Part 4

Four-celled; stamens 4. Ludwigia, in ONAGRACEAE, 187

One-celled, with parietal placentae. Chrysosplenium, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, 172

Ovary and pod wholly naked (there being no calyx),

Two-celled, 2-beaked; flowers capitate; tree. HAMAMELIDEAE, 179

Two-celled, many-ribbed; aquatic herb. PODOSTEMACEAE, 444

Ovary and pod superior, i.e. free from the calyx.

Five-celled and 5-beaked, opening across the beaks, which fall off at maturity; stamens 10. Penthorum, in CRASSULACEAE, 176

Three-celled and 3-valved, or 3--5-celled and circumscissile. FICOIDEAE, 198

Two-celled or one-celled; placentae central.

Stamens inserted on the throat or tube of the calyx. LYTHRACEAE, 184

Stamens inserted on the receptacle or the base of the calyx,

Alternate with the 5 sepals. Glaux, in PRIMULACEAE, 331

Opposite the sepals when of the same number. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 82

One-celled, with one parietal placenta. RANUNCULACEAE, 34

Ovaries 2 or more, separate, simple. RANUNCULACEAE, 34

[2.] _Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4, ovules._

[*] _Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly so._

Stamens inserted on the calyx; leaves with stipules. ROSACEAE, 150

Stamens inserted on the receptacle.

Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. Xanthoxylum, in RUTACEAE, 106

Leaves not dotted.

Calyx present, and usually colored or petal-like. RANUNCULACEAE, 34

Calyx absent; flowers entirely naked, perfect, spiked. PIPERACEAE, 446

[*][*] _Pistil one, either simple or compound._

Ovary partly inferior, the calyx coherent to its lower half, 2-celled; styles 2; stamens many. HAMAMELIDEAE, 179

Ovary wholly inferior (in perfect or pistillate flowers).

Aquatic herbs; ovary 3--4-celled, or (Hippuris) 1-celled. HALORAGEAE, 180

Mostly woody plants; style or stigma one, entire; ovary 1-celled.

Stigma running down one side of the style. Nyssa, in CORNACEAE, 215

Stigma terminal, with or without a style.

Parasitic on the branches of trees; anthers sessile. LORANTHACEAE, 449

Not parasitic above ground; anthers on filaments. SANTALACEAE, 450

Ovary really free from the calyx, but permanently invested by its tube, or the base of it, so as to seem inferior.

Shrubs, with scurfy leaves; flowers mostly dioecious. ELAEAGNACEAE, 448

Herbs, with the calyx colored like a corolla.

Leaves opposite, simple. NYCTAGINACEAE, 425

Leaves alternate, pinnate. Poterium, in ROSACEAE, 161

Ovary plainly free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting.

Stipules (ocreae) sheathing the stem at the nodes.

Tree; calyx none; flowers monoecious, in heads. PLATANACEAE, 466

Herbs; calyx present and commonly petal-like. POLYGONACEAE, 436

Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none.

Aquatic herbs, submerged or nearly so.

Leaves whorled and dissected; style single. CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 488

Leaves opposite, entire; styles 2; ovary 4-celled. HALORAGEAE, 180

Not aquatics, herbs.

Ovary 10-celled; berry 10-seeded. PHYTOLACCACEAE, 436

Ovary 3- (rarely 1--2-) celled; juice usually milky. EUPHORBIACEAE, 451

Ovary 1-celled; juice not milky.

Style, if any, and stigma only one; leaves simple; no scarious bracts around the flowers. URTICACEAE, 461

Styles 3; embryo straight; flowers involucrate. Eriogonum, in POLYGONACEAE, 436

Style or stigmas 2 or 3; embryo coiled or curved.

Stipules not scarious, leaves palmately cleft or palmately compound. Cannabineae, in URTICACEAE, 461

Stipules scarious (or none); leaves opposite. ILLECEBRACEAE, 426

Stipules none; but flowers with scarious bracts. AMARANTACEAE, 427

Stipules and scarious bracts none. CHENOPODIACEAE, 430

Shrubs or trees.

Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary.

Fruit 2-celled, a double samara. Acerineae, in SAPINDACEAE, 115

Fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded samara or a drupe. OLEACEAE, 335

Ovules single in each cell of the

Three-nine-celled ovary; leaves heath-like. EMPETRACEAE, 487

Three-celled ovary; leaves broad. RHAMNACEAE, 111

One--two-celled ovary; styles or stigmas 2-cleft. URTICACEAE, 461

One-celled ovary; style and stigma single and entire.

Anthers opening longitudinally. THYMELAEACEAE, 448

Anthers opening by uplifted valves. LAURACEAE, 446

[B.] _Flowers monoecious or dioecious, one or both sorts in catkins._

[1.] _Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads._

Fertile flowers in a short catkin, head, or strobile. URTICACEAE, 461

Fertile flowers single or clustered; sterile in slender catkins (except in Fagus).

Leaves pinnate; fertile flowers and fruit naked. JUGLANDACEAE, 467

Leaves simple; fertile flowers 1--3 in an involucre or cup. CUPULIFERAE, 470

[2.] _Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads._

Ovary and pod 2-celled, many-seeded. Liquidambar, in HAMAMELIDEAE, 180

Ovary and pod 1-celled, many-seeded; seeds furnished with a downy tuft at one end. SALICACEAE, 480

Ovary 1--2-celled, only one ovule in each cell; fruit 1-seeded.

Parasitic on trees; fruit a berry. LORANTHACEAE, 449

Trees or shrubs, not parasitic.

Calyx regular, in the fertile flower succulent in fruit. URTICACEAE, 461

Calyx none, or rudimentary and scale-like.

Style and stigma one, simple; the flowers in heads. PLATANACEAE, 466

Styles or long stigmas 2.

Fertile flowers 2 or 3 at each scale of the catkin. CUPULIFERAE, 470

Fertile flowers single under each scale; nutlets naked, waxy-coated or drupe like. MYRICACEAE, 469

SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERMAE. Pistil an open scale or altered leaf, bearing naked ovules on its margin or its upper surface, or in Taxus entirely wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. CONIFERAE, 489

CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. (See p. 15.)

[A.] SPADICEOUS DIVISION. _Flowers aggregated on a spadix or fleshy axis, or sometimes scattered, destitute of calyx and corolla (excepting some_ Araceae _and_ Naiadaceae, _where, however, they are on a spadix), and also without glumes (husky scales). Leaves sometimes with netted veins._

Little floating aquatics, with no distinction of stem and foliage. LEMNACEAE, 551

Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy. NAIADACEAE, 557

Reed-like or Flag-like marsh herbs, with linear and sessile nerved leaves; flowers in spikes or heads.

Flowers monoecious, and quite destitute of floral envelopes. TYPHACEAE, 547

Flowers perfect, on a lateral spadix; sepals 6. Acorus, in ARACEAE, 550

Terrestrial or marsh plants; leaves mostly with a distinct netted-veined blade, petioled. ARACEAE, 548

[B.] PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION. _Flowers not collected on a spadix, furnished with floral envelopes (perianth) answering to calyx or to both calyx and corolla, either herbaceous or colored and petal-like (wholly glumaceous in_ Juncaceae).

[1.] _Perianth adherent to the whole surface of the ovary._

Flowers dioecious (or rarely perfect), regular.

Aquatics; ovules and seeds several or numerous. HYDROCHARIDACEAE, 495

Twiners; ovules and seeds one or two in each cell. DIOSCOREACEAE, 517

Flowers perfect; ovules and seeds usually numerous.

Stamens only one or two; flower irregular, gynandrous. ORCHIDACEAE, 497

Stamens three.

Anthers introrse, opening transversely. BURMANNIACEAE, 496

Anthers introrse or versatile, opening lengthwise. HAEMODORACEAE, 512

Anthers extrorse, opening lengthwise. IRIDACEAE, 513

Stamens 6; flowers usually on a scape from a bulb. AMARYLLIDACEAE, 515

[2.] _Perianth adherent only to the base or lower half of the ovary._

Perianth woolly or roughish-mealy; leaves often equitant. HAEMODORACEAE, 512

Perianth smooth; the leaves grass-like. Stenanthium, etc., in LILIACEAE, 517

[3.] _Perianth wholly free from the ovary._

Pistils numerous or few in a head or ring. ALISMACEAE, 553

Pistil one, compound (cells or placentae mostly 3).

Perianth not glumaceous or chaffy; flowers not in dense heads.

Stamens 6 (in Maianthemum 4), similar and perfect.

Scurfy-leaved epiphyte; seeds hairy-tufted. BROMELIACEAE, 511

Marsh herbs; carpels nearly distinct or separating closed from the axis; seed without albumen. Juncagineae, in NAIADACEAE, 557

Terrestrial, not rush-like; seeds with albumen.

Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly colored. LILIACEAE, 517

Perianth of 3 foliaceous and green sepals and 3 colored withering-persistent petals. Trillium in LILIACEAE, 517

Perianth of 3 persistent green sepals, and 3 ephemeral deliquescent petals. COMMELINACEAE, 538

Stamens 6, dissimilar, or only three with perfect anthers.

Sepals 3, herbaceous; ephemeral petals 3, unequal. COMMELINACEAE, 538

Perianth tubular, 6-lobed. PONTEDERIACEAE, 535

Stamens 3, similar. Moss-like aquatic. MAYACEAE, 537

Perianth wholly glumaceous, of 6 similar divisions. JUNCACEAE, 539

Perianth partly glumaceous or chaff-like; flowers in very dense heads. Rush-like or aquatic.

Flowers perfect; inner perianth of three yellow petals; perfect stamens and plumose sterile filaments each 3; pod 1-celled, many-seeded on 3 parietal placentae. XYRIDACEAE, 536

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, whitish-bearded; stamens 4 or 3; pod 2--3-celled, 2--3-seeded. ERIOCAULEAE, 566

[C.] GLUMACEOUS DIVISION. _Flowers destitute of proper perianth, except sometimes small scales or bristles, but covered by scale-like bracts or glumes._

Glume a single scale-like bract with a flower in its axil. CYPERACEAE, 567

Glumes in pairs, of two sorts. GRAMINEAE, 623

CLASS III. CRYPTOGAMOUS ACROGENS. (See p. 17.)

SUBCLASS I. PTERIDOPHYTES: with woody fibres and vessels.

Spores of only one kind; spore-cases

Borne beneath shield-shaped scales in a terminal spike; stems naked, sheathed at the nodes. EQUISETACEAE, 675

On the back or margin of fronds circinate in vernation. FILICES, 678

Bivalvular, in special spikes or panicles; fronds erect in vernation, from short erect rootstocks. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, 693

Solitary in the axils of leaves, 2--3-valved; low long-stemmed moss-like evergreens; leaves small, in 4--16 ranks. LYCOPODIACEAE, 695

Spores of two kinds, large and small; spore-cases

Solitary in the axils of small 4-ranked leaves, or in the bases of linear radical leaves. SELAGINELLACEAE, 697

Enclosed in peduncled sporocarps; leaves 4-foliolate. MARSILIACEAE, 700

Sporocarps sessile beneath the stem; small, floating, pinnately branched, with minute imbricate leaves. SALVINIACEAE, 701

SUBCLASS II. BRYOPHYTES: with cellular tissue only. [Capsules not operculate, containing spores and usually elaters, in the following Orders.]

Capsule 4-valved, pedicellate; plants leafy-stemmed, rarely thallose. JUNGERMANNIACEAE, 702

Capsule 2-valved or valveless; plants thallose.

Thallus without epidermis; capsule with a columella, short-pedicelled or sessile on the thallus. ANTHOCEROTACEAE, 726

Capsules borne beneath a pedunculate receptacle. MARCHANTIACEAE, 727

Capsules immersed in the thallus or sessile upon it, indehiscent. RICCIACEAE, 730

ABBREVIATIONS

OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS CITED IN THIS VOLUME.

_Adans._--Adanson, Michel. _Ait._--Aiton, William. _Ait. f._--Aiton, William Townsend. _All._--Allioni, Carlo. _Anders._--Andersson, Nils Johan. _Arn._--Arnott, George A. Walker. _Aust._--Austin, Coe Finch. _Baldw._--Baldwin, William. _Bart._--Barton, William P. C. _Beauv._--Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. F. J. _Benth._--Bentham, George. _Benth. & Hook._--G. Bentham and J. D. Hooker. _Bernh._--Bernhardi, Johann Jacob. _Bess._--Besser, Wilhelm S. J. G. von. _Bieb._--Bieberstein, F. A. M. von. _Bigel._--Bigelow, Jacob. _Bisch._--Bischoff, Gottlieb Wilhelm. _Boeckl._--Boeckeler, Otto. _Boiss._--Boissier, Edmond. _Borkh._--Borkhausen, M. B. _Br., R. Br._--Brown, Robert. _Britt._--Britton, Nathaniel Lord. _Carr._--Carriere, Elie Abel. _Carring._--Carrington, Benjamin. _Cass._--Cassini, Henri. _Cav._--Cavanilles, Antonio Jose. _Cerv._--Cervantes, Vicente. _Cham._--Chamisso, Adalbert von. _Chapm._--Chapman, Alvan Wentworth. _Chois._--Choisy, Jacques Denis. _Clayt._--Clayton, John. _Cogn._--Cogniaux, Alfred. _Coult._--Coulter, John Merle. _Darl., Darling._--Darlington, William. _DC._--DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus. _A. DC._--DeCandolle, Alphonse. _Decsne._--Decaisne, Joseph. _Desf._--Desfontaines, Rene Louiche. _Desv._--Desvaux, Nicaise Augustin. _Dicks._--Dickson, James. _Dill._--Dillenius, Johan Jacob. _Dougl._--Douglas, David. _Dufr._--Dufresne, Pierre. _Dumort._--Dumortier, Barthelemy C. _Eat._--Eaton, Amos. _Ehrh._--Ehrhart, Friedrich. _Ell._--Elliott, Stephen. _Endl._--Endlicher, Stephan L. _Engelm._--Engelmann, George. _Esch._--Eschscholtz, J. F. _Fisch._--Fischer, F. E. Ludwig von. _Foug._--Fougeroux, Auguste Denis. _Forst._--Forster, J. R. and George. _Froel._--Froelich, Joseph Aloys. _Gaertn._--Gaertner, Joseph. _Gaertn. f._--Gaertner, Carl Friedrich. _Gal._--Galeotti, Henri. _Gaud._--Gaudichaud-Beaupre, Charles. _Gey._--Geyer, Charles (Carl Andreas). _Ging._--Gingins de Lassaraz, F. C. J. _Glox._--Gloxin, Benjamin Peter. _Gmel._--Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb. _Gooden._--Goodenough, Samuel. _Grev._--Greville, Robert Kaye. _Griseb._--Grisebach, Heinrich R. A. _Gronov._--Gronovius, Jan Fredrik. _Guss._--Gussone, Giovanni. _Hack._--Hackel, Eduard. _Hartm._--Hartman, Carl Johann. _Hassk._--Hasskarl, Justus Carl. _Hausskn._--Haussknecht, Carl. _Haw._--Haworth, Adrian Hardy. _HBK._--Humboldt, F. Alexander von, Aime Bonpland, and C. S. Kunth. _Hegelm._--Hegelmaier, Friedrich. _Herb._--Herbert, William. _Hochst._--Hochstetter, Christian F. _Hoffm._--Hoffman, Georg Franz. _Holl._--Hollick, Arthur. _Hook._--Hooker, William Jackson. _Hook. f._--Hooker, Joseph Dalton. _Hornem._--Hornemann, Jens Wilken. _Huds._--Hudson, William. _Huebn._--Huebener, J. W. P. _Jacq._--Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph. _Juss._--Jussieu, Antoine Laurent. _A. Juss._--Jussieu, Adrien de. _L., Linn._--Linnaeus, Carolus, or Carl von Linne. _L. f._--Linne, Carl von (the son). _L'Her._--L'Heritier de Brutelle, C. L. _Lag._--Lagasca, Mariano. _Lam._--Lamarck, J. B. A. P. Monnet. _Ledeb._--Ledebour, Carl F. von. _Lehm._--Lehmann, J. G. C. _Less._--Lessing, Christian Friedrich. _Light._--Lightfoot, John. _Lindb._--Lindberg, Sextus Otto. _Lindenb._--Lindenberg, Johann B. W. _Lindl._--Lindley, John. _Loisel._--Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, J. L. A. _Lour._--Loureiro, Juan. _Marsh._--Marshall, Humphrey. _Mart._--Martens, Martin. _Maxim._--Maximowicz, Carl Johann. _Medic._--Medicus, Friedrich Casimir. _Meisn._--Meisner, Carl Friedrich. _Mey._--Meyer, Ernst (Heinrich F.). _Mich._--Micheli, Pier' Antonio. _Michx._--Michaux, Andre. _Michx. f._--Michaux, Francois Andre. _Mill._--Miller, Philip. _Mitch._--Mitchell, J. _Mitt._--Mitten, William. _Mont._--Montagne, (J. F.) Camille. _Moq._--Moquin-Tandon, Alfred. _Muell._--Mueller, Jean (of Aargau). _Muhl._--Muhlenberg, Henry (H. Ernst). _Murr._--Murray, Johann Andreas. _Neck._--Necker, Noel Joseph de. _Nutt._--Nuttall, Thomas. _Pall._--Pallas, Peter Simon. _Pers._--Persoon, Christian Hendrik. _Planch._--Planchon, Jules Emile. _Poir._--Poiret, Jean Louis Marie. _Poll._--Pollich, Johann Adam. _R. & S._--Roemer, J. J., and Joseph August Schultes. _Raf._--Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S. _Reichenb._--Reichenbach, H. G. L. _Richards._--Richardson, John. _Roem._--Roemer, Johann Jacob. _Rostk._--Rostkovius, F. W. G. _Rottb._--Rottboell, Christen Fries. _St. Hil._--St. Hilaire, Auguste de. _Salisb._--Salisbury, Richard Anthony. _Sartw._--Sartwell, Henry P. _Sav._--Savi, Gaetano. _Schlecht._--Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von. _Schleich._--Schleicher, J. C. _Schleid._--Schleiden, Matthias Jacob. _Schrad._--Schrader, Heinrich A. _Schreb._--Schreber, Johann C. D. _Schum._--Schumacher, Christian F. _Schwein._--Schweinitz, Lewis David de. _Scop._--Scopoli, Johann Anton. _Scribn._--Scribner, F. Lamson. _Shuttlw._--Shuttleworth, Robert. _Sibth._--Sibthorp, John. _Sieb. & Zucc._--Siebold, P. F. von, and J. G. Zuccarini. _Spreng._--Sprengel, Kurt. _Steph._--Stephani, F. _Steud._--Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb. _Sulliv._--Sullivant, William Starling. _Tayl._--Taylor, Thomas. _Thuill._--Thuillier, Jean Louis. _Thunb._--Thunberg, Carl Peter. _Thurb._--Thurber, George. _Torr._--Torrey, John. _Tourn._--Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de. _Tratt._--Trattenick, Leopold. _Tuckerm._--Tuckerman, Edward. _Turcz._--Turczaninow, Nicolaus. _Underw._--Underwood, Lucien M. _Vaill._--Vaillant, Sebastien. _Vent._--Ventenat, Etienne Pierre. _Vill._--Villars, Dominique. _Wahl._--Wahlenberg, George. _Wahlb._--Wahlberg, Pehr Fredrik. _Walp._--Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard. _Walt._--Walter, Thomas. _Wang._--Wangenheim, F. A. J. von. _Web._--Weber, Friedrich. _Wigg._--Wiggers, F. H. _Willd._--Willdenow, Carl Ludwig. _Wils._--Wilson, William. _Wimm._--Wimmer, Friedrich. _With._--Withering, William. _Wormsk._--Wormskiold, M. von. _Wr. (Eat. & Wr.)_--Wright, John. _Wulf._--Wulfen, Franz Xaver.

SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK.

deg., ','' . The sign of degrees ( deg.) is used for feet; of minutes ('), for inches; of seconds (''), for lines,--the line being the twelfth part of an inch, and very nearly equivalent to two millimetres.

mu. In microscopic measurements, the conventional sign for the micromillimetre or the one-thousandth part of a millimetre = one two-thousandth part of a line.

[male] Bearing only stamens or antheridia.

[female] Pistillate or bearing archegonia.

? A mark of doubt.

! A mark of affirmation or authentication.

Figures or words separated by a short dash (--) indicate the extremes of variation, as "5--10'' long, few--many-flowered," i.e. varying from 5 to 10 lines in length, and with from few to many flowers.

BOTANY

OF THE

NORTHERN UNITED STATES.

SERIES I.

PHAENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS.

Vegetables bearing proper flowers, that is, having stamens and pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an embryo.

CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming a layer between the other two, increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or rarely several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts usually in fives or fours.

SUBCLASS I. ANGIOSPERMAE.

Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules and forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two.

DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla; the petals not united with each other. (Several genera or species belonging to Polypetalous Orders are destitute of petals, or have them more or less united.)

ORDER 1. RANUNCULACEAE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

_Herbs or some woody plants, with a colorless and usually acrid juice, polypetalous, or apetalous with the calyx often colored like a corolla, hypogynous; the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few (rarely single) pistils all distinct and unconnected._--Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3--15. Petals 3--15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely few. Fruits either dry pods, or seed-like (achenes), or berries. Seeds anatropous (when solitary and suspended the rhaphe dorsal), with hard albumen and a minute embryo.--Leaves often dissected, their stalks dilated at the base, sometimes with stipule-like appendages. (A large family, including some acrid-narcotic poisons.)

Synopsis of the Genera.

Tribe I. CLEMATIDEAE. Sepals normally 4, petal-like, valvate in the bud, or with the edges bent inward. Petals none, or small. Achenes numerous, tailed with the feathery or hairy styles. Seed suspended.--Leaves all opposite.

1. Clematis. Climbing by the leafstalks, or erect herbs.

Tribe II. ANEMONEAE. Sepals 3--20, often petal-like, imbricated in the bud. Stamens mostly numerous. Achenes numerous or several, in a head or spike.--Herbs, never climbing; leaves alternate, or radical, the upper sometimes opposite or whorled.

[*] Petals none (rarely some staminodia). Seed suspended.

[+] All but the lower leaves opposite or whorled. Peduncles 1-flowered.

2. Anemone. Involucre leaf-like, remote from the flower. Leaves compound or dissected. Pistils very many.

3. Hepatica. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 oval bracts, calyx-like. Leaves radical, simple and lobed. Pistils several.

4. Anemonella. Stigma terminal, broad and flat. Radical leaves and involucre compound. Peduncles umbellate. Achenes 4--15, many-ribbed.

[+][+] Leaves alternate, compound. Flowers panicled, often dioecious.

5. Thalictrum. Sepals usually 4, petal-like or greenish, Achenes few.

[*][*] Petals none. Sepals 3--5, caducous. Seed erect. Leaves alternate.

6. Trautvetteria. Achenes numerous, inflated, 4-angled. Flowers corymbose. Filaments white, clavate.

[*][*][*] Petals evident. Sepals usually 5. Achenes many.

7. Adonis. Sepals and petals (5--16, crimson or scarlet) flat, unappendaged. Seed suspended.

8. Myosurus. Sepals spurred. Petals 5, white. Achenes in a long spike. Scapes 1-flowered. Seed suspended.

9. Ranunculus. Petals 5, yellow or white, with a scale or gland at base. Achenes capitate. Seed erect.