Part 87

1. P. arundinacea, L. (REED C.) (Pl. 13, fig. 1, 2.) Perennial, 2--4 deg. high; leaves flat (3--5'' wide); glumes open at flowering, 3-nerved, thrice the length of the fertile flower; rudimentary glumes reduced to a minute hairy scale or pedicel.--Wet grounds; common, especially northward. June, July.--Var. PICTA, the leaves striped with white, is the familiar RIBBON-GRASS of the gardens. (Eu.)

17. ANTHOXANTHUM, L. SWEET VERNAL-GRASS. (Pl. 13.)

Spikelets spiked-panicled, 1-flowered. Glumes 5, the third and fourth empty, hairy, 2-lobed and awned on the hack, the flowering glume and palet small, hyaline and obtuse; basal glumes persistent, very thin, acute, keeled, the lower half as long as the upper. Squamulae none. Stamens 2. Grain ovate, adherent. (Name compounded of [Greek: a)/nthos], _flower_, and [Greek: a)/nthon], _of flowers_. _L._)

A. ODORATUM, L. Spikelets (brownish or tinged with green) spreading at flowering-time; one middle glume bearing a bent awn from near its base, the other short-awned below the tip.--Meadows, pastures, etc. Low slender perennial; very sweet-scented in drying. May--July. (Nat. from Eu.)

18. HIEROCHLOE, Gmelin. HOLY GRASS. (Pl. 13.)

Spikelets 3-flowered, open-panicled, the two lower (lateral) flowers staminate only, 3-androus, sessile, the carinate glumes often awned on the middle of the back or near the tip, the uppermost flower perfect, short-pedicelled, scarcely as long as the others, 2-androus, awnless. Basal glumes persistent, carinate, acute, somewhat 3-nerved, equalling or exceeding the spikelet.--Perennials; leaves flat. (Name composed of [Greek: i(ero/s], _sacred_, and [Greek: chlo/e], _grass_; these sweet-scented grasses being strewn before the church-doors on saints' days, in the North of Europe.)

1. H. borealis, Roem. & Schultes. (VANILLA or SENECA GRASS.) (Pl. 13, fig. 1, 2.) Panicle somewhat one-sided, pyramidal (2--5' long); peduncles smooth; staminate flowers with the glume mucronate or bristle-pointed at or near the tip; rootstock creeping.--Moist meadows, chiefly northward near the coast and along the Great Lakes. May.--Culm 1--2 deg. high, with short, lanceolate leaves. Spikelets chestnut-color; the staminate flowers strongly hairy-fringed on the margins, and the fertile one at the tip. (Eu.)

2. H. alpina, Roem. & Schultes. Panicle contracted (1--2' long); one of the staminate flowers with its glume barely pointed or short-awned near the tip, the other long-awned from below the middle; lowest leaves very narrow.--Alpine mountain-tops, N. Eng., N. Y., and northward. July. (Eu.)

19. ARISTIDA, L. TRIPLE-AWNED GRASS. (Pl. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, not jointed on the pedicels. Outer glumes unequal, often bristle-pointed; the flowering glume tipped with three awns; the palet much smaller. Otherwise much as in Stipa.--Culms branching; leaves narrow, often involute. Spikelets in simple or panicled racemes or spikes. Grain linear. All grow in sterile, dry soil, and all ours have the awns naked and persistent, and flower late. (Name from _arista_, a beard or awn.)

[*] _Awns separate to the base, not jointed with the glume._

[+] _Awns very unequal; the much shorter or minute lateral ones erect, the elongated middle one horizontal or turned downward; low (5--18' high) and branching, mostly tufted annuals, and the spikelets in nearly simple spikes._

[++] _Middle awn more or less coiled._

1. A. ramosissima, Engelm. Culms much branched; spikes loose, usually exserted; lower glumes 6--10'' long, exceeding the upper, usually rather strongly 3--5-nerved; middle awn 1' long, soon abruptly hooked-recurved, the lateral ones 1--3'' long.--Dry prairies of Ill., Ky., and Mo.--Also var. UNIARISTATA, Engelm., with the lateral awns wanting.

2. A. basiramea, Engelm. Spikes closer, mostly enclosed at base, at all the lower nodes (even to the base of the culm) very short and sessile; lower glumes 4--8'' long, mostly thin and 1-nerved or rather faintly 3-nerved; middle awn very slender, 6'' long, the lateral 2'' long.--Ill. to Neb. and Minn.

3. A. dichotoma, Michx. (POVERTY GRASS.) Culms low, very slender, much branched throughout, ascending; spikelets in narrow strict simple or compound spikes; lower glumes nearly equal (3--4'' long), longer than the flowering glume and fully equalling its minute lateral awns (or unequal and shorter, in var. CURTISSII, Gray), the soon reflexed middle awn about as long.--Dry, sandy or gravelly fields; common, Maine to Ill., and southward.

[++][++] _Middle awn nearly straight (not coiled)._

4. A. gracilis, Ell. Culms slender, erect (6--18' high), naked above and terminating in a slender raceme- or spike-like virgate panicle; lower glumes 1-nerved, about the length of the upper, the exserted lateral awns varying from one third to fully half the length of the horizontally bent middle one: or in var. DEPAUPERATA, from one fifth to one third its length.--Sandy soil, coast of Mass., and from Ill. southward.--Middle awn 3--9'' long in the ordinary forms, but not rarely shorter, and very variable often on the same plant.

[+][+] _Awns all diverging and alike, or the lateral ones moderately shorter, rarely at all coiled._

[++] _Glumes equal or the middle one longer._

5. A. stricta, Michx. Culms (2--3 deg. high) densely tufted from a _perennial_ root, bearing a (1 deg.) long _spiked panicle_; leaves involute-thread-form, long, rigid, sometimes downy; awns about the length of the glumes (6'') or the lateral one third shorter.--Va. and southward.

6. A. oligantha, Michx. Culms (6--20' high) tufted from an _annual_ root, bearing a _loosely few-flowered raceme_; leaves short, somewhat involute when dry; lower glume 3--5-nerved (nearly 1' long); _awns capillary_, 11/2--3' long, much exceeding the slender spikelet.--Va. to Ill., and common southwestward.

7. A. purpurea, Nutt. Perennial; culms (1 deg. high or less) densely tufted, spreading; leaves revolute and filiform, short; panicle loose, of rather few slender-pedicellate spikelets; lower glumes thin, 1-nerved, loose, the outer about half the length of the inner, which is 8--10'' long; awns 2--4'' long.--Minn. and Dak. to Tex.--Very variable.

[++][++] _Middle glume shorter than the lower; perennials, simple-stemmed, 2--4 deg. high._

8. A. purpurascens, Poir. (Pl. 8.) _Glabrous_; leaves long, rather involute; spikelets in a (10--18') long spiked panicle; lower glumes 1-nerved; _awns much longer than the spikelet_, the middle one about 1' long.--Mass. to Mich., Minn., and southward; common.

9. A. lanata, Poir. Tall and stout; _leaves_ tardily involute, _rough_ above, rigid; _sheaths woolly_; panicle (1--2 deg. long) spike-like or more compound and open; glumes 1-nerved, 6--8'' long; middle awn 1' long.--Del. to Fla.

[*][*] _Awns united below into one, jointed with the apex of the glume; root annual._

10. A. tuberculosa, Nutt. Culm branched below (6--18' high), tumid at the joints; panicles rigid, loose, the branches in pairs, one of them short and about 2-flowered, the other elongated and several-flowered; lower glumes (1' long, including their slender-awned tips) longer than the upper, which is tipped with the common stalk (about its own length) of the 3 equal divergently-bent awns (11/2--2' long) twisting together at the base.--Sandy soil, E. Mass. to N. J.; also Wisc., Minn., and southward.

20. STIPA, L. FEATHER-GRASS. (Pl. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, terete; the flower falling away at maturity (with the conspicuous obconical bearded and often sharp-pointed callus) from the membranaceous persistent lower glumes. Fertile glumes coriaceous, cylindrical-involute and closely embracing the smaller palet and the cylindrical grain, having a long and twisted or tortuous simple awn jointed with its apex. Stamens mostly 3. Stigmas plumose.--Perennials, with narrow involute leaves and a loose panicle. (Name from [Greek: sty/pe], _tow_, in allusion to the flaxen appearance of the feathery awns of the original species. In our species the awn is naked.)

[*] _Callus or base of the flower short and blunt; lower glumes pointless._

1. S. Richardsonii, Link. Culm (11/2--2 deg. high) and leaves slender; panicle loose (4--5' long), with slender few-flowered branches; lower glumes nearly equal, oblong, acutish (21/2--4'' long), about equalling the pubescent linear-oblong fertile one, which bears a tortuous awn 6--9'' long.--Pleasant Mountain, near Sebago Lake, Maine, Mt. Marcy, N. Y., north shore of L. Superior, Mont., and northward.

[*][*] _Callus pungently pointed, at maturity villous-bearded; flowering glume slender and minutely bearded at the tip; empty glumes taper-pointed._

2. S. avenacea, L. (BLACK OAT-GRASS.) (Pl. 8.) Culm slender (1--2 deg. high); leaves almost bristle-form; _panicle open; fertile glume blackish, nearly as long as the lower ones_ (about 4'' long); the awn bent above, twisted below (2--3' long).--Dry woods, S. New Eng. to Wisc., and southward.

3. S. spartea, Trin. (PORCUPINE GRASS.) Culm rather stout (11/2--3 deg. high); _panicle contracted; fertile glume linear_, 3/4--1' long (including the long callus), pubescent below, _shorter than the_ lanceolate slender subulate pointed greenish _lower glumes_; the twisted strong awn (31/2--7' long), pubescent below, rough above.--Plains and prairies, from Ill. and N. Mich. northwestward.

4. S. viridula, Trin. Culms clustered, 1--3 deg. high or more; panicle narrow and usually dense, 6--18' long; glumes very thin, 3--4'' long; fertile glume usually somewhat silky, with a short callus; awn 1' long, slender, glabrous or a little pubescent below.--W. Minn., Dak., and southwestward.

21. ORYZOPSIS, Michx. MOUNTAIN RICE. (Pl. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, nearly terete. Lower glumes herbaceous or thin-membranaceous, several-nerved, nearly equal, commonly rather longer than the oblong flower, which is deciduous at maturity, and with a very short obtuse callus or scar-like base. Flowering glume coriaceous, at length involute so as closely to enclose the equal palet and the oblong grain; a simple untwisted and deciduous awn jointed on its apex. Stamens 3. Squamulae 2 or 3, conspicuous. Stigmas plumose.--Perennials, with rigid leaves and a narrow raceme or panicle. Spikelets greenish, rather large. (Name composed of [Greek: o)/ryza], _rice_, and [Greek: o)/psis], _likeness_, from a fancied resemblance to that grain.)

[*] _Styles distinct, short; culm leafy to the summit; leaves broad and flat._

1. O. melanocarpa, Muhl. Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed; sheaths bearded in the throat; panicle simple or sparingly branched; awn thrice the length of the blackish glume (nearly 1' long).--Rocky woods, N. Eng. to Penn., Minn., Mo., and westward. Aug.--Culm 2--3 deg. high.

[*][*] _Styles united below, slender; culms tufted, naked; leaves concave or involute._

2. O. asperifolia, Michx. (Pl. 8, fig. 1, 2.) Culms (9--18' high), with sheaths bearing a mere rudimentary blade, overtopped by the _long and rigid linear leaf from the base_; very simple panicle or raceme few-flowered; _awn 2--3 times the length of the rather hairy whitish glume_.--Hillsides, etc., in rich woods; common, N. Eng. to Minn., and northward. May.--Leaves without keels, rough-edged, pale beneath, lasting through the winter. Squamulae lanceolate, almost as long as the palet!

3. O. Canadensis, Torr. Culms slender (6--15' high), the lowest sheaths leaf-bearing; _leaves involute-thread-shaped_; panicle contracted (1--2' long), the branches usually in pairs; glume pubescent, whitish; _awn short and very deciduous, or wanting_.--Rocky hills and dry plains, Maine to W. New Eng., the mountains of Penn., Wisc., Minn., and northward; rare. May.--Glumes 1--2'' long, sometimes purplish.

22. MILIUM, Tourn. MILLET-GRASS. (Pl. 13.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, diffusely panicled, not jointed with their pedicels, consisting of 2 equal membranaceous convex and awnless persistent glumes, with a coriaceous awnless flowering glume and narrow palet. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. Grain not grooved, enclosed in its glume and palet, all deciduous together. (The ancient Latin name of the Millet, which however belongs to a different genus, of uncertain meaning.)

1. M. effusum, L. Smooth perennial, 3--6 deg. high; leaves broad and flat, thin; panicle spreading (6--9' long); flower ovoid-oblong.--Cold damp woods and mountain meadows, N. Eng. to Ill., and northward. June. (Eu.)

23. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreber. DROP-SEED G. (Pl. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, in contracted or rarely in open panicles. Empty glumes mostly acute or bristle-pointed, persistent, usually thin; the lower rather smaller or minute. Flower very short-stalked or sessile, the glume and palet usually minutely bearded at base, herbaceous, deciduous with the enclosed grain, often equal, the glume 3-nerved, mucronate or awned at the apex. Stamens 3. (Dedicated to the _Rev. Dr. Henry Muhlenberg_, a distinguished American botanist of the early part of this century.)

Sec. 1. MUHLENBERGIA proper. _Panicles contracted or glomerate, on branching rigid culms from scaly creeping rootstocks; leaves short and narrow._

[*] _Flowering glume barely mucronate or sharp-pointed._

1. M. sobolifera, Trin. Culms ascending (1--2 deg. high), rarely branching; the _simple contracted panicle very slender_ or filiform; lower _glumes barely pointed, almost equal, one third shorter than the flower_; flowering glume abruptly short-mucronate, equalling the palet.--Open rocky woods, Mass. to Mich., Minn., and southward. Aug.--Spikelets less than 1'' long.

2. M. glomerata, Trin. Culms upright (1--3 deg. high), sparingly branched or simple; _panicle_ (2--3' long) _oblong-linear, contracted into an interrupted glomerate spike_, long-peduncled, the branches sessile; _glumes awned_, nearly equal, and (with the bristle-like awn) about twice the length of the unequal very acute flowering glume and palet.--Bogs and wet rocks, common, especially northward. Aug.--Var. RAMOSA, Vasey. A stout strict much-branched leafy form, the lower glumes but little longer than the flower. Ill. to Dak.

3. M. Mexicana, Trin. Culms ascending, much branched (2--3 deg. high); _panicles_ lateral and terminal, often included at the base, _contracted, the branches densely spiked-clustered_, linear (green and purplish); lower _glumes awnless, sharp-pointed_, unequal, the upper about the length of the very acute flowering one.--Low grounds; common. Aug. Varies with more slender panicles.

[*][*] _Flowering glume bristle-awned from the tip; flowers short-pedicelled._

[+] _Lower glumes long and bristle-pointed._

4. M. sylvatica, Torr. & Gray. (Pl. 8, fig. 1, 2.) Culms ascending, much branched and diffusely spreading (2--4 deg. long); contracted _panicles densely many-flowered; lower glumes almost equal, bristle-pointed, nearly as long as the flowering one_, which bears an awn twice or thrice the length of the spikelet.--Low or rocky woods; common. Aug., Sept.

5. M. ambigua, Torr. Culms ascending, clustered and branching, 1 deg. high; panicles contracted, densely many-flowered; _spikelet 2-flowered_, the upper flower like the lower and perfect, or more frequently reduced to a mere awn at the base of the lower flower; lower glumes nearly equal, long-pointed; _flowering glume villous_, as long as the lower and equalling the palet, its awn nearly twice longer.--Minn. (shore of Elysian Lake, Waseca Co., _Geyer_).--A remarkable species, approaching Brachyelytrum in the structure of the spikelet, but with wholly the habit of Muhlenbergia.

[+][+] _Lower glumes short or minute, not or scarcely pointed._

6. M. Willdenovii, Trin. Culms upright (3 deg. high), slender, simple or sparingly branched; contracted _panicle slender, loosely flowered; lower glumes slightly unequal, short-pointed, half the length of the flowering one_, which bears an awn 3--4 times the length of the spikelet.--Rocky woods; rather common. Aug.

7. M. diffusa, Schreber. (DROP-SEED. NIMBLE WILL.) (Pl. 8, fig. 3--5.) Culms diffusely much branched (8--18' high); contracted _panicles slender_, rather loosely many-flowered, terminal and lateral; _empty glumes extremely minute, the lower obsolete_, the upper truncate; awn once or twice longer than the flowering glume.--Dry hills and woods, from S. New Eng. to Mich., Iowa, and southward. Aug., Sept.--Spikelets only 1'' long.

Sec. 2. TRICHOCHLOA. _Panicle very loose and open, the long branches and pedicels capillary; leaves narrow, often convolute-bristle-form._

8. M. capillaris, Kunth. (HAIR-GRASS.) Culm simple, upright (2 deg. high) from a fibrous root; panicle capillary, expanding (6--20' long, purple); empty glumes unequal, the lower mostly pointless, the upper more or less bristle-pointed, one third or half the length of the long-awned flowering glume.--Sandy soil, W. New Eng. to N. J., Ky., Mo., and southward. Sept.--Pedicels 1--2' long, scarcely thicker than the awns, which are about 1' long.

24. BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv. (Pl. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, with a conspicuous filiform pedicel of an abortive second flower about half its length, nearly terete, few, in a simple appressed racemed panicle. Lower glumes unequal, persistent, usually minute, or the lower one almost obsolete. Flowering glume and palet chartaceo-herbaceous, involute, enclosing the linear-oblong grain, somewhat equal, rough with scattered short bristles, the first 5-nerved, extended into a long straight awn, the palet 2-pointed; the awn-like sterile pedicel partly lodged in the groove on its back. Stamens 2; anthers and stigmas very long.--Perennial, with simple culms (1--3 deg. high) from creeping rootstocks, downy sheaths, broad and flat lanceolate pointed leaves, and spikelets 1/2' long without the awn. (Name composed of [Greek: brachy/s], _short_, and [Greek: e)/lytron], _husk_, from the minute glumes.)

1. B. aristatum, Beauv. Rocky woods; common. June.--Var. ENGELMANNI, Gray, is a western form, with the second glume awn-pointed, nearly half the length of the flowering one.

25. HELEOCHLOA, Host. (Pl. 7.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, crowded in a dense spike or spike-like panicle. Lower glumes persistent, membranaceous, acute, ciliate-carinate, awnless; flowering glume similar, a little longer, and a little exceeding the palet. Stamens 3.--Low cespitose annuals; spike often scarcely exserted from the upper sheath. (Name from [Greek: e(/los], _a meadow_, and [Greek: chlo/a], _grass_.)

H. SCHOENOIDES, Host. Usually nearly prostrate and tufted; leaves rather rigid, tapering to a sharp point; spike oblong, thick, 7--20'' long. (Crypsis schoenoides, _Lam._)--Waste places, N. J. to Del. (Nat. from Eu.)

26. PHLEUM, L. CAT'S-TAIL GRASS. (Pl. 7.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, in a very dense cylindrical spike-like panicle. Lower glumes persistent, membranaceous, folded-carinate, subtruncate, mucronate or short-awned; flowering glume hyaline, shorter, truncate. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.--Perennials. (From [Greek: phle/os], a Greek name for a kind of reed.)

P. PRATENSE, L. (TIMOTHY. HERD'S-GRASS in New Eng. and N. Y.) Tall; _spike long-cylindrical_; lower glumes ciliate on the back, tipped with _a short bristle_.--Meadows, commonly cultivated for hay. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. P. alpinum, L. Low; _spike ovate-oblong_; lower glumes strongly ciliate on the back, tipped with a rough _awn about their own length_.--Alpine tops of the White Mountains, N. H., and high northward. (Eu.)

27. ALOPECURUS, L. FOXTAIL GRASS. (Pl. 7.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, jointed on the pedicel. Lower glumes boat-shaped, strongly compressed and keeled, nearly equal, united at base, equalling or exceeding the flowering glume, which is awned on the back below the middle; palet mostly wanting! Stamens 3. Styles mostly united. Stigmas long and feathered.--Clusters contracted into a cylindrical and soft dense spike; perennial. (Name from [Greek: a)lo/pex], _fox_, and [Greek: ou)ra/], _tail_, from the shape of the spike.)

A. PRATENSIS, L. (MEADOW FOXTAIL.) Culm upright, smooth (2 deg. high); the upper leaf much shorter than its inflated sheath; spike stout, 11/2--21/2' long; _flowering glume equalling the acute lower glumes; awn exserted more than half its length, twisted_.--Meadows and pastures, eastward. May. (Nat. from Eu.)

A. GENICULATUS, L. (FLOATING F.) (Pl. 7, fig. 1--4.) Culm ascending, often bent at the lower joints; upper leaf as long as its sheath; spike slender, 1--2' long; _flowering glume rather shorter than the obtuse lower glumes, the awn from near its base and projecting front half to twice its length beyond it_.--Moist meadows, eastward. June--Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

Var. aristulatus, Torr. The awn very slender and scarcely exserted. (A. aristulatus, _Michx._)--In water and wet places; common. June--Aug.

28. SPOROBOLUS, R. Br. DROP-SEED GRASS. RUSH-GRASS. (Pl. 7.)

Spikelets small, 1- (rarely 2-) flowered, in an open or contracted or spiked panicle. Lower glumes persistent, 1--3-nerved, not awned or pointed, the lower smaller; flowering glume of the same texture as the lower ones (membranaceo-chartaceous) and usually longer than they, naked, awnless and mostly pointless, 1-nerved (rarely somewhat 3-nerved); palet similar, 2-nerved. Stamens chiefly 3. Stigmas simply feathery. Grain globular to oblong or cylindrical, deciduous, often very thin, containing the loose seed.--Culms wiry or rigid. Leaves involute, the throat usually bearded, and sheaths often enclosing the panicles. (Name from [Greek: spora/], _seed_, and [Greek: ba/llo], _to cast forth_.)

[*] _Panicle contracted, often simple; grain oval or oblong; perennial, except n. 2._

1. S. asper, Kunth. Culms tufted (2--4 deg. high); lowest leaves very long, rigid, rough on the edges, tapering to a long involute and thread-like point, the upper short, involute; sheaths partly or at first wholly enclosing the contracted panicle; _flower much longer than the unequal lower glumes_; grain oval or oblong. (Vilfa aspera, _Beauv._)--Sandy fields and dry hills, especially southward. Sept.--Spikelets 2--3'' long. Flowering glume and palet rough above, smooth or hairy below, the palet tapering upward, acute, and one half to twice longer than the glume, or else obtuse and equalled or even considerably exceeded by the glume!

2. S. vaginaeflorus, Vasey. (Pl. 7, fig. 4, 5.) Culms slender (6--12' high), ascending; leaves involute-awl-shaped (1--4' long); panicles simple and spiked, the lateral and often the terminal concealed in the sheaths; _flowering glume and palet somewhat equal, acute, about the length of the nearly equal lower glumes_, only {1/3} longer than the oval grain. (Vilfa vaginaeflora, _Torr._)--Barren and sandy dry fields; common, especially southward. Sept.

3. S. cuspidatus, Torr. Erect culms and appressed leaves more slender than in the preceding; _panicle exserted_, very simple and narrow; spikelets smaller, the lower _glumes acuminate_, little shorter than the cuspidate upper one. (Vilfa cuspidata, _Torr._)--Maine (on the St. John's River, _G. L. Goodale_); also Iowa, Minn., and common westward.

4. S. depauperatus, Vasey. Resembling n. 3, but the culms decumbent at base and matted, the leaves short and usually widely spreading, and the lower glumes barely acute, not half the length of the upper one.--W. Minn. to Kan., and southwestward.

5. S. Virginicus, Kunth. _Culms_ tufted, slender (5--12' long), often procumbent, _branched_; leaves convolute, rigid; palets rather shorter than the nearly equal acute glumes. (Vilfa Virginica, _Beauv._)--Sandy seashore, Virginia (_Clayton_) and southward.--Spikelets much smaller and more numerous than in the others.

6. S. minor, Vasey. Culms tufted, very slender, geniculate and ascending, simple, 1 deg. high; leaves short and narrow; peduncles little exserted from the sheaths; spikelets (11/2--2'' long) in a very narrow simple compressed panicle (1--2' long), not crowded; glumes and palet nearly equal, acute or somewhat acuminate.--Va. to N. C., Tenn. and Tex.