Cooley's Cyclopædia of Practical Receipts and Collateral Information in the Arts, Manufactures, Professions, and Trades..., Sixth Edition, Volume I

"I recollect Dr A. Todd Thomson, in his excellent lectures, relating a case he had attended where a young lady appeared to be dying from the evil effects of tightlacing. He cut...

The German brewers, however, who do not brew beverages intended to be kept for any time, on the contrary, employ a soft water, by which means the albuminous substances contained...

The weight of 1 gal. of absolute alcohol being 7·938 lbs.; that of 1 gal. of proof spirit, 9·2 lbs,; and that of the 'alcohol' in 1 gal. of proof spirit, 4·53 lbs.; the weight o...

=Cadmium, Ox'ide of.= CdO. _Syn._ PROTOX'IDE OF CADMIUM; CAD'MII OXY'DUM, L. _Prep._ 1. (Hydrated.) From sulphate or chloride of cadmium, and a solution of caustic alkali; obser...

"Already in this country we have seen, in our own time, a great change; the objectionable practice of interment under and round churches in towns has been given up, and the popu...

_Prop., Purific., &c._ Copaiba, though usually called a 'balsam,' is not correctly so named, as it contains no benzoic or cinnamic acid. It is correctly described in the B. P. a...

=HÆMOP'TYSIS.= In _pathology_, spitting of blood. It generally arises from extreme fulness of the blood-vessels of the lungs, or the rupture of blood-vessels, as a consequence o...

In addition to what has been already stated in the article on BREAD, it may be useful to mention that a pound of the best flour, from thoroughly dried wheat, will take 10 fl. oz...

=BRASS-STAIN.= _Prep._ 1. Sheet-brass (cut into small pieces) is exposed to a strong heat for 2 or 3 days, then powdered, and again further exposed in a like manner for several...

To ensure the successful administration of this class of medicines, the system must be previously prepared for their use by invigorating it, if there is either relaxation or deb...

_Obs._ The preparation of French polish is precisely similar to that of other spirit or naphthalic varnishes. Sometimes it is coloured, in order to modify the character of the w...

From chromate of barium, decomposed by concentrated nitric acid. The anhydrous chromic acid is separated from the nitrate of barium by decantation, or, which is still better, by...

1. (For 1 _cwt._ of wool.) Good logwood-chips, 20 _lbs._, and Aleppo-galls, 18 _lbs._; are inclosed in a coarse bag, and boiled with water, q. s., for 5 or 6 hours; 1/3rd of thi...

It is often of great advantage to render a filter 'self-acting,' or to construct it in such a way that it may 'feed itself,' so that it may continue full and at work without the...

_Treatment._ That of common catarrhal cough consists in allaying the irritation as much as possible, by demulcents and expectorants, as mucilaginous drinks and lozenges, which a...

_Qual., &c._ These are denoted by its hardness, transparency, homogeneity, strength, and power of resisting the action of water, air, light, and the stronger acids and alkalies....

=Injection, Lithontrip'tic.= _Syn._ INJECTIO LITHONTRIPTICA, I. VESICALIS, L. _Prep._ (Dr Hoskins.) Nitro-saccharate of lead, 1 gr.; saccharic acid, 5 drops; rub together, then...

=BRONZE.= [Eng., Fr., Ger.] _Syn._ ÆS, L.; BRONZO, It. An alloy of tin and copper, remarkable for the exactness of the impressions which it takes by moulding and stamping, as we...

=DOSE.= In medicine the quantity taken or prescribed at one time. The doses of medicaments vary with the sex, age, temperament, constitutional strength, habituation, and idiosyn...

=Essence, Volatile (Ammoniacal).= _Syn._ PUNGENT AMMONIACAL ESSENCE, AROMATIC AMMONIACAL E.; ESSENTIA VOLATILIS, E. V. AMMONIACALIS, E. V. AROMATICA, &c., L. _Prep._ 1. Oil of c...

5. (Ph. D., B. P.) The Dublin contains two formulæ for gallic acid, the one being based on that of Dumas or Scheele, the other on that of Graham or Liebig.--_a._ From galls (in...

Precipitate Bread-ash. Silica. insoluble in acetic acid. Grams. Grams. Grams. A 1·408 ... 0·010 B 1·378 ... 0·006 C 1·730 0·018 0·010 D 1·620 0·032 0·014 E ... ... 0·012 (1)F 1·...

2. (Mialhe.) Nitrate of potassa, 40 parts; concentrated sulphuric acid, 60 parts; carded cotton, 2 parts; proceed as last until the dry cotton is obtained, then take of the prep...

Clysters usually consist of some weak glutinous or mucilaginous fluid, to which the active ingredients are added; or a decoction or infusion is made of the medicaments, which is...

=Cement, French.= Mucilage of gum Arabic, thickened with starch powder or farina; a little lemon-juice is sometimes added. Used by naturalists in mounting specimens; by artifici...

=GHEE.= A sort of butter used by the natives of India. _Prep._ Milk is boiled in large earthen pots for an hour or two, then allowed to cool, a little curdled milk called 'dhye'...

=FAT'TENING.= Until comparatively a recent date, the plan used to fatten domestic animals was to prevent their taking exercise, and to gorge them with food. The excessive fat pr...

Elastic tubes are readily formed of india rubber by cutting it into uniform slips of proper thickness and winding them round rods of polished glass or metal, so that the edges a...

6. _A Method of Detecting Meat Fats in Butter._ Mr Horsley, writing to the 'Chemical News,' September, 1874, says:--"My starting point is, that fresh butter is permanently solub...

=Essence of Lemon Peel.= _Syn._ ESSENCE OF LEMON RIND, QUINTESCENCE OF L. P.; ESSENTIA CORTICIS LIMONIS, L. _Prep._ 1. Yellow peel of fresh lemons, 1/2 lb.; spirit of wine, 1 pi...

_Refining._--Gold obtained by the first method usually contains a little copper and silver, and frequently tin or iron. Tin may be removed by adding a little corrosive sublimate...

A charge of the clear liquor having been drawn into the oxidizer, and raised if necessary to the requisite temperature, the blowing in of air is begun, whilst at the same time t...

Very different optical effects, however, follow if the rays from the various-coloured flames are made to pass through a prism. As is well known, if a ray of ordinary white light...

_Pur., &c._ The method of determining the strength of brandy is explained under 'ALCOHOLOMETRY,' Of the large quantity of this liquor consumed in England, we can assure the read...

_Obs._ The ingredients in the above compounds are to be separately reduced to powder and sifted through lawn, after which they should be kept in well-corked wide-mouthed bottles...

The printed goods are steamed for an hour or two, and then aged from twenty-four to thirty-six hours. They are then padded in the chalk and arseniate of soda bath; after which t...

=Colours, Cake.= _Syn._ ARTISTS' COLOURS. These are made by grinding by means of a glass muller and a slab, the respective pigments previously reduced to powder, into a smooth p...

The principal caustics are nitrate of silver, caustic potassa, a mixture of caustic potassa and quick-lime, sulphate of copper, red oxide of mercury, verdigris, tincture of sesq...

The practice of employing an alkaline solution of white arsenic as an anti-smut steep for wheat, has lately arrested the attention of chemists. M. Audouard states that he has de...

3. (A. T. Thomson.) Musk mixture, 14 fl. dr.; liquor of ammonia, 16 drops; tincture of castor, 1 fl. dr.; syrup of poppies, 1/2 fl. dr.; mix. Three or four times daily, in hyste...

=Glass, Pow'dered.= _Syn._ VITRUM PULVERISATUM, L. _Prep._ Heat the glass red hot, throw it into cold water, dry, and powder it. Used to filter acids, and glued upon paper as a...

2. (Moxon.) Cow's horn or hoof is baked or thoroughly dried and pulverised; to this is added an equal quantity of bay salt, and the whole is made into a paste with stale chamber...

"_Dysentery._ It is well known that dysentery, and especially the putrid dysentery, may spread through an hospital from the practice of the same close stool or latrines being us...

_Obs._ Owing to the high price of this drug it has become a general practice to substitute the bark of cassia (_Cassia_; _Cortex cinnamomi cassia_) for it, which so closely rese...

=COCOA-NUT OIL.= A species of vegetable butter obtained from the common cocoa nut--the fruit of _Cocos nucifera_, the cocoa palm. It is separated from the dried kernel by hydrau...

_Prop._ Tasteless; scentless; of an intense blue colour, passing into purple; when rubbed with a smooth hard body, it assumes a coppery hue; insoluble in water, cold alcohol, et...

The following report of a commission composed of MM. Mialhe, Mayel, Lefort, and Cornil, appointed to devise the best method for the examination of blood stains, was published in...

=FILARIA SANGUINIS HOMINIS.= In 1872, Dr T. R. Lewis, in examining microscopically the blood and urine of some of his patients in India, discovered a worm enveloped in an extrem...

_Concluding Remarks._ The oil of turpentine for this purpose should be of the best quality, and not that usually vended for painting, which always contains resin and often fixed...

_Diseases arising from the employment of unsound Flour and Bread._--The flour may be ergotised or grown, and fermenting from the presence of fungi. All the poisonous symptoms of...

=DA''HLIA DYE= (d[=a]le'-y'[)a]). The shade of colour which is commonly termed 'dahlia' is a reddish lilac. It is produced by combining a blue or purple with red when a compound...

2. The brown colour of decoction or infusion of roasted coffee becomes greenish when treated with a per-salt of iron; and a brownish-green, flocculent precipitate is formed. The...

=Pheasant, to Roast.= Let it hang as many days as possible without becoming tainted. Pluck off the feathers carefully, cut a slit in the back of the neck to remove crop, then dr...

_Hist._ Bleaching is a very ancient art, as passages referring to it in the earlier sacred and profane writers fully testify. It had probably reached a high degree of excellence...

_Determination of Ammonia and Organic Matter._ These are best determined by drawing a known volume of air through absolutely pure water. To obtain this latter it is best to redi...

The 'Chemical News' (xxxvi, 202) contains the analysis by Mr Paterson Muir of a clay from Mackenzie County, South Island, New Zealand, which is largely eaten by sheep. It consis...

_Obs._ Hippuric acid, when pure, forms long, slender, milk-white, square prisms; it is soluble in 400 parts of cold water; it also dissolves in hot alcohol. When strongly heated...

_Obs._ By increasing the proportion of alum or red-liquor the colour verges on purple; and by employing a little acetate of iron or green copperas, the darker shades of blue are...

_Objec., precau., &c._ Objections have been raised to this mode of testing, from the great frothing which often occurs with organic mixtures, and from antimony and imperfectly c...

=GOLD-BEAT'ER'S SKIN= is prepared from the peritoneal membrane of the cæcum of the ox. It is used to separate the leaves of gold whilst under the hammer, as a nearly invisible d...

4. _Glueing._ The back being knocked into shape with a hammer, and the sheets placed in the cutting-press, which is then slightly screwed up, melted glue is thinly and evenly ap...

=DENGUE.= This disease is most commonly met with in the East and West Indies, and occasionally as an epidemic in America. In England it rarely shows itself in an epidemic charac...

Previous to the paraffin being made into candles, it is necessary that it should be purified and bleached. Many processes for effecting these ends have been devised. In the work...

=CRINUM ASIATICUM.= (Ind. Ph.) _Habitat._ Low humid localities in Bengal, the Concans, and other parts of India; also cultivated in gardens; Ceylon, the Moluccas, and Cochin Chi...

=ILLUMINA'TION.= The act of illuminating or making luminous. For supplying artificial light to streets and the interiors of houses coal gas and oils and fats are generally emplo...

=BACON= (b[=a]'-kn). [W., baccun, prob. from Ger., bache, a wild sow; "old Fr., for dried flesh or pork"--Craig.] The flesh of swine salted and dried, and subsequently either sm...

|---------------------------------------------| | | Kidney | Field | | | beans. | beans. | |--------------------------|--------|---------| | Water | 23·0 | 15·6 | | Albumenoid b...

The length of time occupied by the ebullition is another point demanding some attention. Long boiling is in no case necessary, and should be avoided, especially in decoctions pr...

=Ether, Muriatic (Heavy).= _Syn._ ÆTHER MURIATICUS PONDEROSUS, L. _Prep._ Alcohol, of 80 to 85%, is saturated, in the cold, with chlorine gas, water is next added, and the oily...

Any of the volatile hydrocarbons or salts of ammonia escaping condensation in the hydraulic main are arrested in the condensers, but not always; hence it is necessary to afterwa...

=BAEL.= [Nat.] _Syn._ INDIAN BAEL, BEL*; BAEL, B. IN'DICUS, BE'LA, B. IN'DICA, L. The _[oe]g'le marmelos_ (Correa; _cratæva m._, Linn.) one of the Aurantiaceæ (DC.). Dried half-...

_Treat._ Aperients and diaphoretics, assisted by a cooling diet. When the inflammatory symptoms run high, blistering and cupping are frequently had recourse to. Local irritation...

_c._ (Hufeland.) Oxide of zinc and lycopodium, of each 15 gr.; simple cerate, 1/2 oz. In sore nipples, ulcerations of the breast, tetters, &c. It acts best when diluted with hal...

_Concluding remarks._ Castings in bell-metal are all more or less brittle; and, when recent, have a colour varying from a dark ash-grey to greyish-white, which is darkest in the...

=Drops (Med'icated).= _Syn._ GUTTÆ, L. This term is commonly applied to compound medicines that are only taken in small doses. At the present time they are almost exclusively co...

=Essence of Ani'seed.= _Syn._ ESSENTIA ANISI (B. P.), L.; ESPRIT D'ANISE, Fr. Oil of anise, 1 part; rectified spirit, 4 parts; mix (B. P.). Stimulant, aromatic, and carminative....

8. (MORVEAU'S REDUCING FLUX.) Powdered glass (free from lead), 8 parts; calcined borax and charcoal, of each, 1 part; all in fine powder, and triturated well together. Used as B...

The crude dried salt of the last process is finally purified by sublimation. For this purpose cast-iron-pots lined with clay, and heated from below and by flues round their side...

=Extracts, Narcotic, with Sugar.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM NARCOTICA CUM SACCHARO. (Guager.) _Prep._ Dissolve 6 oz. of alcoholic extract of the plant in 14 dr. or 2 oz. of strong alcoho...

_Uses, &c._ These are numerous and varied. Charcoal is extensively employed as a fuel; and in metallurgy for tempering metals, making steel, &c.; reduced to powder, it is used t...

The concluding portion of the process of extract-making, technically termed 'finishing-off,' requires the most scrupulous attention. As the evaporation advances, the heat should...

=Chocolate, Sim'ple.= _Syn._ HYGIEN'IC C., HOM[OE]OPATH'IC C.; CHOCOLA'TA, C. SIM'PLEX, C. SALU'TIS, L.; CHOCOLAT DE SANTÉ, Fr. _Prep._ (P. C.) Caracas and Maragnan cocoa, of ea...

2. (Sir A. Cooper.) Arsenious acid and sublimed sulphur, of each 1 dr.; spermaceti cerate, 1 oz. The above ingredients must be very carefully triturated together. The first is u...

Except in Glasgow, Sheffield, and London, the women are asserted to be totally ignorant and incompetent to meet any difficulty that might arise. In country districts the pernici...

It is usually stated in works on brewing that certain temperatures must be reached by each variety of beer, during the progress of the fermentation, in order for the liquor to a...

3. _a._ A third quantity of 100 gr. of the guano, selected as before, is triturated and digested for some time with 12 times its weight of hot distilled water, and the whole bei...

=Bitters.= In the liquor-trade, a compound prepared by steeping vegetable bitters, and some aromatics as flavouring, in weak spirit, for some 8 or 10 days; a little sugar or syr...

[Footnote 196: The final addition of the 3 _lbs._ of powdered gum, ordered in the formula of their liquid blacking, is not mentioned by the patentees; and we therefore presume t...

FUEL, CASE AND MORRIS'S PATENT. From the 'small' of the 'best steam coal,' ground moderately fine, treated so as to absorb a certain portion of liquid coal tar, and then pressed...

Three conditions are important to be observed in the arrangements of the apparatus:--1. The mixture in the retort should not be allowed to spirt over. 2. It should contain but l...

=Decoction of Elm Bark.= _Syn._ DECOCTUM UL'MI (B. P.), L. _Prep._ Elm bark (cut in small pieces), 1 oz.; distilled water, 16 oz.; boil to 8 oz., and strain.--_Dose_, 2 to 4 oz....

=Fumigation, Tooth'ache.= _Syn._ FUMIGATIO ODONTALGICA, F. ANTI-NEURALGICA, L. _Prep._ 1. From henbane seeds, powdered and thrown into a basin of boiling water, and the affected...

=DISLOCA'TION.= _Syn._ LUXATION; DISLOCATIO, L. The forcible displacement of a bone from its socket, either by violence or disease. The latter happens when the textures forming...

=Chloral, Hydrate.= C_{2}HCl_{3}O. Aq. _Syn._ HYDRATE OF CHLORAL. _Prep._ "Pass dry chlorine gas, for several days, through absolute alcohol, sp. gr. 0·795, until it becomes a t...

_Obs._ In the Paris Codex Extracts are ordered to be prepared from henbane both by the processes Nos. 1 and 4 above.--_Product_ (by the ordinary method):--1 lb. of the fresh lea...

The liquid into which the colouring matter of the blood, and some of the soluble nitrogenous substances of the meat had diffused, was three times removed during a year and a hal...

Writing on this process in his late work, 'The Alkali Trade,' Mr Kingzett says:--"The process bearing Mr Deacon's name was first brought before the public at the British Associa...

Professor Sonnenschein has succeeded in converting brucia into strychnia. He says--"Brucia C_{23}H_{26}N_{2}O_{4} and Strychnia C_{21}H_{22}N_{2}O_{2} differ apparently consider...

=Cheese, Facti'tious Roque'fort.= _Prep._ (Roulle.) The gluten of wheat is kneaded with a little salt, and a small portion of a solution of starch, and made up into cheeses. It...

2. (Opaque.)--_a._ From white potash-soap and gum-mucilage (thick), of each 3 _oz._; new white honey, 6 _oz._; and the yelks of 5 large eggs; well mixed together, and afterwards...

=HOS'PITAL GAN'GRENE.= _Syn._ PHAGEDÆNA GANGRENOSA. L. A species of ulcerating mortification, particularly characterised by its infectious nature, and its tendency to attack wou...

=Elixir, Woroneje.= Capsicum, 1 oz.; nitre, 1/2 oz.; sal-ammoniac, 2 dr.; nitro-hydrochloric acid, 2 fl. dr.; vinegar, 1-1/2 pint; native white or rose naphtha, or petroleum, 1-...

_Uses._ The valuable properties of aluminum adapt it to numerous applications in the arts and everyday life. Hitherto these have been very limited, owing to its comparatively hi...

=Aniline, Sul'phate of=. (C_{6}H_{7}N)_{2}SO_{4}. Prepared by saturating aniline with dilute sulphuric acid, and gently evaporating the liquid until the salt separates. By re-so...

2. (Mrs Rundell.) From stewed shin of beef and ox-tail, re-stewed with a glassful each of wine and ketchup, and some of the old broth, and then poured into moulds. Sweet herbs,...

The following table by Dr Frankland shows the amount of force which different foods yield when burned. The results agree very closely with those theoretically given by Playfair...

V. _From Alcohol._ (ALCOHOL VINEGAR, GERMAN ACETIC ACID.) In a bell-glass, or an oblong glass case, perforated shelves are arranged, a few inches apart, one above another, on wh...

February and March.--Meat, fowls, and game, as in January, with the addition of ducklings and chickens.--Fish: As the last two months (cod is not thought so good from February t...

=DYE'ING.= The act of tinging or colouring absorbent materials by impregnating them with solutions of colouring matters or dye-stuffs. The colouring matters which impart their t...

_Prep._ Crude, heavy coal oil is agitated with milk of lime, allowed to stand, and the aqueous portion separated from the undissolved oil and decomposed by hydrochloric acid. Th...

_Prop., &c._ White, inodorous, porous masses, or small scales; it crystallises with difficulty, is intensely bitter, and excites violent sneezing when smelled to; dissolves free...

=Confection of Scam'mony.= _Syn._ CONFEC'TIO SCAMMO'NII (B. P.), ELECTUA''RUM SCAMMO''NII (Ph. D.). _Prep._ (B. P.) Scammony, in fine powder, 24 parts; ginger, in fine powder, 1...

_Qual., &c._ Compound extract of colocynth is often adulterated with acrid cathartics to make up for the deficiency or inferiority of its proper ingredients, and foreign matter...

=AL'MOND= (ah'-m[)u]nd). _Syn._ AMYG'DALA (also -US, -UM*), L.; AMANDE, Fr.; MANDEL, Ger., Dut., Dan., Swed. The 'almond-tree' (_amyg'dalus commu'nis_--Linn.; Ph. L., E., and D....

=EL'EMENTS.= _Syn._ ELEMENTARY BODIES, SIMPLE B.; ELEMENTA, L. In _chemistry_, those substances or bodies which have hitherto resisted every attempt which has been made to decom...

=Amyl, Acetate of.= C_{5}H_{11}C_{2}H_{3}O_{2}. _Syn._ PEAR-OIL. _Prep._ From fusel-oil, 1 part; acetate of potassa (dry), 2 parts; concentrated sulphuric acid, 1 part; distille...

=Biscuits, Fancy.= The varieties of these are almost innumerable. In a printed list now before us we observe the names of upwards of one hundred different kinds. These are produ...

_Obs._ The preceding formulæ are at present employed in the wholesale trade, by nearly all those houses that are most noted for the superior quality of their 'CONCENTRATED INFUS...

=Infusion (Maiden-hair).= _Syn._ INFUSUM ADIANTI, L. From either common maiden-hair (_Adiantum capillus Veneris_), or Canadian maiden-hair (_Adiantum pedatum_). They are both sl...

"Highest in the scale of temperance come the Turks and Arabs; next the Iberians, Levantines, Greeks, and Latin races; lower down the Japanese, Scandinavians, Belgians, and the I...

=ATTELETTES= (-l[)e]ts'). [Fr.] In _cookery_, small skewers, generally of silver, with ornamental heads. The term is also applied to small dishes (ENTRÉES, &c.) in which the art...

_b._ From good commercial benzol, agitated with 1-4th or 1-5th of its weight of concentrated sulphuric acid, and, after repose and decantation, rectified at a temperature under...

_Tests._ It feebly reddens litmus paper, extinguishes the flame of a burning taper, and forms a white precipitate in aqueous solutions of lime and baryta, which is soluble in ac...

=Decoction of Sarsaparilla (Concentrated Compound).= _Syn._ DECOCTUM SARZÆ COMPOSITUM CONCENTRATUM, D. SARSAPARILLÆ C. C., L. There is a very considerable trade done in this art...

=FERMENTA'TION.= _Syn._ FERMENTATIO, L. In _chemistry_, a peculiar metamorphosis of a complex organic substance, by a transposition of its elements under the agency of an extern...

Until the researches of Harnack and Witkowsky the Calabar bean was supposed to owe its activity, when internally administered, to the presence of a powerful alkaloid called _ese...

It is found that, under ordinary circumstances, evaporation is confined to the surface of the heated liquid, and is therefore slower or quicker, in proportion to the extension o...

=EXTRAC'TIVE.= _Syn._ EXTRACTIVE PRINCIPLE. Fourcroy entertained the belief that all vegetable extracts contained a common basis of definite composition, to which he gave the na...

=Balsam of Acou'chi.= A yellowish aromatic liquid, of a terebinthinous nature and consistence, obtained from the wounded branches and shoots of the _icica heterophylla_ (DC.). I...

Acetic acid is produced either by the partial dehydrogenation and subsequent oxidation of bodies containing its elements, or by their destructive distillation. The first is effe...

4. Platinum solution. The double chloride of platinum and potassium, dissolved in solution of caustic potassa. Other solutions have been proposed, but this appears to be decompo...

=Inflammation of the Bowels.= The common causes are incautious exposure to cold, the use of improper food, and the presence of acrid substances or hardened fæces in the bowels....

=ALPINE ROSE SOAP, SWISS.= A preservative against syphilitic infection (G. A. Sarpe, Zurich). A glass cylinder corked and sealed, about 2 inches long, and containing a hard brow...

=Extract of Bry'ony.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM BRYONIÆ, E. B. ALBÆ, E. RADICIS B. A., L. _Prep._ From the infusion or decoction of the root of white bryony (_Bryonia dioica_). Purgative...

_Prop., &c._ It is insoluble in water, and nearly so in cold alcohol, but very soluble in boiling alcohol. It strikes a fine crimson colour with sulphuric acid, which remains un...

=Bath, Turpentine.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM TEREBINTHINA'TUM, L. _Prep._ (Dr T. Smith.) Camphine (rectified oil of turpentine), 1/4 to 1/2 pint; Scotch soda, 2 lbs.; oil of rosemary, 1/...

_How to Manage a Barometer._--It is of the first importance to have the instrument hung perfectly perpendicular. This is best effected by means of a plummet line. It should be p...

The above proof-solution is next poured into 12 two-oz. vials, of exactly equal diameters, to the amount of 1/9th of their capacity; these are filled up with bleaching liquid of...

In the selection of winter clothes for children, if for in-door wear, choice should be made of a dark woollen frock, and of stockings in preference to socks. The stockings shoul...

(Tyson's.) Oxide of mercury (prepared by decomposing calomel with an equivalent proportion of liquor of potassa to which a little liquor of ammonia has been added) and flowers o...

=Abrasion.= In _numismatics_, the 'wear and tear,' or waste of the substance of coins, in the pocket and circulation. It forms a large item in the expense of a metallic currency...

=VII. Straw, Straw-plait=, and articles made of them, are, on the large scale, usually bleached by (1) a hot steep or boil in a weak solution of caustic soda, or a stronger one...

_Prop., Uses, &c._ None of the Algæ are poisonous. Several are nutritious, emollient, and demulcent, from containing mucilage (carrageenin), starch, sugar (mannite), and a littl...

=Infusion of Cate'chu.= _Syn._ COMPOUND INFUSION OF CATECHU; INFUSUM CATECHU (B. P.), L. _Prep._ (B. P.) Catechu in coarse powder, 160 gr., cinnamon, bruised, 40 gr., boiling wa...

Ordnance Powder. Small Arms Powder. Nitrogen 37·58 } { 35·33 } Carbonic anhydride 42·74 } { 48·90 } Carbonic oxide 10·19 } { 5·18 } Hydrogen 5·93 } 100 { 6·90 } 100 Sulphuretted...

=Powder of Mudar.= (_Pulvis Calotropis._) Take of the roots of mudar, collected in the months of April and May from sandy soils, a sufficiency; carefully remove, by washing, all...

Transcriber's Note: The original publication has been replicated faithfully except as shown in the TRANSCRIBER'S AMENDMENTS at the end of the text. This etext presumes a mono-sp...

Pharmaceutical and chemical preparations, whether crystallised or otherwise, used in medicine, to be pure and of a proper consistence and strength, as well as of perfect manufac...

The common objections raised against the use of flannel are founded on vulgar prejudices, ignorance, obstinacy, or bravado, and are undeserving of the notice of sensible people....

II. _Calcination._ This operation is accomplished in several kinds of furnaces, that used by the Tharsis Sulphur and Copper Company, being a large muffle or close furnace. By ot...

_a._ Guaiacum shavings (from which the small has been sifted), 30 lbs., Italian juice, 24 lbs., mezereon root, 6 lbs., are boiled with water q. s., for 1 hour; the decoction is...

=BANE.= Poison; anything deleterious or destructive; a word often found joined to another, in the popular and vulgar names of plants and disease, to denote their character; as B...

_Manuf._ The process of making butter by the common operation of churning is extremely simple, and is well known. The chief objects to attend to are maintaining a proper tempera...

=COPTIS TEETA.= (Ind. Ph.) _Syn._ COPTIS, or MISHMI TITA. _Hab._ Mishmel mountains, east of Assam. _Officinal part._ The dried root (_Coptidis Radix_), imported into Bengal from...

=HANG'ING.= In cases of suspended animation from hanging, the assistance must be prompt and energetic. The body on its discovery should be instantly relieved from the state of s...

_Assayer's weights, &c._ The materials used in assaying are accurately weighed in a balance of the most susceptible description; and the weights are given in terms of the 'notat...

2. To the above add of Spanish-juice, 1-1/2 _lb._; previously softened with a little boiling water For PORTER and STOUT. Both are used by fraudulent brewers; and by publicans in...

_Fish poisoning._ It is a not unfrequent occurrence to find fish when eaten giving rise to a species of poisoning of a more or less violent form, such as a sense of weight at th...

_Prep._ 1. Take of sandy marl, 2 parts; brine, q. s.; make a dough, and then knead in of common salt, in fine powder, 1 part. Bake the pieces slowly, and lightly.

_Horses._ The disease occurs, although rarely, in horses. It is not known either in cattle or dogs. The treatment consists in depriving the animal for some weeks of food contain...

=EXPER'IMENTS= are acts or operations intended to develop some unknown fact, principle, or effect; or to establish or demonstrate it, when discovered. Similar operations, perfor...

=Compound Tincture of Kariyát= (Tinctura Andrographis composita). Take of kariyát root, cut small, 6 ounces; myrrh and aloes, in coarse powder, of each 1 ounce; brandy, 2 pints....

3. From the ETIOLATED SHOOTS OF VETCHES:--The expressed juice of the young shoots when from 2 or 3 to even 12 or 15 inches long, is gently simmered for 8 or 10 minutes, to coagu...

Hydrochlorate of ammonia is now wholly prepared on the large scale, and never by the dealer or retailer, by whom it is only occasionally refined or purified, in small quantities...

=Electric.= _Syn._ INSULATOR, NON-CONDUCTOR. A substance which may under ordinary circumstances be readily made to evince electrical properties by friction. Electrics do not tra...

=Bezoar, Por'cupine.= _Syn._ B. HYS'TRICIS, B. HYS'TRICUS, LA'PIS H., L. PORCI'NUS, &c., L. Said to be found in the gall-bladder of the Indian porcupine. Chiefly from Malacca. H...

The water and washings from lead plaster are mixed together, filtered, and submitted to the action of a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen to throw down the lead; the supernatant l...

The arrangements for supplying cold and hot water must necessarily greatly depend on circumstances, and the quantity required. For a single fixed bath, or even for two or three...

1. A solution being obtained as above, if necessary, it is strongly acidulated with tartaric acid, and the antimony thrown down as a sulphide by a stream of sulphuretted hydroge...

The per-centage by weight may be converted into per-centage by volume, by multiplying the former by the sp. gr. of the sample, and dividing the product by the sp. gr. of absolut...

"The immediate effects of the cold bath are a sensation of cold (speedily followed by one of warmth), contraction of the cutaneous vessels, paleness of the skin, diminution of p...

=Antimony, Trioxide of.= Sb_{2}O_{3}. _Syn._ TEROXIDE OF ANTIMONY, ANTIMONIOUS OXIDE (B. P. OXIDE OF ANTIMONY, Eng.; ANTIMONII OXIDUM, L.). _Prep._ (B. P.) Take of solution of c...

Mr Blyth says: "It is found that the post-mortem change into orpiment is never quite complete, so that for the detection of arsenic in solid organic substances, such as the tiss...

4. (Dr Ure.) Sulphate of copper, 50 lbs., and lime, 10 lbs., are dissolved in good vinegar, 20 galls., and a boiling hot solution of white arsenic, 50 lbs., is conveyed as quick...

2. Good white sugar, 18 to 24 _lbs._; lemon-juice or lime-juice, 1 quart; finest Narbonne honey, 1 or 2 _lbs._; bruised Jamaica ginger, 1-1/2 _lb._; pure soft water (that has be...

+------------+----------+------------+----------+------------ Sp. Gr. of|Pure Ammonia|Sp. Gr. of|Pure Ammonia|Sp. Gr. of|Pure Ammonia the Liquid| per cent., |the Liquid| per cen...

_Physiological action._ The alkaloids generally possess great medicinal power; some of them act with terrific energy, and are the most violent poisons with which we are acquaint...

_Prop._ Very brittle, so much so that it may be easily powdered in a mortar; lustre highly metallic; colour steel-grey or bluish-white; texture crystalline; crystals rhombohedro...

_Anti-_ is a common prefix in English words derived from the Greek and Latin, especially those connected with pharmacology and medicine, the final _i_ being either dropped or re...

=Eau Lajeune.= A hair dye. An elegant pasteboard box, in which are three bottles of fluid and two bone-handled tooth-brushes. No. 1 contains a clear fluid consisting of pyrogall...

+-------------+---------------------+-------+-------+-------+--------+ |Name of Mine,|Description of place,|Thermo-|Number |Oxygen,|Carbonic| |and depth |where taken and time |m...

PRESSURE:--The weight or pressure of the atmosphere is shown by the rise of water in the barrel of the common 'lifting pump' and the suspension of the mercurial column in the tu...

(_a_) Wide-mouthed flask, containing the sample for examination, hermetically stopped by the cork (_e_) and supporting the tubes (_b_) and (_c_). (_b_) Bulbous tube, containing...

If the quantities in the above table be converted into ounces it will be found that nearly 8-3/4 oz. more oxygen were absorbed and 13 oz. more of carbonic anhydride eliminated b...

[Footnote 277: Great mortality has prevailed amongst the salmon during the present year, owing to the attacks of a peculiar white fungus, called the _Saprolegnia ferox_, a paras...

_Phys. eff., &c._ Inhaled, undiluted with air, it is an irritant poison, producing spasms of the glottis, convulsions, and death; even when diluted it acts as a powerful acrid,...

=AQUARIUM.= A tank or vessel made of glass, containing either salt or fresh water, and in which either marine or fresh-water plants and animals are kept in a living state. In pr...

_Uses, &c._ The applications of alum in the arts and manufactures are numerous and important. It is used to harden tallow and fats; to render wood and paper incombustible; to re...

+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+ |Degrees|Specific|Degrees|Specific|Degrees|Specific|Degrees|Specific|Degrees|Specific| |Ba...

_Prop., Uses, &c._ Crystals, thin and nearly colourless plates, containing combined water; very soluble in hot water, less so in cold water; and rapidly decomposed by exposure t...

GAY-LUSSAC'S ALCOHOLOMETER is used to determine the strength of spirituous liquors. It, at once, indicates on the stem, the per-centage of absolute alcohol in the liquid examine...

Acids which, like those mentioned in the foregoing examples, contain one atom of replaceable hydrogen are called monobasic; those which contain two such atoms (_e.g._ sulphuric...

=ALCOHOLOM'ETER= (-l[)o]m'-). _Syn._ ALCOHOL'METER (h[)o]l'-; -h[)o]m'-[double-dagger]); ALCOHOLOMÉTRUM, L.; ALCOÖLOMÈTRE, ALCOÖMÈTRE, ALCOHOLMÈTRE, &c., Fr. An instrument or ap...

The therapeutic action of gelsemium is believed to be due to the sedative effect it exercises on the nervous and arterial systems--hence its power in controlling the nervous irr...

It is said that there is no instance on record of a person being burnt to death in a dwelling-house in Edinburgh, where the houses are usually high; yet in London, where fire-en...

3. (Braconnot.) Dantzic potash, 4 parts; tanned leather parings, 2 parts; sulphur, 1 part; water, 20 parts; boil them in an iron vessel to dryness, then raise the heat (constant...

=APOMORPHINE.= _Syn._ APOMORPHIA. C_{17}H_{17}NO_{2}. A remarkable base, obtained from morphia by Matthiessen and Wright. It is possessed of powerful emetic properties. Introduc...

ACONITIA with other alkaloids, _e.g._, delphinia, aconella, &c. ALE, common salt, _Cocculus indicus_, grains of paradise, quassia, and other bitters, sulphate of iron, alum, &c....

=ANTAC'IDS= (-t[)a]s'-[)i]dz). _Syn._ ANTAC'IDA, L.; ANTACIDES, &c., Fr. Antacid substances. In _medicine_, &c., substances which remove or prevent acidity of the stomach, and t...

=ART.= [Eng., Fr.] _Syn._ ARS (gen., ar'tis; pl., ar'tes), L.; [Greek:¬technê], (tech'ne), Gr.; KUNST, Ger. Primarily, strength, power, and hence also mental strength, skill; th...

2. _a._ The powder, or (with 'conia and nicotia') concentrated liquor, is treated with a drop or two of concentrated sulphuric acid:--A red colour is produced; probable presence...

KEY: A - Quantity required to prevent Animalcules in six days. B - Number of Days before Life appeared in a solution containing 1 of substance in 500 water and 1/2 drachm of fol...

In his report for 1870 Dr Townsend, the Sanitary Commissioner for the central provinces of India, states that the natives of India hold an opinion that the use of river and tank...

Of the many forms of this filter, we may mention the 'Syphon Filter for Travellers,' by means of which wholesome water may be drunk from any pond or stream by simply immersing t...

_A. aa._, _ana_ (Greek), of each. Equally by weight or measure. _Abdom._, _abdomen_, the abdomen, the belly. _Abs. febr._, _absente febre_, fever being absent. _Ad 2 vic._, _ad...

2. By soaking the tobacco, of which the cigars are to be made, or the cigars themselves, for a short time in a very strong infusion of cascarilla, and then allowing them to dry...

+-------+-------------------------------------------+ | | B | | |--------------------^----------------------+ NAMES, &c | | C | | | | | |------^--------| | | | | A | D | E | F |...

_Uses, &c._ In small doses aconite is narcotic, powerfully diaphoretic, and sometimes diuretic; in larger ones, the symptoms are similar to those produced by aconitia. It acts a...