Part 74

5. L. spicata, Desvaux. _Leaves channelled_, narrowly linear; _flowers in sessile clusters, forming a nodding interrupted spiked panicle_, brown; sepals bristle-pointed, scarcely as long as the abruptly short-pointed capsule; seeds merely with a roundish projection at base.--With the last, and more common. (Eu.)

ORDER 122. TYPHACEAE. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.)

_Marsh or aquatic herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves, and monoecious flowers on a spadix or in heads, destitute of proper floral envelopes._ Ovary 1--2-celled, with as many persistent styles and (usually elongated) 1-sided stigmas; cells 1-ovuled. Fruit nut-like when ripe, 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous; embryo straight in copious albumen. Root perennial.

1. Typha. Flowers in a cylindrical compact terminal spike, spathe-like bract deciduous.

2. Sparganium. Flowers in globular heads with foliaceous bracts.

1. TYPHA, Tourn. (CAT-TAIL FLAG.)

Flowers in a long and very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem; the upper part consisting of stamens only, inserted directly on the axis, and intermixed with long hairs; the lower part consisting of stipitate 1-celled ovaries, the stipes bearing club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of the fruit. Nutlets minute, very long-stalked.--Spathes merely deciduous bracts, or none. Root-stocks creeping. Leaves long, sheathing the base of the simple jointless stems, erect, thickish. Flowering in summer. ([Greek: Ty/phe], the old Greek name.)

1. T. latifolia, L. (COMMON CAT-TAIL.) Stout and tall (4--6 deg. high), the flat sheathing leaves 3--10'' broad, exceeding the stem; the staminate and dark brown pistillate parts of the spike (each 3--6' long or more) _usually contiguous_, the latter at length 1' in diameter; _pistillate flowers without bractlets; stigma rhombic-lanceolate; pollen-grains in fours_.--In marshes, throughout N. Am. (Eu.)

2. T. angustifolia, L. Leaves narrower (3--6'' broad), taller, somewhat convex on the back; pistillate and staminate inflorescence usually separated by a short interval, the light brown spike becoming 5--6'' in diameter; _pollen-grains simple; pistillate flowers with a linear stigma and a hair-like bractlet_ slightly dilated at the summit.--N. Eng. to N. J., west to Mich. and Mo.; less frequent, and mainly near the coast. (Eu.)

2. SPARGANIUM, Tourn. BUR-REED.

Flowers collected in separate dense and spherical leafy-bracted heads, which are scattered along the summit of the stem; the upper sterile, consisting merely of stamens, with minute scales irregularly interposed; the lower or fertile larger, consisting of numerous sessile 1--2-celled pistils, each surrounded by 3--6 scales much like a calyx. Fruit wedge-shaped or club-shaped, more or less corky toward the summit, the hard endocarp perforated at the apex.--Rootstocks creeping and stoloniferous; roots fibrous. Stems simple or branching, sheathed below by the base of the linear leaves. Flowering through the summer. (Name from [Greek: spa/rganon], _a fillet_, from the ribbon-like leaves.)

[*] _Fruit sessile, broad and truncate, often 2-seeded; stigmas often 2, elongated; scales rigid, nearly equalling the fruit; erect, with branched inflorescence._

1. S. eurycarpum, Engelm. Stems stout, erect (2--4 deg. high); leaves mostly flat and merely keeled; pistil attenuate into a short style bearing 1 or 2 elongated stigmas; fruit-heads 2--6 or more, 1' wide; fruit many-angled (31/2--4'' long) when mature, with a broad and depressed or retuse summit abruptly tipped in the centre.--Borders of ponds, lakes, and rivers, N. Eng. to Va., west to the Pacific.

[*][*] _Fruit comparatively narrow, and mostly somewhat stipitate, 1-celled, longer than the scales._

2. S. simplex, Huds. _Stems slender, erect_ (1/2--2 deg. high); _leaves more or less triquetrous_ (21/2--4'' wide); fertile heads (1--4) of the usually simple inflorescence often above the axils, sessile or peduncled, 6--8'' wide in fruit; stigma linear, equalling the rather slender style or shorter; nutlets pale, _fusiform_ or narrowly oblong (about 2'' long), more or less contracted in the middle.--N. Eng. to N. J., west to Mich., Minn., and northward. (Eu.)

Var. androcladum, Engelm. Stouter (11/2--3 deg. high), with usually _broader leaves_ (4--9'') and _branching inflorescence_, the head or peduncles axillary or nearly so; fruiting _heads_ (1--7) often _larger_ (6--12'' broad), the nutlets 2--3'' long. (S. androcladum, _Morong._)--In bogs or shallow water, common; N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo.

Var. angustifolium, Engelm. Very slender; leaves floating, long and narrow (1/2--21/2'' wide), flat; inflorescence simple; heads (4--6'' broad) and nutlets smaller.--Mountain lakes and slow streams, N. Y., N. Eng., and northward; sometimes nearly out of water, dwarf and with shorter erect leaves.

Var. fluitans, Engelm. Floating in deep water, with long slender stems and flat narrow leaves; inflorescence usually short, sparingly branched; style stout with a short oval stigma; fruiting heads 4--6'' broad; nutlets dark, as large as in the type. (S. androcladum, var. fluctuans, _Morong._; not S. fluitans, _Fries._)--Ponds, Penn., W. Conn., White Mts., N. Minn., and northward.

3. S. minimum, Fries. _Usually floating, with very slender stems and thin flat narrow leaves_; fertile heads 1 or 2, axillary, sessile or peduncled (4--5'' wide); stigma oval, about as long as the short style, scarcely surpassing the oval or obovate denticulate scales; _fruit oblong-obovate_ (1--2'' long), pointed, somewhat triangular, the stipe very short or none.--N. Eng. to Penn., N. Ind., Minn., north and westward.--Stems 3--6' high when growing out of water, much longer when submerged. (Eu.)

ORDER 123. ARACEAE. (ARUM FAMILY.)

_Plants with acrid or pungent juice, simple or compound often veiny leaves, and flowers crowded on a spadix, which is usually surrounded by a spathe._--Floral envelopes none, or of 4--6 sepals. Fruit usually a berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen, or none, but filled with the large fleshy embryo. A large family, chiefly tropical. Herbage abounding in slender rhaphides.--The genuine Araceae have no floral envelopes, and are almost all monoecious or dioecious; but the genera of the second section, with more highly developed flowers, are not to be separated.

[*] Spathe surrounding or subtending the spadix; flowers naked, i.e. without perianth.

1. Arisaema. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, covering only the base of the spadix.

2. Peltandra. Flowers monoecious, covering the spadix; anthers above, ovaries below.

3. Calla. Flowers perfect (at least the lower ones), covering the whole of the short spadix. Spathe open and spreading.

[*][*] Spathe surrounding the spadix in n. 4, none or imperfect in the rest; flowers with a calyx or perianth and perfect, covering the whole spadix.

4. Symplocarpus. Spadix globular, in a fleshy shell-shaped spathe. Stemless.

5. Orontium. Spadix narrow, naked, terminating the terete scape.

6. Acorus. Spadix cylindrical, borne on the side of a leaf-like scape.

1. ARISAEMA, Martius. INDIAN TURNIP. DRAGON ARUM.

Spathe convolute below and mostly arched above. Flowers monoecious or by abortion dioecious, covering only the base of the spadix, which is elongated and naked above. Floral envelopes none. Sterile flowers above the fertile, each of a cluster of almost sessile 2--4-celled anthers, opening by pores or chinks at the top. Fertile flowers consisting each of a 1-celled ovary, tipped with a depressed stigma, and containing 5 or 6 orthotropous ovules erect from the base of the cell; in fruit a 1--few-seeded scarlet berry. Embryo in the axis of albumen.--Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous rootstock or corm, sending up a simple scape sheathed with the petioles of the simple or compound veiny leaves. (Name from [Greek: a)ri/s], a kind of _arum_, and [Greek: ai~(ma], _blood_, from the spotted leaves of some species.)

1. A. triphyllum, Torr. (INDIAN TURNIP.) _Leaves mostly 2, divided into 3 elliptical-ovate pointed leaflets; spadix mostly dioecious, club-shaped_, obtuse, much shorter than the spathe, which is flattened and incurved-hooded at the ovate-lanceolate, pointed summit.--Rich woods, N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn. and E. Kan. May.--Corm turnip-shaped, wrinkled, farinaceous, with an intensely acrid juice; spathe with the petioles and sheaths green, or often variegated with dark purple and whitish stripes or spots.

2. A. Dracontium, Schott. (GREEN DRAGON. DRAGON-ROOT.) _Leaf usually solitary, pedately divided_ into 7--11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaflets; _spadix often androgynous, tapering to a long and slender point_ beyond the oblong and convolute pointed greenish spathe.--Low grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. June.--Corms clustered; petiole 1--2 deg. long, much longer than the peduncle.

2. PELTANDRA, Raf. ARROW ARUM.

Spathe elongated, convolute throughout or with a dilated blade above. Flowers monoecious, thickly covering the long and tapering spadix throughout (or only its apex naked). Floral envelopes none. Anthers sessile, naked, covering all the upper part of the spadix, each of 5 or 6 cells imbedded in the margin of a thick and shield-shaped connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovaries at the base of the spadix, each surrounded by 4--5 staminodia connate into a cup, 1-celled, bearing 1--few amphitropous or nearly orthotropous ovules at the base; stigma almost sessile. Fruit a leathery or fleshy berry, 1--3-seeded. Seed obovate, surrounded by a tenacious jelly, the base empty, the upper part filled with a large and fleshy spherical embryo; no albumen.--Stemless herbs, with arrow-shaped leaves and simple scapes from a thick-fibrous or subtuberous root. Fruit in a globose cluster, enclosed by the persistent fleshy base of the spathe. (Name from [Greek: pe/lte], _a target_, and [Greek: a)ne/r], for _stamen_, from the shape of the latter.)

1. P. undulata, Raf. Root of thick tufted fibres; scape 1--11/2 deg. high, about equalling the leaves; basal lobes of the leaves rather long and often acutish; spathe convolute throughout, wavy on the margin, mostly green, 4--7' long; sterile portion of the spadix several times longer than the pistillate; ovules several; fruit green; seeds 1--3. (P. Virginica, _Kunth_, and most authors.)--Shallow water, New Eng. to Fla., west to Mich. and Ind. June.

2. P. alba, Raf. Rootstock tuberous, covered with thick-fleshy roots and propagating by offshoots; lobes of the leaves mostly short and broad, obtuse; spathe 3--4' long, the blade broader, acuminate, somewhat expanded, white; sterile part of the spadix scarcely longer than the pistillate; ovules and seeds solitary; berry scarlet, 5--6'' long. (P. Virginica, _Schott._ Xanthosoma sagittifolia, _Chapm._, not _Schott._ Caladium glaucum, _Ell._ Arum Virginicum, _L._, in part?)--Marshes, S. Va.(?) and N. C. to Fla.

3. CALLA, L. WATER ARUM.

Spathe open and spreading, ovate (abruptly pointed, the upper surface white), persistent. Spadix oblong, entirely covered with flowers; the lower perfect and 6-androus; the upper often of stamens only. Floral envelopes none. Filaments slender; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with 5--9 erect anatropous ovules; stigma almost sessile. Berries (red) distinct, few-seeded. Seeds with a conspicuous rhaphe and an embryo nearly the length of the hard albumen.--A low perennial herb, growing in cold bogs, with a long creeping rootstock, bearing heart-shaped long-petioled leaves, and solitary scapes. (An ancient name, of unknown meaning.)

1. C. palustris, L.--Cold bogs, N. Scotia to N. J., west to Mich. and Minn., and northward. June.--Seeds surrounded with jelly. (Eu.)

4. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb. SKUNK CABBAGE.

Spathe hooded-shell-form, pointed, very thick and fleshy, decaying in fruit. Spadix globular, short-stalked, entirely and densely covered with perfect flowers, their 1-celled or abortively 2-celled ovaries immersed in the fleshy receptacle. Sepals 4, hooded. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, with at length rather slender filaments; anthers extrorse, 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Style 4-angled and awl-shaped; stigma small. Ovule solitary, suspended, anatropous. Fruit a globular or oval mass, composed of the enlarged and spongy spadix, enclosing the spherical seeds just beneath the surface, which is roughened with the persistent fleshy sepals and pyramidal styles. Seeds filled by the large globular and fleshy corm-like embryo, which bears one or several plumules at the end next the base of the ovary; albumen none.--Perennial herb, with a strong odor like that of the skunk, and also somewhat alliaceous; a very thick rootstock, bearing a multitude of long and coarse fibrous roots, and a cluster of very large and broad entire veiny leaves, preceded in earliest spring by the nearly sessile spathes, which barely rise out of the ground. (Name from [Greek: symploke/], _connection_, and [Greek: karpo/s], _fruit_, in allusion to the coalescence of the ovaries into a compound fruit.)

1. S. foetidus, Salisb. Leaves ovate, cordate, becoming 1--2 deg. long, short-petioled; spathe spotted and striped with purple and yellowish-green, ovate, incurved; fruit (in autumn) 2--3' in diam., in decay shedding the bulblet-like seeds, which are 4--6'' long.--Bogs and moist grounds, N. Scotia to N. C., west to Minn. and Iowa.

5. ORONTIUM, L., GOLDEN-CLUB.

Spathe incomplete and distant, merely a leaf-sheath investing the lower part of the slender scape, and bearing a small and imperfect bract-like blade. Flowers crowded all over the narrow spadix, perfect; the lower with 6 concave sepals and 6 stamens; the upper ones with 4. Filaments flattened; anthers 2-celled, opening obliquely lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with an anatropous ovule; stigma sessile, entire. Fruit a green utricle. Seed without albumen. Embryo thick and fleshy, "with a large concealed cavity at the summit, the plumule curved in a groove on the outside." (_Torr._)--An aquatic perennial, with a deep rootstock, long-petioled and entire oblong and nerved floating leaves, and the spadix terminating the elongated scape; its rather club-shaped emersed apex as thick as the spadix. (Origin of the name obscure.)

1. O. aquaticum, L.--Ponds, Mass. to Fla. May.

6. ACORUS, L. SWEET FLAG. CALAMUS.

Spadix cylindrical, lateral, sessile, emerging from the side of a simple 2-edged scape which resembles the leaves, densely covered with perfect flowers. Sepals 6, concave. Stamens 6; filaments linear; anthers kidney-shaped, 1-celled, opening across. Ovary 2--3-celled, with several pendulous orthotropous ovules in each cell; stigma minute. Fruit at length dry, gelatinous inside, 1--few-seeded. Embryo in the axis of albumen.--Pungent aromatic plants, especially the thick creeping rootstocks (_calamus_ of the shops), which send up 2-edged sword-like leaves, and scapes somewhat like them, bearing the spadix on one edge; the upper and more foliaceous prolongation sometimes considered as a kind of open spathe. ([Greek: A)/koras], the ancient name, of no known meaning.)

1. A. Calamus, L. Scape leaf-like and prolonged far beyond the (yellowish-green) spadix.--Margins of rivulets, swamps, etc., N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn., Iowa, and E. Kan.

ORDER 124. LEMNACEAE. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.)

_Minute stemless plants, floating free on the water, destitute of distinct stem and foliage, being merely a frond, producing one or few monoecious flowers from the edge or upper surface, and commonly hanging roots from underneath; ovules rising from the base of the cell. Fruit a 1--7-seeded utricle. Seed large; the apex or radicular extremity of the seed-coat separable as an operculum or lid_ (as in Cabomba, etc.). _Embryo straight, surrounded by fleshy or sometimes very scanty albumen._--The simplest, and some of them the smallest of flowering plants, propagating by the proliferous growth of a new individual from a cleft in the edge or base of the parent frond, remaining connected for some time or separating, also by autumnal fronds in the form of minute bulblets, which sink to the bottom of the water, but rise and vegetate in spring; the flowers (in summer) and fruit scarce, in some species hardly ever seen. Frond more or less cavernous; the upper surface furnished with stomata.--These plants may be regarded as very simplified Araceae.

1. Spirodela. Frond 7--11-nerved, with several rootlets.

2. Lemna. Frond 1--5-nerved, with a single rootlet.

3. Wolffia. Frond thick, very minute (1/4--{2/3}' broad), without rootlets.

1. SPIRODELA, Schleiden.

Anther-cells bilocellate by a vertical partition and longitudinally dehiscent. Ovules 2. Frond 7--11-nerved or more; rootlets several, with axile vascular tissue. Otherwise as Lemna. (From [Greek: spei~ra], _a cord_, and [Greek: de~los], _evident_.)

1. S. polyrrhiza, Schleid. Fronds round-obovate (2--4'' long), thick, purple and rather convex beneath, dark green above, palmately (mostly 7-) nerved. (Lemna polyrrhiza, _L._)--Very common in ponds and pools, throughout N. Am., but very rarely found in flower or fruit. (Eu.)

2. LEMNA, L. DUCKWEED. DUCK'S-MEAT.

Flowers produced from a cleft in the margin of the frond, usually three together surrounded by a spathe; two of them staminate, consisting of a stamen only; the other pistillate, of a simple pistil; the whole therefore imitating a single diandrous flower. _Ster. Fl._ Filament slender; anther 2-celled, didymous; the cells dehiscent transversely; pollen-grains large, spherical, muricate. _Fert. Fl._ Ovary 1-celled; style and truncate or funnel-shaped stigma simple. Ovules and seeds 1--7.--Fronds 1--5-nerved, producing a single rootlet beneath (which is destitute of vascular tissue), proliferous from a cleft in the margin toward the base, and at length stipitate; the tissue abounding with bundles of rhaphides. (An old Greek name of uncertain meaning.)

[*] _Ovule solitary, orthotropous or nearly so; frond 1--3-nerved, thin._

[+] _Fronds oblong, stalked at base, remaining connected._

1. L. trisulca, L. Fronds oblong to oblong-lanceolate (6--9'' long), attenuate at base into a slender stalk, denticulate at the tip, very obscurely 3-nerved, often without rootlets, usually several series of offshoots remaining connected; spathe sac-like; seeds ovate, amphitropous, with small round operculum.--Ponds and springy places, N. Scotia to N. J., west to the Pacific. (Eu.)

[+][+] _Fronds oblong to elliptical or round-ovate, sessile, soon separating._

2. L. Valdiviana, Philippi. _Fronds elliptic-oblong_, small (about 1'' long), rather thick, usually somewhat falcate, _obscurely 1-nerved; spathe broad-reniform_; utricle long-ovate, pointed by the long style; _seed orthotropous_, oblong, _with a prominent acute operculum_. (L. Torreyi, _Austin._)--Pools, N. J. and southward, westward across the continent. (S. Am.)

3. L. perpusilla, Torr. _Fronds obovate or roundish-obovate_, oblique (1--11/2'' long), _obscurely 3-nerved_; utricle ovate; style rather long; _seed orthotropous_, ovate or oval, obtuse, _with scarcely apiculate operculum_.--N. Y. and N. J., west to Mich. and Wisc.--Var. TRINERVIS, Austin, has larger, distinctly 3-nerved fronds, and an unequally cordate seed.

4. L. minor, L. _Fronds round- to elliptic-obovate_ (1--21/2'' in diameter), rather thick, _very obscurely 3-nerved; spathe sac-like_; utricle short-urn-shaped, tipped with a short style; seed oblong-obovate, _amphitropous, with prominent rounded operculum_.--Stagnant waters, throughout N. Am. (Eu.)

[*][*] _Ovules 2--7, anatropous; fronds very thick and spongy, flat above, very obscurely 5-nerved (11/2--3'' long)._

5. L. gibba, L. Fronds obovate-elliptic to nearly orbicular, almost hemispherical, soon separating; bract sac-like.--Mo. (?) to Ariz. and Calif.

3. WOLFFIA, Horkel.

Flowers central, bursting through the upper surface of the globular (or in some foreign ones flat) and loosely cellular frond, only 2; one consisting of a single stamen with a 1-celled 2-valved anther; the other of a globular ovary, tipped with a very short style and a depressed stigma. Ovule orthotropous, rather oblique in the cell. Utricle spherical. Albumen thin.--Fronds rootless, proliferous from a cleft or funnel-shaped opening at the base, the offspring soon detached; no rhaphides.--The simplest and smallest of flowering plants, from 1/4--{2/3}'' long (an African and Cuban species much larger), floating as little grains on the water. (Named for _John Fred. Wolff_, who wrote on Lemna in 1801.)

1. W. Columbiana, Karsten. Globose or globular, {1/3}--{2/3}'' long, very loosely cellular, light green all over, not dotted; stomata 1--6; the opening at the base circular and with a thin border.--Floating rather beneath the surface of stagnant waters, Conn. to N. J., west to Minn. and La.

2. W. Brasiliensis, Weddell. Oblong, smaller and more densely cellular, flattish and deep green with many stomata above, tumid and pale below, brown-dotted all over, anterior edge sharp, opening at base circular.--Growing with the last, but floating on the surface.

ORDER 125. ALISMACEAE. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

_Marsh herbs, with scape-like stems, sheathing leaves, and perfect or monoecious or dioecious flowers; perianth of 3 herbaceous persistent sepals and as many (often conspicuous) white deciduous petals, which are imbricate or involute in bud; stamens 6 or more, included; ovaries numerous, distinct, 1-celled and mostly 1-ovuled, becoming achenes in fruit_ (in our genera); _seeds erect; campylotropous._--Roots fibrous; leaves radical, petiolate and strongly nerved with transverse veinlets, the earlier sometimes without blade; flowers long-pedicellate, mostly verticillate, in a loose raceme or panicle, with lanceolate scarious bracts slightly connate at base.

1. Alisma. Flowers perfect, usually 6-androus. Carpels flattened, in one whorl.

2. Sagittaria. Flowers mostly unisexual. Stamens rarely few. Carpels flattened, in dense heads, winged.

3. Echinodorus. Flowers perfect. Stamens 6 or more. Carpels capitate, turgid and ribbed, often beaked.

1. ALISMA, L. WATER-PLANTAIN.

Flowers perfect. Petals involute in the bud. Stamens definite, mostly 6. Ovaries many in a simple circle on a flattened receptacle, forming flattened coriaceous achenes, which are dilated and 2--3-keeled on the back.--Roots fibrous. Leaves all from the root, several-ribbed, with connected veinlets. Scape with whorled panicled branches. Flowers small, white or pale rose-color. (The Greek name; of uncertain derivation.)

1. A. Plantago, L. Perennial by a stout proliferous corm; leaves long-petioled, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate or even linear, acute, mostly rounded or heart shaped at base, 3--9-nerved; panicle loose, compound, many-flowered (1--2 deg. long); carpels obliquely obovate, forming an obtusely triangular whorl in fruit.--Shallow water and ditches, across the continent. Very variable as to foliage, but the leaves usually more broadly cordate-ovate than in Old World forms (var. Americanum, _R. & S._); when growing under water thinner and narrowly lanceolate. (Eu., etc.)

2. SAGITTARIA, L. ARROW-HEAD.