Part 33

Heads small, mostly clustered in the axils of feather-veined leaves 3--7

Heads mostly large, in a terminal thyrse; leaves feather-veined.

Western species 8, 9

Northern or mountain species 10--12

Heads mostly small or middle-sized; inflorescence paniculate (sometimes thyrsoidal).

Leaves 3-ribbed; heads in 1-sided spreading panicled racemes.

Stem and leaves smooth and glabrous 29--32

Pubescent or scabrous 33--36

Leaves not 3-ribbed, or only obscurely triple-nerved.

Heads large; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire. Seashore 13

Panicle virgate or thyrsoid; leaves nearly entire 14--17

Heads very small in a short broad panicle; leaves nearly entire 18--20

Heads racemosely paniculate; leaves ample, the lower serrate 21--28

Sec. 1. VIRGAUREA. _Rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers; heads all more or less pedicelled._

[*] _Scales of the much imbricated and rigid involucre with abruptly spreading herbaceous tips; heads in clusters or glomerate racemes, disposed in a dense somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-like compound spike._

1. S. squarrosa, Muhl. Stem stout (2--5 deg. high), hairy above; leaves large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole, serrate, veiny; heads numerous; scales obtuse or acute; disk-flowers 16--24, the rays 12--16.--Rocky and wooded hills, Maine and W. Vt. to Penn., Ohio, and the mountains of Va.; rather rare.

2. S. petiolaris, Ait. Minutely hoary or downy; stem strict, simple (1--3 deg. high); leaves small (1/2--2' long), oval or oblong, mucronate, veiny, rough-ciliolate; the upper entire and abruptly very short-petioled, the lower often serrate and tapering to the base; heads few, in a wand-like raceme or panicle, on slender bracted pedicels; rays about 10, elongated; scales of the pubescent involucre lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, the outer loose and spreading, more or less foliaceous.--S. W. Ill. to Kan. and southward.--The name is misleading, as the leaves are hardly petioled.

[*][*] _Involucral scales without green tips and wholly appressed._

[+] _Heads small (3'' long), clustered along the stem in the axils of the feather-veined leaves, or the upper forming a thyrse._

[++] _Achenes pubescent._

3. S. caesia, L. Smooth; _stem terete, mostly glaucous_, at length much branched and diffuse; _leaves lanceolate_ or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed, sessile; heads in very short clusters, or somewhat racemose-panicled on the branches.--Rich woodlands, common; west to S. E. Minn., Ill., and Ky.

4. S. latifolia, L. Smooth or nearly so; _stem angled, zigzag_, simple or paniculate-branched (1--3 deg. high); _leaves broadly ovate or oval, very strongly and sharply serrate, conspicuously pointed at both ends_ (thin, 3--6' long); heads in very short axillary clusters, or the clusters somewhat prolonged at the end of the branches; rays 3--4.--Moist shaded banks; common northward, and south along the mountains.

5. S. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or nearly so; stem angled, usually branched; leaves oblong to long-lanceolate with narrowed entire base, serrate above with subulate teeth; heads in small, loose clusters; rays 4--7.--Open woods at low elevations in the mountains of Va. and southward.

[++][++] _Achenes glabrous; inflorescence more thyrsoid._

6. S. bicolor, L. _Hoary or grayish with soft hairs_; stem mostly simple; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower oval and tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate; _clusters or short racemes from the axils of the upper leaves_, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle; scales very obtuse; _rays (5--14) small, cream-color or nearly white_.--Var. CONCOLOR, Torr. & Gray, has the _rays yellow_.--Dry copses, west to Minn. and Mo.

7. S. monticola, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous; stem slender, 1--2 deg. high; leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acute or tapering at both ends, the lower sparingly serrate; heads small, the scales acutish; rays 5--6.--Alleghany Mts., from Md. southward.

[+][+] _Heads mostly large (smaller in n. 12), many-flowered, forming an erect terminal thyrse; leaves feather-veined._

[++] _Leaves numerous, short, sessile, entire, uniform in size and shape; western._

8. S. Bigelovii, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, 2 deg. high; leaves oval and oblong, mostly obtuse at both ends; thyrse rather loose; involucre broad.--S. Kan. and southward. Probably running into the next.

9. S. Lindheimeriana, Scheele. Less puberulent; leaves lanceolate or oblong, more acute; heads narrower and more densely clustered; achenes glabrous.--S. Kan. and southward.

[++][++] _Northern or mountain species, bright green._

10. S. macrophylla, Pursh. _Stem stout_ (1--4 deg. high), _wand-like_, pubescent near the summit, simple; _leaves thin, ovate, irregularly and coarsely serrate with sharp salient teeth, large_ (lower 3--4' long), all but the uppermost abruptly contracted into _long and margined petioles; heads large_ (5--6'' long), many-flowered, crowded in an oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted panicle (2--18' long); scales loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper-pointed; rays 8--10, elongated; achenes smooth. (S. thyrsoidea, _E. Mey_.)--Wooded sides of mountains, N. Maine to N. Y. (south to the Catskills), shore of L. Superior and northward.--Very near a European form of S. Virgaurea.

11. S. Virgaurea, Linn. An extremely variable and confused species in the Old World, represented in North America by

Var. alpina, Bigel. Dwarf (1--8' high), with few (1--12) pretty large heads (3--4'' long, becoming smaller as they increase in number); leaves thickish, mostly smooth, spatulate or obovate, mostly obtuse, finely serrate or nearly entire, the uppermost lanceolate; heads few in a terminal cluster or subsolitary in the upper axils; _scales_ lanceolate, _acute or acutish_; rays about 12.--Alpine summits of Maine, N. H., and N. Y., and shore of L. Superior.

12. S. humilis, Pursh. Low (6--12' high) and smooth, bearing several or numerous loosely thyrsoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, etc., are mostly somewhat glutinous; _scales obtuse_; rays 6--8, short; upper leaves lanceolate to linear, entire, the lower becoming spatulate and sparingly serrate. (S. Virgaurea, var. humilis, _Gray_.)--Rocky banks, W. Vt., along the Great Lakes, and northward; also on islands in the Susquehanna, near Lancaster, and at the Falls of the Potomac.--At the base of the White Mountains, on gravelly banks, occurs a form with the minutely pubescent stout stem 1--2 deg. high, the leaves larger, broader, and coarsely toothed, and the heads very numerous in an ample compound raceme; rays occasionally almost white.

Var. Gillmani, Gray. Larger (2 deg. high), rigid, with compound ample panicle and laciniately toothed leaves.--Sand-hills of the lake-shores, N. Mich.

[+][+][+] _Heads small or middle-sized (large in n. 13 and 17), panicled or sometimes thyrsoidal, not in a terminal corymbiform cyme; not alpine._

[++] _Leaves veiny, not 3-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely triple-nerved._

[=] 1. _Heads commonly large; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire, elongated._

13. S. sempervirens, L. Smooth and stout (1--8 deg. high); leaves lanceolate, slightly clasping, or the lower ones lanceolate-oblong, obscurely triple-nerved; racemes short, in an open or contracted panicle.--Salt marshes, or rocks on the shore, Maine to Va.--Heads showy; the golden rays 7--10. Varies, in less brackish swamps, with thinner elongated linear-lanceolate leaves, tapering to each end, and more erect racemes in a narrower panicle.

[=] 2. _Heads small, in a narrow virgate or thyrsoid panicle; scales thin, acute; leaves nearly entire._

14. S. stricta, Ait. _Very smooth_ throughout; _stem strict and simple, wand-like_ (2--4 deg. high), slender, beset with small and entire appressed lanceolate-oblong thickish leaves, gradually reduced upward to mere bracts, the lowest oblong-spatulate; _heads crowded in a very narrow compound spicate raceme_; rays 5--7. (S. virgata, _Michx._)--Damp pine barrens, N. J. and southward.

15. S. puberula, Nutt. _Stem_ (1--3 deg. high, simple or branched) _and panicle minutely hoary; stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base_, smoothish; the lower wedge-lanceolate and _sparingly toothed, heads_ very numerous and _crowded in compact short racemes forming a prolonged and dense_ narrow or pyramidal _panicle; scales linear-awl-shaped_, appressed; rays about 10.--Sandy soil, Maine to Va. and southward, mostly near the coast.

[=] 3. _Heads middle-sized, in a thyrsoid panicle; involucral scales rather firm, obtuse; leaves entire or little serrate, smooth._

16. S. uliginosa, Nutt. _Smooth_ nearly throughout; stem simple, strict (2--3 deg. high); _leaves lanceolate_, pointed, the lower tapering into winged petioles, partly sheathing at the base, sparsely serrulate or entire; _racemes much crowded and appressed in a dense wand-like panicle_; scales linear-oblong; rays 5--6, small. (S. stricta, _Ait._)--Peat-bogs, Maine to Penn., Minn., and northward. Root-leaves 6--10' long. Flowers earlier than most species, beginning in July.

17. S. speciosa, Nutt. Stem stout (3--6 deg. high), smooth; _leaves thickish, smooth_ with rough margins, _oval or ovate_, slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong-lanceolate, the lower contracted into a margined petiole; _heads_ somewhat crowded _in numerous erect racemes, forming an ample pyramidal or thyrsiform panicle_; peduncles and pedicels rough-hairy; scales of the cylindrical involucre oblong; rays about 5, large.--Var. ANGUSTATA, Torr. & Gray, is a dwarf form, with the racemes short and clustered, forming a dense interrupted or compound spike.--Copses, Maine to Minn., and southward.--A very handsome species; the lower leaves 4--6' long and 2--4' wide in the larger forms.

[=] 4. _Heads very small in slender spreading secund clusters forming a mostly short and broad panicle; leaves entire or nearly so._

18. S. odora, Ait. (SWEET GOLDEN-ROD.) _Smooth_ or nearly so throughout; _stem slender_ (2--3 deg. high), _often reclined; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire_, shining, _pellucid-dotted_; racemes spreading in a small one-sided panicle; rays 3--4, rather large.--Border of thickets in dry or sandy soil, Maine and Vt. to Ky., and southward.--The crushed leaves yield a pleasant anisate odor; but an occasional form is nearly scentless.

19. S. tortifolia, Ell. Stem scabrous-puberulent, 2--3 deg. high; leaves linear, short, commonly twisted, roughish-puberulent or glabrate; rays very short.--Dry soil, coast of Va. and southward.

20. S. pilosa, Walt. _Stem stout, upright_ (3--7 deg. high), _clothed with spreading hairs; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, hairy beneath_, at least on the midrib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong and entire, closely sessile; racemes many, recurved, in a dense pyramidal panicle; rays 7--10, very short.--Low grounds, pine barrens of N. J. to Va. and southward.

[=] 5. _Heads small or middle-sized, racemosely paniculate; leaves broad or ample, veiny, at least the lower serrate (or entire in n. 28); involucral scales obtuse._

21. S. patula, Muhl. _Stem strongly angled, smooth_ (2--4 deg. high); _leaves_ (4--8' long) _ovate_, acute, serrate, pale, _very smooth and veiny underneath_, but the _upper surface very rough_, like shagreen; racemes rather short and numerous on the spreading branches; heads rather large.--Swamps; common.

22. S. rugosa, Mill. _Rough-hairy, especially the very leafy stem_ (1--6 deg. high); _leaves ovate-lanceolate, elliptical or oblong, often thickish and very rugose_; racemes spreading; involucral scales linear; rays 6--9; the disk-flowers 4--7. (S. altissima, _Torr. & Gray_, not _L._)--Borders of fields and copses; very common, presenting a great variety of forms; usually one of the lowest of common _Golden-rods_. It flowers early. Aug.--Sept.

23. S. ulmifolia, Muhl. _Stem smooth_, the branches hairy; _leaves thin, elliptical-ovate or oblong-lanceolate_, pointed, _tapering to the base_, loosely veined, beset with soft hairs beneath; racemes panicled, recurved-spreading; involucral scales lanceolate-oblong; rays about 4.--Low copses; common.--Too near the last; distinguished only by its smooth stem and thin larger leaves.

24. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. _Smooth_; stem stout (1--3 deg. high), _very leafy; leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolate_, acute (2--3' long), closely sessile, slightly serrate, strongly veined, _thick, smooth both sides, shining above; heads in dense spreading racemes which are crowded in a close pyramidal panicle_; peduncles and achenes strigose-pubescent. (S. elliptica, _Torr. & Gray_, not _Ait._)--Swamps (fresh or brackish) near the coast, Mass. to N. J. and southward.--Heads showy, 3'' long; the rays 8--12.

25. S. neglecta, Torr. & Gray. _Smooth_; stem stout (2--4 deg. high), less leafy; _leaves thickish, smooth both sides, opaque; the upper oblong-lanceolate_, mostly acute and nearly entire; the _lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong_, sharply serrate, tapering into a petiole; _racemes short and dense, at length spreading_, disposed in an elongated or pyramidal close panicle; peduncles and achenes nearly glabrous.--Swamps, Maine to Md., Wisc., and Minn.--Heads rather large, crowded; the racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided. Very variable, the forms approaching n. 16 and 27.

Var. linoides, Gray. The most slender form; radical leaves 4--8' long and 4--6'' wide, the upper very small, erect, branches of panicle rather few, one-sided; rays 2--5. (S. linoides, _Torr. & Gray._)--Mass. to N. J.

26. S. Boottii, Hook. Smooth, or scabrous-pubescent or below hirsute, slender, often branched, 2--5 deg. high; leaves rather finely serrate, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, pointed; the upper small, oblong to narrowly lanceolate, often entire; heads loosely racemose; rays 1--5 or none; achenes pubescent.--Dry grounds, Va. and southward.

27. S. arguta, Ait. _Smooth; stem angled; leaves_ (large and thin) _ovate_, and the upper elliptical-lanceolate, _very sharply and strongly serrate_ (entire only on the branches), _pointed at both ends_, the lowest on margined petioles; _racemes pubescent, spreading, disposed in an elongated open panicle; rays 6--7, large_; achenes usually glabrous. (S. Muhlenbergii, _Torr. & Gray._)--Copses and moist woods, N. H. to Penn., Ont., and N. E. Minn.--Racemes much shorter and looser than in the next; the involucral scales thin and more slender; the heads somewhat larger, fully 3'' long.

28. S. juncea, Ait. _Smooth throughout_ (1--3 deg. high); _radical and lower stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sharply serrate_ with spreading teeth, _pointed_, tapering into winged and ciliate petioles; _the others lanceolate or narrowly oblong_, slightly triple-nerved, tapering to each end, the _uppermost entire; racemes dense, naked, at length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and flat corymb-like panicle; rays 8--12, small_. (S. arguta, _Torr. & Gray._)--Var. SCABRELLA, Gray, is somewhat roughish-pubescent (Wisc. to Ky.).--Copses and banks; common. Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes, and the closely appressed rigid scales of the involucre, small rays, etc. Heads seldom over 2'' long, the scales small and pale.

[++][++] _Leaves more or less plainly 3-ribbed; heads in one-sided spreading or recurved racemes, forming an ample panicle. Not maritime._

[=] _Smooth and glabrous, at least the stem and bright green leaves._

[a.] _Leaves firm and rather rigid; involucral scales thickish, obtuse, quite unequal._

29. S. Missouriensis, Nutt. Smooth throughout (1--3 deg. high); _leaves linear-lanceolate_, or the lower broadly lanceolate, tapering to both ends, with very rough margins; teeth, if any, sharp and rigid; heads and dense crowded racemes nearly as in n. 28; _achenes nearly glabrous_.--Dry prairies, from Wisc. and Ind. south and westward.--Heads 1{1/2}--2'' long.

30. S. Shortii, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, simple (2--4 deg. high), minutely roughish-pubescent above; _leaves_ (the larger 2--3' long) _oblong-lanceolate_, acute, the lower mostly serrate with a few fine teeth; racemes mostly short in a crowded panicle; _achenes silky-pubescent_.--Rocks at the Falls of the Ohio; Ark.--A handsome species; heads 3'' long, narrow.

[b.] _Leaves thinner; involucral scales thin, chiefly linear, obtuse._

31. S. serotina, Ait. _Stem_ stout (2--7 deg. high), _smooth, often glaucous; leaves quite smooth both sides_, lanceolate, taper-pointed, very sharply serrate, except the narrowed base, rough-ciliate; the ample panicle pubescent; _rays 7--14, rather long_. (S. gigantea, of previous ed.)--Copses and fence-rows; common, and presenting many varieties. Seldom very tall.

Var. gigantea, Gray. Commonly tall, 5--8 deg. high; leaves more or less pubescent or hispidulous beneath. (S. gigantea, _Ait._; S. serotina of previous ed.)--Thickets and low grounds, Can. to Tex.

32. S. rupestris, Raf. _Stem smooth, slender_, 2--3 deg. high; _leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering both ways, entire_ or nearly so; panicle narrow; _heads very small; rays 4--6, very short_.--Rocky river-banks, W. Va. to Ky. and Ind.

[=][=] _Pubescent (at least the stem) or hispidulous-scabrous._

33. S. Canadensis, L. _Stem rough-hairy_, tall and stout (3--6 deg. high); _leaves lanceolate_, pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost entire), _more or less pubescent beneath and rough above; heads small; rays very short_.--Borders of thickets and fields; very common.--Varies greatly in the roughness and hairiness of the stem and leaves, the latter oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear-lanceolate;--in var. PROCERA, whitish-woolly underneath; and in var. SCABRA also very rough above, often entire, and rugose-veined.

34. S. nemoralis, Ait. _Clothed with a minute and close grayish-hoary_ (soft or roughish) _pubescence_; stem simple or corymbed at the summit ({1/2}--2{1/2} deg. high); leaves _oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong_, the lower somewhat crenate-toothed and tapering into a petiole; racemes numerous, dense, at length recurved, forming a large and crowded compound raceme or panicle which is usually turned to one side; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, appressed; rays 5--9.--Dry sterile fields; very common. Flowers very bright yellow, beginning early in Aug.--Var. INCANA, Gray, of Minn., and westward, is a dwarf form, with rigid oval or oblong leaves, rather strongly serrate or entire, and the clusters of heads in a dense oblong or conical thyrse.

35. S. radula, Nutt. Stem and _oblong or obovate-spatulate leaves rigid and very rough, not hoary_, the upper sessile; scales oblong, rigid; rays 3--6; otherwise nearly as in n. 34.--Dry hills, W. Ill., Minn. Kan., and southward.

36. S. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. _Stem_ (1--3 deg. high) _and lower surface of the broadly ovate or oval somewhat triple-ribbed leaves minutely velvety-pubescent_, some of the leaves almost entire; racemes panicled, short; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5.--S. W. Ill., Mo., and southward.

[+][+][+][+] _Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, not at all racemose; leaves mostly with a strong midrib._

[++] Leaves flat, not 3-nerved.

37. S. rigida, L. _Rough and somewhat hoary_ with a minute pubescence; stem stout (2--5 deg. high), very leafy; corymb dense; _leaves oval or oblong_, copiously feather-veined, thick and rigid; the upper closely sessile by a broad base, slightly serrate, the uppermost entire; heads large, over 30-flowered; the rays 7--10.--Dry soil, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward.

38. S. Ohioensis, Riddell. _Very smooth_ throughout; stem wand-like, slender, leafy (2--3 deg. high); _stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat_, entire, obscurely feather-veined, closely sessile; the lower and radical ones elongated, slightly serrate toward the apex, tapering into long margined petioles; head numerous, on smooth pedicels, small, 16--20-flowered; the rays 6 or 7.--Moist meadows or prairies, W. New York to Ind. and Wisc.--Root-leaves 1 deg. long; the upper reduced to 1--2', with rough margins, like the rest.

[++][++] _Leaves somewhat folded, entire, the lower slightly 3-nerved._

39. S. Riddellii, Frank. _Smooth and stout_ (2--4 deg. high), _very leafy_, the branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough-pubescent; _leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated_ (4--6' long), acute, partly clasping or sheathing, _mostly recurved_, the lowest elongated-lanceolate and tapering into a long keeled petiole; _heads very numerous_, clustered, 20--30-flowered; the rays 7--9.--Wet grassy prairies, Ohio to Minn. and Mo.; Ft. Monroe, Va.--Heads larger than in the last, 2--3'' long. Stem-leaves upright and partly sheathing at the base, then gradually recurved-spreading.

40. S. Houghtonii, Torr. & Gray. _Smooth; stem rather low and slender_ (1--2 deg. high); _leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, acutish_, tapering into a narrowed slightly clasping base, or the lower into margined petioles; _heads few or several_, 20--30-flowered; the rays 7--9.--Swamps, north shore of Lake Michigan; Genesee Co., N. Y. July, Aug.--Leaves rough-margined, 2--5' long, 2--4'' wide, 1-nerved, or the lower obscurely 3-nerved above; veins obscure. Heads large, nearly 1/2' long. Scales of the involucre obtuse.

Sec. 2. EUTHAMIA. _Corymbosely much branched; heads small, sessile, in little clusters crowded in flat-topped corymbs; the closely appressed involucral scales somewhat glutinous; receptacle fimbrillate; rays 6--20, short, more numerous than the disk-flowers; leaves narrow, entire, sessile._

41. S. lanceolata, L. _Leaves lanceolate-linear, 3--5-nerved_; the nerves, margins, and angles of the branches minutely rough-pubescent; heads obovoid-cylindrical, in dense corymbed clusters; _rays 15--20_.--River-banks, etc., in moist soil; common.--Stem 2--3 deg. high; leaves 3--5' long.

42. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Smooth, slender; _leaves very narrowly linear, mostly 1-nerved, dotted_; heads obovoid-club-shaped, in numerous clusters of 2 or 3, disposed in a loose corymb; _rays 6--12_.--Sandy fields, Mass. to Ill., and southward; common near the coast.

18. BRACHYCHAETA, Torr. & Gray. FALSE GOLDEN-ROD.

Heads and flowers nearly as in Solidago, except the pappus, which is a row of minute rather scale-like bristles, shorter than the achene.--A perennial herb, with rounded or ovate serrate leaves, all the _lower ones heart-shaped_; the small yellow heads in sessile clusters racemed or spiked on the branches. (Name composed of [Greek: brachy/s], _short_, and [Greek: chi/te], _bristle_, from the pappus.)

1. B. cordata, Torr. & Gray. Wooded hills, S. Ind. and E. Ky. to N. Ga. Oct.--Plant 2--4 deg. high, slender, more or less pubescent.

19. BELLIS, Tourn. DAISY.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. Achenes obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any pappus.--Low herbs (all but our single species natives of the Old World), either stemless, like the true _Daisy_, B. PERENNIS (which is found as an occasional escape from cultivation), or leafy-stemmed, as is the following. (The Latin name, from _bellus_, pretty.)

1. B. integrifolia, Michx. (WESTERN DAISY.) Annual or biennial, diffusely branched (4'--1 deg. high), smoothish; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the lower spatulate-obovate; heads on slender peduncles; rays pale violet-purple.--Prairies and banks, Ky. and southwestward. March--June.

20. APHANOSTEPHUS, DC.