Part 164

_a._ Guaiacum shavings (from which the small has been sifted), 30 lbs., Italian juice, 24 lbs., mezereon root, 6 lbs., are boiled with water q. s., for 1 hour; the decoction is then drawn off, and the boiling repeated with fresh water a second and a third time; the mixed decoctions are allowed to deposit for 6 or 8 hours, or longer, and the clear portion decanted and strained through flannel; the liquid is now reduced to the consistence of treacle, when extract of sarsaparilla, 9 lbs., is added, and the evaporation conducted at a considerably lower temperature until near its completion, when the source of heat is removed, and the remaining evaporation conducted at the expense of that retained by the metal of the 'pan,' when nearly cold, and just before removing the extracts to the 'pots' or 'jars,' essential oil of sassafras, 2 dr., dissolved in rectified spirit, 1 quart, is added, and quickly but completely stirred in. The product is a very showy article, if well managed, and weighs about 45 lbs., the precise quantity depending on the quality of the juice employed. It is labelled 'EXT. SARZÆ COMP.'

_b._ As the last, but only using 15 lbs. of juice, and that Solazzi. _Prod._ About 35 lbs. It is labelled and sent out as 'EXT. SARZÆ CO. OPT.'

_c._ By any of the forms given under COMPOUND DECOCTION OF SARSAPARILLA, either common or concentrated, by continuing the evaporation.--_Dose._ Same as that of the simple extract.

5. (Fluid Compound; COMPOUND LIQUOR OF SARSAPARILLA.)--_a._ From any of the preceding formulæ by arresting the evaporation when the fluid has acquired the consistence of a thin syrup, and adding to each pint, when cold, rectified spirit, 4 fl. oz.

_b._ (Alcoholic--W. Hodgson.) Sarsaparilla (bruised), 16 oz.; liquorice root (bruised), guaiacum wood (rasped), and sassafras bark (sliced), of each 2 oz.; mezereon (sliced), 6 dr.; spirit, sp. gr. ·935 (= 13 u. p.) 7 pints; digest 14 days, express, filter, evaporate to 12 fl. oz.; add of sugar, 8 oz., and as soon as this is dissolved, withdraw the heat. Stronger than the last.--_Dose_, 1 fl. dr.

_c._ (Ph. U. S. EXTRACTUM SARSAPARILLÆ COMPOSITUM FLUIDUM.) _Prep._ Sarsaparilla in moderately fine powder, 16 oz. (troy); liquorice root in moderately fine powder, 2 oz. (troy); sassafras in moderately fine powder, 2 oz. (troy); mezereon in moderately fine powder, 360 grains; glycerin, 4 oz. (old measure); rectified spirit, 8 oz. (old measure); water, 4 oz. (old measure). Macerate in a closed percolator for 4 days, and then let the percolation commence, and finish it by adding diluted alcohol (equal volumes of alcohol at ·835, and water), until 2 pints (old measure) have been obtained. Reserve the first 12 oz., having added 4 oz. (old measure) of glycerin to the remainder of the percolate, which evaporate to 6 oz. (old measure), and mix with the reserved portion.

6. (From the root-bark; EXTRACTUM CORTICIS SARZÆ, L.) From the decoction or tincture of the root-bark. The cortical portion of sarsaparilla yields fully 50% of aqueous extract. "Five times as much as the meditullium." (Pope.)

_Obs._ Each of the above extracts of sarsaparilla (simple, fluid, and compound), when of good quality, dissolves in water, forming a deep reddish-brown solution, perfectly transparent, and depositing little sediment, even by standing some days. See SARSAPARILLA.

1. =Extract of Savine.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SABINÆ. (Ph. L. 1788.) By evaporating a decoction of dry savine.

2. (Ph. U. S. EXTRACTUM SABINÆ FLUIDUM.) As fluid extract of cubebs. (Ph. U. S.)

=Extract of Scam'mony.= _Syn._ RESIN OF SCAMMONY; RESINA SCAMMONII, E. S. ALCOHOLICUM, E. SIVE RESINA SCAMMONII (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ 1. From powdered scammony, exhausted with proof spirit, and the resulting tincture distilled until little but water passes over; the remaining water is then poured from the resin, which is next well washed in boiling water and dried at a temperature below 240° Fahr. Brown; impure.

2. As the last, but using either alcohol of 90% or ether, and animal charcoal. White; pure.

_Obs._ Scammony resin is translucent, fusible, and combustible; and freely soluble in alcohol, ether, and oil of turpentine. It is frequently adulterated with jalap resin, a fraud readily detected by its insolubility in the last two menstrua.--_Dose_, 5 to 10 gr. "When pure or virgin scammony can be procured it is an unnecessary preparation." (Pereira.)

=Extract of Scurvy-grass.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM COCHLEARIÆ, L. _Prep._ (P. Cod.) From the clarified juice of fresh scurvy-grass, by exposure to warm air. Anti-scorbutic, stimulant, anti-rheumatic, and diaphoretic.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr. The valuable principles of the juice are dissipated by much heat.

=Extract of Sen'ega.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SENEGÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (P. Cod.) From seneka or snake-root (_Polygala Senega_), as EXTRACT OF BOX--P. Cod.

2. Compound; EXTRACTUM SENEGÆ, COMPOSITUM, E. S. ET SCILLÆ, L.--Ecky.) From equal parts of squills and senega, as the last, but by displacement. Both the above are stimulant, expectorant, sudorific, and diuretic.--_Dose_, 1 to 12 gr.

3. (Ph. U. S. EXTRACTUM SENEGÆ FLUIDUM.) As EXTRACT OF COTTON-ROOT. (Ph. U. S.)

=Extract of Sen'na.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SENNÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (EXTRACTUM SENNÆ AQUOSUM, L.)--_a._ As EXTRACT OF COLOCYNTH--Ph. L.

_b._ (P. Cod.) As EXTRACT OF BISTORT--P. Cod.

_c._ (Ph. Bor.) From senna leaves, by maceration in tepid water (104° Fahr.) for 24 hours, and expression and filtration; the operation is repeated with fresh water, and the strained liquors evaporated to a thick extract (at 149° to 157° Fahr.), which is dissolved in water, 4 parts, the solution filtered, and again evaporated.--_Dose_, 10 to 20 gr. It is principally used as a basis for purgative pill. When prepared by decoction it is nearly inert. A better extract is prepared from the common tincture made with proof spirit.

2. Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM SENNÆ ALCOHOLICUM, L.--(Guibourt.) Senna (in powder), 1 part; rectified spirit, 5 parts; heat gradually to boiling, let it cool; in 24 hours express, strain, and repeat the process with fresh spirit; lastly, distil and evaporate. Proof spirit answers for this purpose.

3. (Fluid; EXTRACTUM SENNÆ FLUIDUM, L.--Ph. (U. S.) Senna (in coarse powder), 2-1/2 lbs.; spirit (at or near proof), 64 fl. oz.; macerate 24 hours, then act by displacement, subsequently adding weak spirit (1 of rectified spirit to 3 of water) until 10 pints of tincture are obtained; evaporate to 1 pint, filter, add sugar, 20 oz., and oil of fennel, 1 fl. dr. (dissolved in) compound spirit of ether, 2 fl. dr. Every fl. oz. represents 1 oz. of senna.

=Extract of Smoke.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM FULIGINIS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Aqueous.) Wood-soot, 2 oz.; water, 1 pint; boil to 16 fl. oz., filter, and evaporate.

2. (Acetic.) Wood-soot, 2 oz.; distilled vinegar and water, of each, 1/2 pint; as the last. Formerly reputed antispasmodic, alterative, &c.--_Dose_, 3 to 6 gr., 2 three times a day; in dyspepsia, hysteria, cancer, scrofula, and various syphilitical affections.

=Extract of Snake-root.= See EXTRACT OF SENEGA.

=Extract of Black Snake-root (fluid).= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CIMICIFUGÆ FLUIDUM (Ph. U. S.). _Prep_. As FLUID EXTRACT OF CUBEBS. (Ph. U. S.)

=Extract of Soap'wort.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SAPONARIÆ, L. _Prep._ (P. Cod. & Ph. Bad.) From the dried roots of soapwort (_Saponaria officinalis_), as EXTRACT OF BISTORT--P. Cod. Aperient and alterative.--_Dose_, 15 gr. to 1/2 dr.

=Extract of Spruce.= See ESSENCE OF SPRUCE.

=Extract of Squills.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SCILLÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (Aqueous; E. S. AQUOSUM.--_a._ (Ph. Baden.) From squills, as EXTRACT OF COLOCYNTH--Ph. L. (nearly).

_b._ (Ph. Bor.) From squills, as EXTRACT OF SENNA--Ph. Bor. (nearly), but using boiling water, avoiding ebullition during the evaporation, and powdering the residuum.--_Dose_, 1 to 5 gr.

2. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM SCILLÆ ALCOHOLICUM, L.--P. Cod.) From the tincture prepared with proof spirit, by distillation and evaporation.--_Dose_, 1/2 to 3 gr., as an expectorant and diuretic, twice or thrice a day. In larger doses it is nauseant and emetic.

3. (Acetic; EXTRACTUM SCILLÆ ACETICUM.) Digest powder of squills, 1 lb., in acetic acid, 3 oz.; and distilled water, 1 pint, with a gentle heat, for 48 hours.

Express strongly, and without straining; evaporate to a proper consistence. (One grain of this is said to equal three of the powder.)

=Extract (fluid) of Stillingiæ.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM STILLINGÆ FLUIDUM (Ph. U. S.). _Prep._ Stillingia, in fine powder, 16 oz. (troy); macerate with 12 oz. (old measure) of rectified spirit; 3 oz. (old measure) of glycerin; and 1 oz. (old measure) of water, for four days in a closed percolator, and proceed as for FLUID EXTRACT OF COTTON-ROOT. (Ph. U. S.)

=Extract of Stor'ax.= See STYRAX.

=Extract of Stramo''nium.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF THORN-APPLE; EXTRACTUM STRAMONII, (Ph. L. & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Pack stramonium seeds, coarsely powdered, in a percolator, and pass about their own weight of washed ether slowly through them, remove the ether, and set aside. Now pour over them proof spirit until the seeds are exhausted; distil off the spirit, and evaporate the residue by a water bath to a proper pill consistence.--_Dose_, 1/4 gr., gradually increasing.

2. (Ph. L.) Seeds of thorn-apple (_Datura stramonium_), 15 oz.; boiling distilled water, 1 gall.; macerate for 4 hours in a vessel lightly covered, near the fire; afterwards take out the seeds, bruise them in a stone mortar, and return them to the liquor; then boil down to 4 pints, strain whilst hot, and evaporate. The Ph. D. is similar. _Product._ (About) 12%, Anodyne and narcotic.--_Dose_, 1/4 gr. to 1/2 gr., gradually increased, twice or thrice a day; neuralgia, rheumatism, tic doloureux, spasmodic asthma, epilepsy, worms, &c.

3. (P. Cod. & Ph. U. S.) From the expressed juice of the fresh leaves, heated to boiling, and filtered. The P. Cod. also orders it to be prepared as EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. L. Anodyne and narcotic.--_Dose_, 1/2 gr. to 1 gr.

_Obs._ On the large scale, this extract is prepared by expressing the juice of the fresh herb, and boiling the remainder in water; the juice and decoction are then mixed, filtered, and evaporated. 1-1/2 cwt. of stramonium yielded 37 lbs. of juice, and this, with the decoction, gave 31 lbs. of extract. (Gray.)

4. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM STRAMONII--Ph. E., E. S. ALCOHOLICUM, L.)--_a._ (Ph. E. & Ph. U. S.) From the seeds (ground in a coffee-mill), by percolation with proof spirit. _Product._ (About) 14%; 1 lb. yielded 2-1/4 oz. (Recluz.)

_b._ (P. Cod.) From the leaves, as EXTRACT OF ACONITE--P. Cod.--_Dose_, 1/4 gr. gradually increased. (See _above_.)

=Extract of Suc'cory.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CHICORII, L. _Prep._ (Guibourt.) From the fresh root, as EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. L. Aperient, deobstruent, and tonic.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr.

=Extract of Sweet Flag.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM ACIDI, E. CALAMI AROMATICI, L. _Prep._ From the rhizomes, as EXTRACT OF RHUBARB--Ph. L. See SWEET FLAG.

=Extract of Tan'sy.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM TANACETI, L. _Prep._ 1. From the herb (_Tanacetum vulgaris_), as EXTRACT OF HOP--Ph. L.

2. (Giordano.) As EXTRACT OF HOREHOUND--Ph. Lusitan.

_Obs._ This extract is said to be tonic, stomachic, anthelmintic, emmenagogue, and febrifuge. Dr Clark says that in Scotland it was found to be serviceable in various cases of gout. The infusion is, however, preferable.--_Dose_, 5 gr. to 20 gr.

=Extract of Taraxacum.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF DANDELION; EXTRACTUM TARAXACI (Ph. L. & E.), E. T. HERBÆ ET RADICIS (Ph. D. 1826), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Crush fresh dandelion root, press out the juice, and allow it to deposit; heat the clear liquor to 212° F., and maintain the temperature for 10 minutes; then strain and evaporate by a water bath, at a temperature not exceeding 160° F. to a proper consistence.--_Dose_, 5 to 15 grains.

2. (Ph. L.) From the recent root of dandelion (_Leontodon Taraxacum_), as EXTRACT OF HOP--Ph. L. The formulæ of the Ph. E. & U. S. are nearly similar.

3. (Ph. D.) From the herb and root, as the other simple extracts (EXTRACTA SIMPLICIORA).

4. (P. Cod.) From the expressed juice, as EXTRACT OF STRAMONIUM--P. Cod.)

5. (Ph. Bor.) As EXTRACT OF SENNA--Ph. Bor. (nearly).

6. (Ph. Baden.) By displacement with cold water.

7. (Wholesale.) From the decoction.

8. (Fluid.) See LIQUOR OF TARAXACUM.

_Obs._ The extract of the shops is usually prepared by exhausting the root by coction with water. The products of the first two of the above formulæ, when recent, have a faint and agreeable odour, and a sweet bitter taste; those of Nos. 4, 5, and 6, smell strongly of the recent root, have a pale and lively brownish-yellow colour, and a bitter acidulous taste, without any trace of sweetness; that of the last one is devoid of odour, and possesses a coffee-brown colour, and a sweetish, burnt taste, not much unlike a solution of burnt sugar. The medicinal virtue of this extract is greatest when the aroma and bitter taste of the recent root is well developed; and when sweet, its efficacy as a remedy is impaired. (Squire.)

Taraxacum root should be gathered during the winter months, when the quantity of the product is looked at; as then a given weight of the juice yields more extract; but in summer and autumn it possesses more bitterness and aroma. 4 lbs. of juice from roots gathered in November and December yielded 1 lb. of extract, while it took from 6 to 9 lbs. of juice from the root, gathered in spring or summer, to yield a like quantity. (Squire.) The herb yields by the evaporation of its expressed juice about 5% of extract. According to Mr Jacob Bell, the average yield of 1 cwt. of root is about 7-1/8 lbs. ('Pharm Journ.,' x, 446.)

Good extract of taraxacum should be wholly soluble in water.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr.; as a resolvent, aperient, and tonic, in liver and stomach complaints, &c.

=Extract of Tea.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM THEÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. From an infusion of any of the rougher kinds of black tea. Astringent. Has been recommended in diarrh[oe]a; formed into pills.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr. A hard, black-looking substance, smelling and tasting faintly of tea, is imported under the same name from China.

2. (Pidding's.) The joint products of distillation and infusion combined. Proposed to be made in China, and exported as a condensed preparation of tea. (ESSENCE OF TEA; ESSENTIA THEÆ); to be used as a substitute for the leaves, in order to save the expense of freight, &c.

=Extract of Thorn-Apple.= See EXTRACT OF STRAMONIUM.

=Extract of Tobac'co.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM TABACI, E. NICOTIANÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (Chippendale.) From decoction of tobacco. Proposed as an external application in neuralgia, &c.

2. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM TABACI ALCOHOLICUM, L.--Ph. Bor.) Tobacco leaves, 1 lb.; spirit (sp. gr. ·900), 2 lbs.; digest in a warm place for some days, express strongly, and again digest in a mixture of water and spirit (·900), of each, 1 lb., for 24 hours; again press out the liquor, and evaporate the strained and mixed liquors into a vapour bath, at a temperature not exceeding 167° Fahr.

=Extract of Tor'mentil.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM TORMENTILLÆ, L. _Prep._ (Ph. Amst.) From the root of _Potentilla Tormentilla_, as EXTRACT OF HOPS--Ph. L. The Ph. Baden directs its preparation by displacement with cold water. Astringent and febrifuge.--_Dose_, 15 to 30 gr.; in diarrh[oe]a. It was formerly regarded as a specific in syphilis. (Lindley.)

=Extract of U'va Ur'si.= See EXTRACT OF WHORTLEBERRY.

=Extract of Valer'ian.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM VALERIANÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. From valerian root, as EXTRACT OF HOP--Ph. L.; but using a covered vessel.

2. (Ph. Bor. and Baden.) As EXTRACT OF CINCHONA--Ph. L. (nearly), employing strong force in the expression of the liquor, and only evaporating to the consistence of syrup.

_Obs._ It is usual to add to this extract a little of the ESSENTIAL OIL OF VALERIAN, dissolved in a small quantity of rectified spirit, just before removing it from the evaporating-pan, and when nearly cold. Anti-spasmodic and nervine.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr. In hysteric and spasmodic diseases. Valerian yields about 40% of soft extract.

3. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM VALERIANÆ ALCOHOLICUM, L.--P. Cod.) As EXTRACT OF BOX.--P. Cod.

4. (Fluid; EXTRACTUM VALERIANÆ FLUIDUM, L.--Ph. U. S.). Rectified spirit, 12 fl. oz.; mix, add of valerian (in coarse powder), 8 oz. digest and percolate, adding, subsequently, spirit (at or near proof) until 16 fl. oz. of tincture have passed through; let this evaporate spontaneously, in a shallow vessel, until reduced to 5 fl. oz.; in the meantime add fresh spirit to the mass in the percolator, until 10 fl. oz. more of tincture are obtained, which add to the above residuum of the evaporation, observing to dissolve any oleo-resinous deposit in a little rectified spirit, and add to it to the rest; lastly, filter, and add of rectified spirit, q. s. to make the whole measure 16 fl. oz.

=Extract of Vanil'la.= See LIQUOR OF VANILLA.

=Extract of Wall Pel'litory.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM PARIETARIÆ, L. _Prep._ From fresh wall-pellitory (_Parietaria officinalis_), as EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. L. Aperient, diuretic, and pectoral.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr.

=Extract of Wal'nut.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM JUGLANDIS IMMATURÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. From unripe walnuts (_Juglans regia_), as EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. L.

2. From the decoction of the green shells. Vermifuge.--_Dose_, 20 to 30 gr. in cinnamon water.

=Extract of Walnut Leaves.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM JUGLANDIS FOLIORUM, L. _Prep._ 1. From the decoction of dried walnut leaves.

2. (Soubeiran.) By displacement with tepid water. Diaphoretic and alterative.--_Dose_, 2 to 4 gr., twice or thrice a day; in scrofula, scirrhus, &c.

3. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM JUGLANDIS FOLIORUM ALCOHOLICUM, L.--Ph. Bor.) From walnut leaves (cut), as ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF TOBACCO--Ph. Bor. (nearly).

=Extract of Wa'ter-dock.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM RUMICIS AQUATICI, L. _Prep._ From the root, as EXTRACT OF HOPS, Ph. L. Astringent and antiscorbutic.--_Dose_, 15 gr. to 1 dr.; in skin diseases, &c.

=Extract of Whor'tleberry.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF BEARBERRY; EXTRACTUM UVÆ URSI. (Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ 1. From the dried leaves of the bearberry (_Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi_), as EXTRACT OF HOPS--Ph. L.--_Dose_, 5 to 15 gr., twice or thrice a day; in chronic diseases of the bladder and kidneys, attended with increased secretion of mucus, without inflammation.

2. (Ph. U. S. EXTRACTUM UVI-URSI ELUIDUM.) As fluid extract of cotton-root. (Ph. U. S.)

=Extract of Willow Bark.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SALICIS. (Ph. Par.) From Powdered willow bark, as EXTRACT OF RHATANY.

=Extract of Win'ter Cher'ry.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM ALKEKENGI, L. _Prep._ From the berries of _Physalis alkekengi_, as EXTRACT OF ELDER. Aperient, detergent, and diuretic. _Dose_, 2 to 4 dr.

=Extract of Win'ter-green.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF PIPSISSEWA; EXTRACTUM CHIMAPHILÆ, L. _Prep._ From the herb winter-green or pipsissewa (_Chimaphila umbellata_), as EXTRACT OF HOPS--Ph. L.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr.; in dropsy, scrofula, and chronic affections of the urinary organs.

=Extract of Wood Sor'rel.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM ACETOSELLÆ, L. _Prep._ (Pideret.) From the expressed juice of the fresh herb (_Oxalis acetosella_.) Acid, bitter, and antiscorbutic.--_Dose_, 15 gr. to 1/2 dr.

=Extract of Worm Grass.= See EXTRACT OF PINKROOT.

=Extract of Worm'seed.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CINÆ ÆTHEREUM, E. SEMINUM C. Æ., L. _Prep._ (Hamb. Cod. 1845.) Wormseed, 1 oz.; ether, 4 oz.; digest 3 or 4 days, press, filter, distil off 4-5ths, and evaporate the residuum to a proper consistence. _Prod._ 25% to 30%. Vermifuge.--_Dose_, 3 to 10 gr., night and morning, for 2 or 3 successive days, followed by a brisk purge.

=Extract of Worm-wood.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM ABSINTHII; EXTRACTUM ARTEMESIÆ ABSINTHII, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. D., 1826.) From the dried flowering tops of wormwood, as the other simple extracts (EXTRACTA SIMPLICIORA--Ph. D.)

2. (Ph. Bor.) As EXTRACT OF RHATANY--Ph. Bor.

3. (P. Cod. and Ph. Baden.) By displacement by cold water.

_Obs._ Bitter, stomachic, tonic, and vermifuge.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 20 gr., 2 or 3 times daily; in dyspepsia, loss of appetite, gout, &c. It is usual to add a few drops of the oil of wormwood to the extract before taking it from the pan.

4. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM ABSINTHII ALCOHOLICUM, L.--Guibourt.) From a tincture prepared from the dried tops of wormwood boiled in proof spirit. More active than the last.

=Extract of Yew.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM TAXI, L. _Prep._ 1. (Loder.) From the inspissated juice of the fresh leaves of the yew (_Taxus baccata_). Its action on the circulation greatly resembles that of digitalis, but is more manageable.--_Dose_, 1 to 7 gr.; in epilepsy, &c.

2. (Alcoholic,--Ph. Baden.) From the dried leaves, as ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. Baden.

_Obs._ In addition to the preparations given above, there are many others which are often called 'EXTRACTS,' These may be grouped under the following heads:--

=Extracts, Concentra'ted.= _Syn._ RESINOIDS. Pharmaceutical preparations of more or less value, largely employed by the American physicians who style themselves 'ECLECTICS,' They are supposed to present in the most concentrated form the medicinal virtues of the plants from which they are derived. See RESINOIDS.

=Extracts, Fluid.= _Syn._ EXTRACTA FLUIDA, EXTRACTA LIQUIDA, L. This name has been applied in modern pharmacy to various preparations differing materially from each other in their degree of fluidity and concentration. Some of these have been already noticed, and others will be found under one or other of their synonyms. Much confusion would be avoided by confining the name 'FLUID EXTRACT' to those preparations only which differ from the ordinary officinal extracts in being in the liquid form; whilst others of a like character, but of less consistence or concentration, might be conveniently classed under the general denomination of 'LIQUORS' (LIQUORES, L.). The various condensed preparations of vegetable substances, now common in trade, professedly several times stronger than the common DECOCTIONS, INFUSIONS, and TINCTURES, might be simply and advantageously distinguished by the addition of 'CONCENTRATED' to their names. Tinctures made with rectified spirit, and of (say) at least 8 times the usual strength, might be appropriately termed 'ESSENCES,' See DECOCTION, ESSENCE, EXTRACT, INFUSION, OLEO-RESIN, SYRUP, TINCTURE, &c.

=Extracts, Perfu'matory.= See EXTRAIT.

=Extracts, Pulver'ulent.= _Syn._ DRIED EXTRACTS, DESICCATED E.; SACCHARATED E.; EXTRACTA PULVERATA, E. SICCA, E. CUM SACCHARO, L. _Prep._ 1. Ordinary soft extract of the drug, 4 parts; white sugar (in powder), 1 part; mix, and dry by exposure in a warm situation; lastly, reduce the mass to powder, and if it weighs less than 4 parts, triturate it with more powdered sugar until its weight is equal to the original weight of the extract used in its preparation. The strength of the extract thus continues unchanged.

2. (Ph. Bor.) As the last, but using powdered sugar of milk, in lieu of cane sugar.

3. (Gauger.) Alcoholic extract, 3 parts, rectified spirit, 1 part, are triturated together in a porcelain mortar until thoroughly incorporated, when white sugar (in powder), 15 oz., is gradually added, and the two carefully and completely blended together; the mixture is dried as before, and more sugar added until the whole weighs exactly 18 oz. Six grains represent one grain of the unprepared extract.

_Obs._ The above are admirable preparations, intended chiefly to render the perishable extracts of the narcotic plants (EXTRACTA NARCOTICA) less liable to suffer by age. See EXTRACT OF ACONITE (Saccharated), &c.