 ovate or heart-shaped petaloid scales, mostly on claws, and usually with as many alternating small bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Achene triangular, pointed with the persistent base of the style. Culms from a perennial root, obtusely triangular. (Named for _G. Fuiren_, a Danish botanist.)

1. F. squarrosa, Michx., var. hispida, Chapm. (Pl. 2, fig. 1--7.) Stem (1--3 deg. high) leafy; leaves and sheaths usually densely hairy; spikelets ovoid-oblong (4--6'' long), clustered in heads, bristly with the spreading awns of the scales; perianth-scales rhombic or deltoid-ovate, with a short thick awn or point, the interposed mostly barbed bristles shorter than the achene.--Sandy wet places, N. J. to Fla., west to Ky. and Tex.

Var. pumila, Torr. Usually low (1--6' high or more), with 1--6 spikelets; perianth-scales narrowly to broadly oblong or ovate, long-stipitate and attenuate to a long awn; barbed bristles usually exceeding the achene.--Mass. to N. J., Fla., and La.; Mich. The commonest form.

11. HEMICARPHA, Nees. (Pl. 2.)

Spikelet, flowers, etc., as in Scirpus, except that there is a minute translucent scale (readily overlooked) between the flower and the axis of the spikelet. Stamen only one. Style 2-cleft. Bristles or other perianth none. (Name from [Greek: e(/mi], _half_, and [Greek: ka/rphos], _straw_ or _chaff_, in allusion to the single inner scalelet.)

1. H. subsquarrosa, Nees. Dwarf or minute annual (1--5' high); involucre 1-leaved, as if a continuation of the bristle-like culm, and usually with another minute leaf; spikelets 2--3 (barely 2'' long); scales brown, tipped with a short recurved point.--Sandy borders of ponds and rivers, N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Pacific.

12. LIPOCARPHA, R. Br. (Pl. 2.)

Spikelets terete, many-flowered, in a terminal close cluster involucrate by leafy bracts. Scales spatulate, regularly imbricated all round in many ranks, awnless, deciduous, a few of the lowest empty. Inner scales (bractlets) 2 to each flower, thin, one between the scale of the spikelet and the flower, one between the latter and the axis of the spikelet. Bristles or other perianth none. Stamens 1 or 2. Style 2--3-cleft. Achene flattish or triangular, naked at the tip.--Culms leafy at base. (Name formed of [Greek: li/pos], _fat_, and [Greek: ka/rphos], _chaff_, from the thickness of the inner scales of some species.)

1. L. maculata, Torr. Annual; culm (4--8' high) much longer than the linear concave leaves; spikelets (1--2'' long) green and dark-spotted; inner scales delicate; stamen one; achene oblong with a contracted base.--Springy or miry places, Va. to Fla.; near Philadelphia, probably adventive.

13. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. BEAK-RUSH. (Pl. 4.)

Spikelets panicled or variously clustered, ovate, globular, or spindle-shaped, terete, or sometimes flattish; but the scales open or barely concave (not boat-shaped nor keeled); the lower commonly loosely imbricated and empty, the uppermost often subtending imperfect flowers. Perianth in the form of bristles (mostly 6). Stamens mostly 3. Achene lenticular, globular, or flat, crowned with a conspicuous tubercle or beak consisting of the persistent indurated base or even of the greater part of the style.--Chiefly perennials, with more or less triangular and leafy culms; the spikelets in terminal and axillary clusters; flowering in summer. (Name composed of [Greek: r(y/nchos], _a snout_, and [Greek: spora/], _a seed_, from the beaked achene.)

Sec. 1. RHYNCHOSPORA proper. _Spikelets terete or biconvex, few--many-flowered; style conspicuously 2-cleft, its base only forming the tubercle of the mostly lenticular achene; bristles usually present, merely rough or barbed-denticulate (not plumose)._

[*] _Achene transversely wrinkled; bristles mostly 6, upwardly denticulate._

1. R. cymosa, Nutt. _Culm triangular; leaves linear_ (1/4' wide); cymes corymbose, the _spikelets crowded and clustered; achene round-obovate_, twice the length of the bristles, four times the length of the depressed-conical tubercle.--Low grounds, Penn. and N. J. to Fla., west to N. Ind. and Ill.

2. R. Torreyana, Gray. (Pl. 4, figs. 1--5.) _Culm nearly terete, slender; leaves bristle-form_; cymes panicled, somewhat loose, the _spikelets mostly pedicelled; achene oblong-obovate_, longer than the bristles, thrice the length of the broad compressed-conical tubercle.--Swamps; pine-barrens of N. J. to S. C.

3. R. inexpansa, Vahl. _Culm triangular_, slender; _leaves narrowly linear; spikelets spindle-shaped, mostly pedicelled, in drooping panicles; achene oblong_, half the length of the slender bristles, twice the length of the triangular-subulate tubercle.--Low grounds, Va. to Ga.

[*][*] _Achene smooth and even._

[+] _Bristles 6, long and conspicuous, upwardly denticulate._

4. R. fusca, Roem. & Schultes. Culm 6--12' high; _leaves bristle-form channelled_; spikelets ovate-oblong, few, clustered in 1--3 loose heads (dark chestnut-color); _achene obovate, half the length of the bristles_, equalling the triangular-sword-shaped acute tubercle, which is rough serrulate on the margins.--Low grounds, N. Brunswick to N. J., west to L. Superior. (Eu.)

5. R. gracilenta, Gray. Culms very slender, 1--2 deg. high; _leaves narrowly linear_; spikelets ovoid, in 2--4 small clusters, the lateral long-peduncled; _achene ovoid, rather shorter than the bristles_, about the length of the flat awl-shaped tubercle.--Low grounds, southern N. Y. and N. J. to Fla.

6. R. oligantha, Gray. Culm and leaves filiform, 6--12' high; spikelets very few (1--4), ovate-oblong; bristles plumose below the middle; achene obovate-oblong, bearing a conical tubercle {1/3} its length.--Del. (_Canby_) to Fla.

[+][+] _Bristles none, or 1--3 and minute; spikelets pale, 1-flowered._

7. R. pallida, M. A. Curtis. Culm (1--2 deg. high) acutely triangular; leaves and spikelets as in the next species, but only a terminal dense cluster, which is less white or turns pale reddish-tawny; achene obovate-lenticular, tipped with a minute depressed and apiculate tubercle; the delicate bristles 4--5 times shorter or obsolete.--Bogs in pine-barrens of N. J. and N. C.

[+][+][+] _Bristles long, denticulate downward, or both ways in n. 11._

[++] _Spikelets white or whitish, becoming tawny with age, perfecting only a single flower; stamens usually 2; bristles 9--12, or even 20._

8. R. alba, Vahl. Culm slender (1--2 deg. high), triangular above; leaves narrowly linear or almost bristle-form; spikelets lanceolate, densely crowded in a head-like terminal corymb and usually one or two lateral ones; achene oblong-obovate with a narrowed base, scarcely longer than the flattened-awl-shaped tubercle, shorter than the bristles.--Bogs, Newf. to Fla., west to N. Ind., Minn., and Oregon. (Eu.)

[++][++] _Spikelets chestnut-colored or darker in_ n. _10 and 11, few--several-flowered; stamens 3; bristles usually 6._

9. R. capillacea, Torr. Culm 6--9' high, slender; _leaves bristle-form; spikelets 3--6 in a terminal cluster_, and commonly 1 or 2 on a remote axillary peduncle, _oblong-lanceolate_ (pale chestnut-color, 3'' long); _achene oblong-ovoid_, stipitate, very obscurely wrinkled, about _half the length of the_ (6, rarely 12) _stout bristles_, and twice the length of the lanceolate-beaked tubercle.--Bogs and rocky river-banks, N. Vt. to Penn., west to western N. Y. and Minn.--Var. LEVISETA, Hill. Bristles perfectly smooth. N. W. Ind.

10. R. Knieskernii, Carey. Culm 6--18 deg. high, slender; _leaves narrowly linear_, short; _spikelets numerous, crowded in 4--6 distant clusters, oblong-ovate_ (scarcely 1'' long); _achene obovate_, narrowed at base, _equalling the bristles_, twice the length of the triangular flattened tubercle.--Pine-barrens of N. J. (on bog iron ore exclusively) to Va.; rare.

11. R. glomerata, Vahl. Culm 1--3 deg. high; _leaves linear, flat; spikelets numerous in distant clusters or heads_ (often in pairs from the same sheath), _ovoid-oblong_; achene obovate, margined, narrowed at base, as long as the lance-awl-shaped flattened tubercle, which equals the always _downwardly barbed bristles_.--Low grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mich. and N. Ind.

12. R. cephalantha, Gray. Culm stout (2--3 deg. high); _leaves narrowly linear, flat, keeled; spikelets very numerous, crowded in 2 or 3 or more dense globular_ heads which are distant (and often in pairs), _oblong-lanceolate_, dark brown; achene orbicular-obovate, margined, narrowed at base, about as long as the awl-shaped beak; _bristles_ twice longer, stout, _barbed downward and sometimes also upward_.--Sandy swamps, Long Island to N. J. and Fla.

Sec. 2. CERATOSCHOENUS. _Spikelets lanceolate, acuminate, in fruit flattish, cymose-panicled, of only one perfect and 1--4 staminate flowers; scales few; bristles rigid, minutely scabrous upward; style simple or barely 2-toothed, filiform and gradually thickened downward, in fruit persistent as an exserted, slender-awl-shaped, upwardly roughened beak, several times longer than the smooth flat obovate achene; coarse perennials; spikelets in flower 4'', in fruit including the projecting beak about 1' long._

13. R. corniculata, Gray. (HORNED RUSH.) Culm 3--6 deg. high; leaves about 6'' wide; _cymes decompound, diffuse; bristles awl-shaped_, stout, unequal, _shorter than the achene._--Wet places, Penn. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and Mo.

14. R. macrostachya, Torr. (Pl. 4, fig. 1--4.) _Cymes_ decompound, or in the northern form _somewhat simple_ and smaller, and the spikelets usually more clustered; _bristles capillary, twice the length of the achene_.--Borders of ponds, Mass. to N. J. and Fla.; rare.

14. CLADIUM, P. Browne. TWIG-RUSH. (Pl. 5.)

Spikelets ovoid or oblong, of several loosely imbricated scales; the lower empty, one or two above bearing a staminate or imperfect flower; the terminal flower perfect and fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2--3-cleft, deciduous. Achene ovoid or globular, somewhat corky at the summit, or pointed, without any tubercle, in which it differs from Rhynchospora. (Diminutive of [Greek: kla/dos], _a branch_, from the repeatedly branched cyme of the original species.)

1. C. mariscoides, Torr. Perennial; culm obscurely triangular (1--2 deg. high); leaves narrow, channelled, scarcely rough-margined; cymes small; the spikelets clustered in heads 3--8 together on 2--4 peduncles; style 3-cleft.--Bogs, N. Scotia to Del., west to S. Minn. and Iowa. July.

15. SCLERIA, Berg. NUT-RUSH. (Pl. 5.)

Flowers monoecious; the fertile spikelets 1-flowered, usually intermixed with clusters of few-flowered staminate spikelets. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower empty. Stamens 1--3. Style 3-cleft. Achene globular, stony, bony, or enamel-like in texture. Bristles, etc., none. Perennials, with triangular leafy culms, mostly from creeping rootstocks; flowering in summer; all in low ground or swamps. Inflorescence, in our species, of terminal and axillary clusters, the lower clusters usually peduncled. (Name, [Greek: skleri/a], _hardness_, from the indurated fruit.)

[*] _Achene smooth._

1. S. triglomerata, Michx. _Culm_ (11/2--3 deg. high) _and broadly linear leaves roughish_; fascicles of spikelets few, the lowest peduncled, the upper _somewhat in threes; achene ovate-globose_ or depressed, on an obscure crustaceous disk.--Mass. and Vt. to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex.--Var. GRACILIS, Britton. Culms slender (1--2 deg. long); fascicles few-flowered, the lower (2--3-flowered) on very long filiform peduncles; achene not more than half as large, acutish.--N. J.

2. S. oligantha, Ell. Culms slender, 2 deg. high, the angles somewhat winged; _leaves linear_ (2'' wide), _smooth_ except the scabrous apex; lateral fascicles 1 or 2, usually on long exserted peduncles; _achene ovate, on a tuberculate disk_.--Va. to Fla. and Tex.

[*][*] _Achene papillose or warty._

3. S. pauciflora, Muhl. Smoothish or hairy; culm slender (9--24' high); leaves narrowly linear; fascicles few-flowered, the lateral pedunculate, sessile, or wanting; bracts ciliate; achene globose-ovate; the disk a narrow ring bearing 3 pairs of minute tubercles.--N. H. to Ohio, south to Fla. and Tex.

[*][*][*] _Achene reticulated or wrinkled._

4. S. reticularis, Michx. (Pl. 5, fig. 6--10.) Culms slender, _erect_, scabrous (1--21/2 deg. high); leaves linear (1--11/2'' wide), smooth; lateral fascicles 1--3, loose, remote, nearly erect, _on short often included peduncles_; bracts glabrous; achene globose, _regularly reticulated and pitted_, not hairy, resting upon a double greenish conspicuously 3-lobed disk, the inner appressed to and deciduous with the achene.--E. Mass. to Fla.--Var. PUBESCENS, Britton. Edges of reticulations more or less hairy, especially toward the apex; lateral fascicles generally on longer peduncles. Pine-barrens of N. J. to Fla.--Var. OBSCURA, Britton. Achene bony, its surface with very obscure reticulations, nearly smooth at the summit. R. I. and N. C.

5. S. Torreyana, Walpers. Culms weak, _diffuse_, slightly scabrous or smooth; leaves linear (2--4'' wide), smooth; lateral fascicles loose, on _more or less elongated and drooping filiform peduncles_; achene _irregularly pitted-reticulated or pitted-rugose with the ridges somewhat spirally arranged and more or less hairy_ (sometimes smooth); otherwise as in the last. (S. laxa, _Torr._)--Pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

6. S. verticillata, Muhl. Smooth; culms simple, slender (4--24' high); leaves narrowly linear, _fascicles_ 3--9-flowered, 4--6, _sessile in an interrupted spikelet; achene_ globose (1/2'' broad), somewhat triangular at base, _rough-wrinkled with short elevated ridges; disk obsolete_.--E. Mass. to Ont., Minn., and south to the Gulf.

16. CAREX, Ruppius. SEDGE. (By L. H. BAILEY.)

Flowers unisexual, destitute of floral envelopes, disposed in spikes; the staminate consisting of three stamens, in the axil of a bract, or _scale_; the pistillate comprising a single pistil with a bifid or trifid style, forming in fruit a hard lenticular or triangular achene, which is enclosed in a sac (_perigynium_) formed by the complete union of the borders of a bractlet or of connate bractlets and borne in the axil of a bract, or _scale_. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in different parts of the spike (spike _androgynous_), or in separate spikes on the same culm, or rarely the plant dioecious.--Perennial grass-like herbs with mostly triangular culms, 3-ranked leaves, usually with rough margins and keel, and spikes in the axils of leafy or scale-like bracts, often aggregated into heads. An exceedingly critical genus, the study of which should be attempted only with complete and fully mature specimens. (The classical Latin name, of obscure signification; derived by some from [Greek: kei/ro], _to cut_, on account of the sharp leaves--as the English name _Shear-grass_.) (Pl. 5 and 6.)

Synopsis of Sections and Groups.

Sec. 1. CAREX proper. Staminate flowers forming one or more terminal linear or club-shaped spikes (often pistillate at base or apex). Pistillate flowers usually in distinct and simple mostly peduncled spikes. Cross-section of perigynium circular, obtusely angled, or prominently triangular in outline. Style mostly 3-parted and achene triangular or triquetrous.

[*] 1. Physocarpae. Perigynium mostly straw-colored at maturity, papery in texture, usually more or less inflated, smooth (sometimes hairy in n. 6), nerved, tapering into a beak as long as or longer than the body; spikes few to many, distinct, compactly flowered; stigmas 3 (2 in n. 10).

[+] 1. _Pauciflorae._ Perigynium greenish, linear-lanceolate or almost needle shaped, not inflated, strongly deflexed at maturity, several times longer than the inconspicuous scale; spike androgynous, the pistillate flowers at base, few.--Sp. 1.

[+] 2. _Lupulinae._ Perigynium green or greenish tawny or sometimes yellow, more or less inflated (except in n. 2--4) long, usually very turgid at base, mostly erect or nearly so, very gradually attenuate to a long slenderly toothed beak exceeding the scale; spikes 3 or more, the staminate mostly 1 and stalked, the pistillate often sessile, usually short and thick, often becoming dark colored in drying.--Sp. 2--8.

[+] 3. _Vesicariae._ Perigynium smooth and shining, much inflated, at maturity straw-colored or sometimes purple, beaked and conspicuously short toothed (entire in n. 10), usually prominently few nerved, much shorter than in [+] 2; staminate spikes commonly 2 or more; pistillate spikes as a rule long and densely cylindrical.--Sp. 9--16.

[+] 4. _Pseudocyperae._ Perigynium less inflated, more conspicuously nerved or even costate, and with more or less setaceous or awned teeth; scale usually awned; spikes mostly nodding or spreading, comose in appearance, greenish, greenish-yellow, or ochroleucous.--Sp. 17--19.

[+] 5. _Squarrosae._ Perigynium obconic or obovoid, squarrose in exceedingly dense short spikes.--Sp. 20, 21.

[*] 2. Trachychlaenae. Perigynium mostly thick and hard in texture, often scabrous or hirsute, straight-beaked; pistillate spikes compactly flowered, mostly large, erect or nearly so; staminate spikes 1 or more; stigmas 3. Generally large and coarse.

[+] 1. _Shortianae._ Terminal spike androgynous, staminate below; perigynium small, scabrous, nearly beakless, entire.--Sp. 22.

[+] 2. _Anomalae._ Terminal spike all staminate; pistillate spikes long and cylindrical, mostly dense; perigynium broad and short, short-beaked, the orifice very slightly notched or entire, mostly granulate.--Sp. 23.

[+] 3. _Hirtae._ A heterogeneous group, distinguished from [+] 2 by the longer and more deeply cut beak (slightly toothed in n. 24), and by the hairy perigynium (smooth in n. 25)--Sp. 24--27.

[+] 4. _Paludosae._ Staminate spikes 2 or more, long stalked; the pistillate 2--several, usually all peduncled, long and heavy, loose-flowered, erect or nodding; perigynium large, thick in texture, strongly nerved, mostly smooth, usually conspicuously beaked. Coarse species.--Sp. 28, 29.

[*] 3. Microrhynchae. Parallel with [*] 2; distinguished in general by the much smaller and nearly or entirely beakless and mostly entire-mouthed perigynium, which is much thinner in texture; stigmas 2 or 3. Paludose and alpine species, of various habit, mostly with colored spikes, often in dense tufts or tussocks.

[+] 1. _Atratae._ Terminal spike club-shaped and androgynous with the staminate flowers below (very rarely all staminate in n. 32); pistillate spikes mostly short and dark-colored, erect or drooping; stigmas 3.--Sp. 30--32.

[+] 2. _Rigidae._ Mostly stiff, with short erect closely flowered spikes, an entirely staminate terminal spike, dark colored scales, and bracts with purple or black auricles at base; stigmas 2 or 3.--Sp. 33.

[+] 3. _Acutae._ Mostly larger and more slender, usually paludose, with green or light-colored large and long spikes; stigmas 2 (3 in n. 39). Distinguished from [+] 2 mainly by habit.--Sp. 34--39.

[+] 4. _Cryptocarpae._ Large, with nodding or drooping large spikes, their dark scales very long and conspicuous; stigmas 2.--Sp. 40, 41.

[+] 5. _Pendulinae._ Distinguished from [+] 4 by the smaller size, smaller spikes, sheathless bracts, and whitish, more or less granulated, nearly pointless perigynium; stigmas 3.--Sp. 42--45.

[*] 4. Hymenochlaenae. Perigynium mostly light green or whitish, usually thin and membranous, often somewhat inflated or loosely investing the achene, commonly smooth and shining (hairy in n. 46, sometimes in n. 47), slender or oblong, attenuate to a distinct or long minutely toothed straight beak (or beakless or nearly so in [+] 1 and n. 55); pistillate spikes several or many, mostly loosely flowered and on filiform nodding or widely spreading peduncles; bracts leaf-like; terminal spike staminate or androgynous; stigmas 3. Mostly rather tall and slender upland species.

[+] 1. _Virescentes._ Terminal spike pistillate at top; pistillate spikes oblong or cylindrical, dense, erect; perigynium ovate or obovate, nearly or quite beakless, often hairy.--Sp. 46, 47.

[+] 2. _Sylvaticae._ Terminal spike all staminate; pistillate spikes mostly long-exserted, slender; perigynium few-nerved, contracted into a cylindrical beak which is longer than the body.--Sp. 48.

[+] 3. _Flexiles._ Terminal spike all staminate; pistillate spikes rather thick (very small in n. 50), more or less drooping; perigynium beaked, few-nerved or nerveless, tawny or whitish.--Sp. 49, 50.

[+] 4. _Debiles._ Terminal spike all staminate (occasionally pistillate above in n. 53); pistillate spikes very narrow and slender, long-exserted and nodding, mostly very loosely flowered; perigynium rather small, not turgid, prominently beaked.--Sp. 51--53.

[+] 5. _Gracillimae._ Terminal spike pistillate at top; pistillate spikes habitually thicker than in [+] 4; perigynium ovate-oblong, more or less turgid; the beak short or none.--Sp. 54--57.

[+] 6. _Griseae._ Terminal spike staminate; perigynium more or less turgid or plump, often glaucous, scarcely beaked, finely striate; spikes erect.--Sp. 58, 59.

[*] 5. Spirostachyae. Perigynium smooth or minutely granulated or rarely somewhat serrate on the margins, prominently nerved, mostly yellowish, squarrose, mostly beaked (entirely beakless in n. 63), the orifice entire; staminate spike mostly single; pistillate spikes 2--5, short (usually 1' long or less), yellow or fuscous, compactly flowered; stigmas 3.--Medium-sized species, growing in meadows and grassy swales.

[+] 1. _Granulares._ Spikes scattered, cylindrical, the lowest long-stalked; bracts erect, long and leafy; sheaths short or nearly obsolete.--Sp. 60, 61.