Part 43
+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+ |Degrees|Specific|Degrees|Specific|Degrees|Specific|Degrees|Specific|Degrees|Specific| |Baumé. |Gravity.|Baumé. |Gravity.|Baumé. |Gravity.|Baumé. |Gravity.|Baumé. |Gravity.| +-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+ | 0 | 1·0000 | 16 | 1·1176 | 32 | 1·2667 | 47 | 1·4476 | 62 | 1·6889 | | 1 | 1·0066 | 17 | 1·1259 | 33 | 1·2773 | 48 | 1·4615 | 63 | 1·7079 | | 2 | 1·0133 | 18 | 1·1343 | 34 | 1·2881 | 49 | 1·4758 | 64 | 1·7273 | | 3 | 1·0201 | 19 | 1·1428 | 35 | 1·2992 | 50 | 1·4902 | 65 | 1·7471 | | 4 | 1·0270 | 20 | 1·1515 | 36 | 1·3103 | 51 | 1·5051 | 66 | 1·7674 | | 5 | 1·0340 | 21 | 1·1603 | 37 | 1·3217 | 52 | 1·5200 | 67 | 1·7882 | | 6 | 1·0411 | 22 | 1·1692 | 38 | 1·3333 | 53 | 1·5353 | 68 | 1·8095 | | 7 | 1·0483 | 23 | 1·1783 | 39 | 1·3451 | 54 | 1·5510 | 69 | 1·8313 | | 8 | 1·0556 | 24 | 1·1875 | 40 | 1·3571 | 55 | 1·5671 | 70 | 1·8537 | | 9 | 1·0630 | 25 | 1·1968 | 41 | 1·3694 | 56 | 1·5833 | 71 | 1·8765 | | 10 | 1·0704 | 26 | 1·2063 | 42 | 1·3818 | 57 | 1·6000 | 72 | 1·9000 | | 11 | 1·0780 | 27 | 1·2160 | 43 | 1·3945 | 58 | 1·6170 | 73 | 1·9241 | | 12 | 1·0857 | 28 | 1·2258 | 44 | 1·4074 | 59 | 1·6344 | 74 | 1·9487 | | 13 | 1·0935 | 29 | 1·2358 | 45 | 1·4206 | 60 | 1·6522 | 75 | 1·9740 | | 14 | 1·1014 | 30 | 1·2459 | 46 | 1·4339 | 61 | 1·6705 | 76 | 2·0000 | | 15 | 1·1095 | 31 | 1·2562 | | | | | | | +-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+
II.--_Corresponding_ SPECIFIC GRAVITIES _and_ DEGREES _of_ BAUMÉ'S AREOMETER _for heavy liquids_.[78] From the Batavian Pharmacop[oe]ia.
[Footnote 78: See footnote on previous page.]
+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+ |Degrees|Specific|Degrees|Specific|Degrees|Specific|Degrees|Specific|Degrees|Specific| |Baumé. |Gravity.|Baumé. |Gravity.|Baumé. |Gravity.|Baumé. |Gravity.|Baumé. |Gravity.| +-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+ | 0 | 1000 | 16 | 1125 | 32 | 1286 | 47 | 1485 | 62 | 1758 | | 1 | 1007 | 17 | 1134 | 33 | 1298 | 48 | 1501 | 63 | 1779 | | 2 | 1014 | 18 | 1143 | 34 | 1309 | 49 | 1516 | 64 | 1801 | | 3 | 1022 | 19 | 1152 | 35 | 1321 | 50 | 1532 | 65 | 1823 | | 4 | 1029 | 20 | 1161 | 36 | 1334 | 51 | 1549 | 66 | 1847 | | 5 | 1036 | 21 | 1171 | 37 | 1346 | 52 | 1566 | 67 | 1872 | | 6 | 1044 | 22 | 1180 | 38 | 1359 | 53 | 1583 | 68 | 1897 | | 7 | 1052 | 23 | 1190 | 39 | 1372 | 54 | 1601 | 69 | 1921 | | 8 | 1060 | 24 | 1199 | 40 | 1384 | 55 | 1618 | 70 | 1946 | | 9 | 1067 | 25 | 1210 | 41 | 1398 | 56 | 1637 | 71 | 1974 | | 10 | 1075 | 26 | 1221 | 42 | 1412 | 57 | 1656 | 72 | 2000 | | 11 | 1083 | 27 | 1231 | 43 | 1426 | 58 | 1676 | 73 | 2031 | | 12 | 1091 | 28 | 1242 | 44 | 1440 | 59 | 1695 | 74 | 2059 | | 13 | 1100 | 29 | 1252 | 45 | 1454 | 60 | 1715 | 75 | 2087 | | 14 | 1108 | 30 | 1261 | 46 | 1470 | 61 | 1738 | 76 | 2116 | | 15 | 1116 | 31 | 1275 | | | | | | | +-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+
=AREOM'ETRY.= _Syn._ AREOME'TRIA, L.; ARÉOMÉTRIE, Fr. The art or operation of ascertaining the specific gravity of liquids, and hence also their strength or commercial value; hydrometry. See AREOMETER (_above_), HYDROMETRY, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, &c.
=ARE'CINA.= C_{23}H_{26}N_{2}O_{4}. An alkaloid discovered by Pelletier and Comol, in white cinchona bark from Aréca. It is extracted from the bark by the same process as Quinine, viz., by boiling the bark with acidulated water, treating the liquor with lime, and digesting the lime-precipitate in alcohol. The solution filtered at the boiling heat yields a very dark-coloured liquid, which, after a time, deposits the greater part of the aricine in crystals. An additional quantity may be obtained from the mother-liquor by expelling the alcohol by distillation, treating the residue with a slight excess of hydrochloric acid, separating the greater part of the colouring matter by means of a saturated solution of common salts, then throwing down the aricine by ammonia, dissolving the precipitate in alcohol, decolourising with animal charcoal and crystallising.
=ARGAMONE MEXICANA= (nat. order PAPAVERACEÆ). A tropical American plant, now a common weed growing in almost every part of India. A fixed oil is obtained from the seeds by expression, which has long been employed as an aperient in the West Indies. In half-drachm doses it is said to act as a gentle aperient, and at the same time it allays, apparently by its sedative qualities, the pain in colic. The smallness of the dose, and the mildness of its operation, commend it to the notice of the medical practitioner. Its efficiency is impaired by keeping, the freshly prepared oil proving more active and uniform in its action than that which has been long on hand. It is reported to exercise a well-marked and soothing influence when applied to herpetic eruptions and other forms of skin disease. By the natives of India the expressed yellow glutinous juice of the plant is held in high repute as a local application to indolent and foul ulcers.
=ARGENT'INE= (-[)i]n). _Syn._ ARGENTI'NUS, L.; ARGENTIN, Fr.; SILBERFARBEN, &c., Ger. Silver-like; pertaining to, resembling, or sounding like silver; argental.
=Ar'gentine.= (-t[)i]n). [Eng., Fr.] German silver*. In _mineralogy_, nacreous carbonate of lime, from its whiteness and silvery lustre.
=ARGENT'UM.= [L.] Silver. In _old chemistry_ and _pharmacy_, ARGENTUM, FUGITI''VUM[dagger], A. MO'BILE[dagger] (-[)i]l-e), was quicksilver; A. MOR'TUUM[dagger], dead silver, grain-s; A. MUSI'VUM[dagger], mosaic s., silver-bronze; A. NITRA'TUM[dagger], lunar caustic; A. VI'VUM[dagger], quicksilver; A. ZOÖTIN'ICUM[dagger], cyanide of silver; &c.
=AR'GIL=[dagger] (j[)i]l). _Syn._ ARGIL'LA, L.; ARGILE, Fr. Clay or potter's earth.
=ARGILLA'CEOUS= (-j[)i]l-). _Syn._ ARGILLA'CEUS, L.; ARGILLEUX, Fr.; THONIG, THONARTIG, Ger. Clayey; pertaining to, containing, or of the nature of clay or argil. In _agriculture_, an epithet of soils (ARGILLACEOUS SOILS) of which clay is the principal or characteristic ingredient.
=Argil'lo-arena'ceous= (-j[)i]l-). In _agr._, consisting chiefly of clay and sand.
=Argillo-calca''reous.= In _agr._, consisting chiefly of clay and chalk.
=AR'GOL.= _Syn._ ARGAL*; TAR'TARUS CRU'DUS, L.; TARTRE BRUT, Fr.; WEINSTEIN, Ger. Crude bitartrate of potash, as deposited by wine. That from red wine is RED ARGOL; that from white wine, WHITE ARGOL. See TARTAR.
=ARM'ATURE= (-[)a]-t[=u]re). _Syn._ ARMATU''RA, L. In _magnetism_, a piece of soft iron used to connect the poles of a horseshoe magnet, for the purpose of preventing loss of power.
=AR'NICA.= [L., Fr., Eng.] _Syn._ ARNIQUE, Fr.; ARNIKA, WOLVERLEI, Ger. In _botany_, a genus of plants of the nat. ord. Compositæ (DC.). In the Ph. U. S., arnica montana (see _below_).
=Arnica Monta'na.= [L.; Linn.] _Syn._ ARNICA, MOUN'TAIN A., M. TOBAC'CO, GERMAN LEOP'ARD'S BANE; PANACE'A LAPSO''RUM*, L. ARNIQUE, A. DES MONTAGNES, TABAC DES SAVOYARDS ET DES VOSGES, Fr.; ARNIKA, FALKRAUT, &c., Ger. _Hab._ Meadows of the cooler parts of Europe, North America, and Siberia. It is now cultivated in our gardens. Flowers (ARNICA, Ph. U. S., Castr. Ruth., and Bor.) and leaves, diaphoretic, diuretic, stimulant, and narcotic; in large doses emetic and purgative; root discutient; whole herb diaphoretic, stimulant, and nervine.
_Prop., &c._ Arnica acts as an energetic stimulant on the cerebro-spinal system, and as an irritant on the stomach and bowels. It is much employed on the Continent, and is given in a great variety of diseases--amaurosis, chlorosis, convulsions, diarrh[oe]a, dysentery, gout, paralysis, rheumatism, &c. It is much used in Germany, instead of bark, in intermittents, putrid fevers, and gangrene. In France it is commonly employed as an excito-tonic in paralysis. It has been greatly extolled, as a restorative, and in bruises and injuries from falls. The Savoyards and inhabitants of the Vosges both smoke and 'snuff' the leaves. In England it is little used except by hom[oe]opaths. It is said that no animal but the goat will eat this plant. (Thomson.) Its noxious properties chiefly depend on the presence of cytisine.--_Dose._ Flowers, 5 to 10 gr., in powder, with syrup or honey; root, 10 to 20 gr. It is most conveniently administered under the form of infusion or tincture. Severe abdominal pains and vertigo, and even tetanus and death, have followed excessive doses.
_Obs._ According to Dupuytren, the emetic action of infusion of arnica depends on minute particles of the down of the plant which remain suspended in it, and which may be removed by filtration. See INFUSIONS, TINCTURES, &c.
=ARNATT'O, Arnott'o.= See ANNOTTA.
=AR'NICINE= (seen). This name has been applied to two substances--the one discovered by Pfaff; the other by Bastick:--
=Arnicine= (of Pfaff). The resinous matter extracted by alcohol from the roots and flowers of mountain arnica, and in which their acridity appears to reside.
=Arnicine= (of Bastick). _Syn._ ARNICI'NA, ARNICI''A (n[=i]sh'-y'[)a]), L. _Prep._ 1. (Bastick.) From the flowers, by a similar process to that by which he obtains lobelina. 2. From the flowers (or root), as directed under ARICINA.
_Prop., &c._ Bitter; acrid; crystallisable scarcely soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether; forms salts with the acids, the hydrochlorate and one or two others being crystallisable. Its physiological properties and dose have not as yet been accurately determined.
=ARO'MA.= [L.] _Syn._ AROME, Fr.; AROM, GERUCHSTOFF, Ger. The characteristic odour of substances, particularly the peculiar quality of plants, and of substances derived from them, which constitutes their fragrance.
=AROMA'TA.= [L.] See AROMATIC.
=AROMAT'IC.= _Syn._ AROMAT'ICUS, L.; AROMATIQUE, Fr.; GEWÜRZHAFT, Ger. Fragrant; odoriferous; spicy; applied chiefly to plants and their products (AROMATICS, A. PLANTS; AROMAT'A, AROMAT'ICA, L.; AROMATIQUES, ÉPICES, Fr.; GEWURZ, Ger.) characterised by their spicy odour or aroma, and warm pungent flavour, and of which allspice, cinnamon, cloves, lavender, pepper, rosemary, sage, &c., are well-known examples. They are all stimulant, carminative, and antiseptic; and from remote antiquity have been regarded as prophylactic and disinfectant.
=Aromatic.= In _medicine_, _pharmacy_, _perfumery_, &c., applied to substances, simple or compound, characterised by an agreeable odour or carminative properties, or both; as aromatic confection, a. pastilles, a. vinegar, a. bark (CORTEX AROMATICUS, white canella), &c.
=AROMATIC SULPHUR-SOAP= (Ed. Heger). For cleansing the teeth and mouth. A hard sulphur-coloured soap externally; on cutting, greyish-brown. Composed of soap with 10 per cent. of hyposulphite of soda, perfumed with a scent resembling oil of balm. (Hager.)
=AROMATIQUE= (Albin Müller, Brünn). Spirit (90 per cent.), 50 grms.; sugar, 45 grms.; extractive matter, 4 grms. (composed of cinnamon, cloves, galangal, zedoary, angelica, anise); water, 81 grms. Sold in wine-bottle-shaped bottles, and recommended for all derangements of the digestive organs. (Hager.)
=ARQUEBUSADE'= (ar-ke-b[)o][)o]-zade'). [Fr.] Primarily, the shot of an arquebuse; but afterwards applied to an aromatic spirit (EAU D'ARQUEBUSADE, Fr.), originally employed as an application to gunshot (arquebuse) wounds.
=AR'RACK= (_Syn._ RACK) (arrack'--Brande). [Ind.] _Syn._ ARAC, ARACK, RACK[double-dagger]§; PALM-SPIRIT; AR'AC'CA, SPIR'ITUS PAL'MÆ, S. SUC'CI P., S. ORY'ZÆ*, L.; ARACK, Fr.; Arak, Ger. A spirituous liquor imported from the East Indies. The finer qualities are distilled from the fermented juice (toddy, palm-wine) of the cocoa-nut tree, palmyra tree, and other palms; and the other kinds, from the infusion of unhusked rice (rice-beer), fermented with cocoa-nut or palm-juice, either with or without the addition of coarse sugar or jaggery.
_Prop., &c._ It is colourless or nearly so, but like other spirit, when long kept in wood, gradually acquires a slight tinge, similar to that of old Hollands. The best kinds, when of sufficient age, are pleasant flavoured, and are probably as wholesome as the other spirits of commerce; but common arrack has a strong and somewhat nauseous flavour and odour, depending on the presence of volatile oil derived from the rice, and corresponding to that of corn-spirit. The inferior qualities are hence more heating and apt to disagree with the stomach than the other commercial spirits. In this country it is chiefly used to make punch. When sliced pine-apples are put into good arrack, and the spirit kept for some time, it mellows down and acquires a most delicious flavour, and is thought by many to be then unrivalled for making 'nectarial punch' or 'rack-punch.'
_Obs._ Batavian arrack is most esteemed; then that of Madras; and next that of China. Others are regarded as inferior. The common par'iah arrack is generally narcotic, very intoxicating, and unwholesome; being commonly prepared from coarse jaggery, spoilt toddy, refuse rice, &c., and rendered more intoxicating by the addition of hemp-leaves, poppy-heads, juice of stramonium, and other deleterious substances.
=Arrack, Facti''tious.= _Syn._ MOCK AR'RACK, BRIT'ISH A.; VAUXHALL'NEC'TAR; &c. _Prep._ Good old Jamaica rum (uncoloured), rectified spirit (54 to 56 o. p.; clean flavoured), and water, of each 1 quart; flowers of benzoin, 1 dr.; sliced pine-apple, 1/4 oz. (or essence of pine-apple, 1/2 teaspoonful); digest, with occasional agitation, for a fortnight; then add of skimmed milk 1 wine-glassful; agitate well for 15 minutes, and in a few days decant the clear portion.
The crude Indian arrack, when subjected to distillation until it has a sp. gr. ·920, is employed in India, as proof spirit, in the preparation of official tinctures, and for other pharmaceutical purposes. A very useful stimulating application, known in India as toddy poultice, and intended as a substitute for yeast poultice, is prepared by adding freshly drawn toddy to rice flour, till it has the consistence of a soft poultice, and subjecting this to heat over a gentle fire, stirring constantly till fermentation commences.
The light brown cotton-like substance from the outside of the base of the fronds belonging to the Palmyra palm is employed by the Cyngalese doctors as a styptic for stopping the hæmorrhage of superficial wounds.
=AR'ROW-ROOT.= The common name of _maran'ta arundina'cea_ (Linn.; _m. Indi'ca_--Tuss.); a plant of the nat. ord. Marantaceæ (Lindl.; Cannaceæ--Endl.). It was originally brought from the island of Dominica to Barbadoes, by Col. James Walker. It has since been extensively cultivated in the West Indies.
_Tubers_ yield true ARROW-ROOT; when fresh and good they contain about 26% of starch, of which 23% may be obtained as arrow-root, and the rest by boiling.
=Arrow-root.= _Syn._ MARAN'TA, AM'YLUM MARAN'TÆ, FÆC'ULA M., L.; RACINE FLÉCHIÈRE, PIVOT, Fr.; PFEILWURZ, P.-SATZMEHL, Ger. The starch or fecula obtained from the rhizoma or tubers of _maran'ta arundina'cea_ (Linn.; see _above_), and which forms the true 'arrow-root' of commerce.
_Prep._ The fecula is extracted from the tubers when they are about 10 or 12 months old, by a process similar to that by which the farina is obtained from potatoes. In Bermuda the tubers, after being washed, are deprived of their paper-like scales and every discoloured and defective part by hand; they are then again washed and drained, and next subjected to the action of a wheel-rasp, the starch being washed from the comminuted tubers with rain-water; the milky liquid is passed through a hair sieve, or a coarse cloth, and allowed to deposit its fecula. This is then allowed to drain, after which it is again carefully washed with clean water, again drained, and, after being thoroughly dried in the air or sun, is at once packed for market. (Cogswell.) In St. Vincent (on the Hopewell Estate), a cylindrical crushing-mill, tinned-copper washing machines, and German-silver palettes and shovels are employed; whilst the drying is effected in extensive sheds, under white gauze, to exclude insects. In Jamaica the washed tubers are generally pulped in deep wooden mortars; machinery being seldom employed in any part of the process.
_Prop., &c._ A light, dull, dead-white, tasteless, inodorous powder or small pulverulent masses, feeling firm to the fingers, and crackling when pressed or rubbed; viewed by a pocket lens it appears to consist of glistening particles, which are shown by a microscope to be convex, irregular, ovoid or truncated granules, most of them, according to Mr Jackson, being ·0010 of an inch in length, and ·0008 of an inch in breadth; mixed with others varying from about double to only half that size. In its action with boiling water, and its general properties it resembles the other starches; than which, however, it is freer from any peculiar taste and flavour; and thus agrees better with the delicate stomachs of invalids and infants than the ordinary farinas.
_Comp._ Similar to that of the other starches.
_Pur._ A large portion of the arrow-root of the shops consists either wholly or in part of the fecula or farina of potatoes or of inferior starches such as _cacuma_, or East Indian arrow-root, _jatropha_, or Brazilian arrow-root, _canna_, or _tous les mois_; or is more or less mixed with sago-meal or rice-meal: such materials can be readily detected by the microscope. Potato starch is known in commerce as 'FARINA' or 'BRITISH ARROW-ROOT,' or simply 'arrow-root,' whereas genuine arrow-root is always described as 'Bermuda,' 'St. Vincent,' 'St. Kitts,' or, at least, as 'West Indian arrow-root.' The substitution of the inferior farinas for genuine arrow-root is not only fraudulent on account of their inferior value, but is reprehensible in a hygienic point of view; as some of them are offensive to a delicate stomach, and exert of themselves, and still more when carelessly manufactured, a laxative action on the bowels; whereas the effect of true arrow-root is that of a slight and soothing tonic.
_Uses, &c._ As an agreeable, non-irritable article of diet for invalids and children, in the form of cakes, biscuits or puddings, or boiled with milk or water and flavoured with sugar, spices, lemon-juice, or wine, at pleasure. For young children a little caraway or cinnamon water is to be preferred. It is especially useful in irritation or debility of the stomach, bowels, or urinary organs, and in all cases in which a demulcent or emollient is indicated. It must not, however, be employed to the entire exclusion of other food, as, being destitute of the nitrogenous elements of nutrition, it is incapable alone of supporting life. Arrow-root jelly is prepared by first rubbing the powder up with a very small quantity of cold water, and then gradually adding the remainder boiling, stirring well all the time. Beef tea, veal broth, or milk may be used instead of water. Some persons boil it for a few minutes. This jelly, flavoured with a little genuine port wine and nutmeg, is almost a specific in cases of simple diarrh[oe]a arising from habit or debility.
_Obs._ Arrow-root is imported in tins, barrels, and boxes, from all the West India Islands; and from Calcutta and Sierra Leone. The best quality was, until recently, solely obtained from Bermuda; but of late equally fine samples have been produced on the Hopewell Estate, St Vincent, and, according to Dr Ure, with the advantage of being prepared with the purest spring water, in profusion, instead of rain water.
In _commerce_, the word arrow-root is now often loosely used as a generic term to indicate any white, tasteless, and edible starch or fecula.
=Arrow-root, Brazil'ian.= Cassava-starch or tapioca-meal.
=Arrow-root, East In'dian.= Curcuma starch; from the tubers of the _curcuma angustifolia_ or narrow-leaved turmeric. The _maranta arundinacea_ is now also extensively cultivated in India under the name of maranta Indica, and the fecula therefrom extensively exported, which might, with equal propriety, be called East Indian arrow-root; but this is not the case in commerce, the whole passing as W. I. arrow-root irrespective of the place of its production.
=Arrow-root, Eng'lish.= Potato-starch.
=Arrow-root, Portland.= From the underground tubers of _arum maculatum_ (Linn.) or wake-robin.
=Arrow-root, Tahi'ti.= Tacca starch or Otaheite salep; from the tubers of _tacca oceanica_.
=ARSE''NIATE.= _Syn._ AR'SENATE; ARSE''NIAS, AR'SENAS, L.; ARSÉNIATE, Fr.; ARSE''NIKSAURE SALZE, Ger. A salt consisting of AsO_{4} and a metal or other basic radical; _e.g._, ammonio-magnesium arseniate, NH_{4}Mg_{9}AsO_{4}.
=AR'SENIC= (-se-n[)i]k). As. _Syn._ ARSENIUM; ARSEN'ICUM, ARSE'NIUM, L.; ARSENIK, A.-METALL, Ger. ARSENICO, Sp., It. The brittle, grey-coloured metal, or metalloid, which forms the base of the white arsenic and orpiment of commerce. Discovered by Geber in the eighth century, but first accurately described by Brandt (A.D. 1773). The poisonous properties of arsenious acid were not generally known for some centuries after its discovery. As a medicine it was first employed in intermittents in Hungary.
_Sources._ Arsenic is peculiar to the mineral kingdom. The metallic arsenic of commerce is obtained by roasting arsenical pyrites (MISPICKEL), in earthen tubes, or in tubular earthen retorts; the arsenic sublimes, and sulphuret of iron remains behind. On the small scale it is prepared by sublimation from a mixture of arsenious acid and charcoal or black flux. Combined with oxygen it frequently exists in mineral waters; and, in a larger quantity, in certain rivulets and streams.
_Prep._ A mixture of arsenious acid, 1 part; and black flux, 2 or 3 parts; is exposed to a low red heat in a Hessian crucible over which is luted a deep empty crucible, or an earthen tube, to receive the metal; the latter being kept as cool as possible. Charcoal or even oil may be substituted for black flux, and a retort of hard glass may be used, with the same result. Or the following method may be used:--White oxide of arsenic, of commerce, 2 dr.; is placed at the sealed end of a hard German-glass tube (1/2 × 18 inches), and covered with about 8 inches of dry and coarsely powdered charcoal; the portion of the tube containing the latter is then raised to a red heat, whilst a few ignited coals are placed beneath the oxide to effect its slow sublimation. The sublimed metal gradually attaches itself to the inside of the tube at its cool extremity. A small charcoal furnace similar to that used for organic analysis should be employed, and the process conducted under a flue to carry off any fumes that may escape. The open end of the tube should be loosely closed with a cork.