Part 160

=Extract of Bry'ony.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM BRYONIÆ, E. B. ALBÆ, E. RADICIS B. A., L. _Prep._ From the infusion or decoction of the root of white bryony (_Bryonia dioica_). Purgative, diuretic, and emmenagogue.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr. It was once a favourite remedy in asthma, dropsy, epilepsy, &c.

=Extract of Bu'chu.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM BUCHU, E. DIOSMÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. From buchu leaves, as the last.

2. (Ethereo-alcoholic; E. B. ÆTHERO-ALCOHOLICUM, L.--W. Procter.) Buchu (in coarse powder), 1 lb.; ether, 4 fl. oz.; alcohol (rectified spirit), 12 fl. oz.; percolate without digestion, adding dilute alcohol until a pint of ethereo-alcoholic tincture is obtained, and suffer this to evaporate spontaneously; treat the residue in the displacer with dilute alcohol, till 2 pints are obtained; evaporate to a syrup, add the product of the first tincture, mix, and complete the evaporation.--_Dose_, 5 to 10 gr.; in diseases of the urinary organs, &c.

3. (Fluid; E. B. FLUIDUM, L.--W. Procter.) Buchu leaves, 8 oz.; rectified spirit, 16 fl. oz.; for a tincture by displacement, adding water, until 12 fl. oz. have passed through; allow this to evaporate spontaneously until reduced to one half; next digest the mass in the percolator with cold water, 1 pint, for 12 hours, express a pint, and evaporate this to 10 fl. oz.; lastly, add the 6 fl. oz. of residual tincture, agitate together, and in a few days filter, or decant the clear portion.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls. See DIOSMA.

=Extract of Buck'bean.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM MENYANTHIS, L. _Prep._ 1. (P. Cod.) From the expressed juice of the fresh plant.

2. (Ph. Bor.) From the infusion made with boiling water. Bitter, tonic and astringent.--_Dose_, 5 to 10 gr. In large doses it is purgative, cathartic, and even emetic.

=Extract of Buck'thorn.= Syn. EXTRACTUM RHAMNI, E. BACCARUM R., L. _Prep._ From the filtered expressed juice of buckthorn berries. Some persons allow it first to run into a state of fermentation; but the quantity of the product is thereby greatly lessened. Hydragogue and purgative.--_Dose_, 15 gr. to 1 dr., or more.

=Extract of Bur'dock.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM BARDANÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. From the decoction of burdock root.

2. (P. Cod.) As EXTRACT OF BISTORT--P. Cod. In gout, rheumatism, skin diseases, &c.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1 dr. Sir Robert Walpole praised burdock root as a gout medicine; and others have considered it an excellent substitute for sarsaparilla. (Lindley.)

=Extract of Butter-nut.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM JUGLANDIS, L. _Prep._ (Ph. U. S.) From the inner bark of the root of the butter-nut or white walnut (_Juglanda alba_), as EXTRACT OF BITTER SWEET--Ph. U. S. A mild, yet efficacious aperient and vermifuge.--_Dose._ As a laxative, 5 to 10 gr.; as a purgative, 15 to 30 gr.

=Extract of Cainca Root.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CAINCÆ. (P. Pharm.) _Prep._ Put 10 oz. of the dried root of cainca into a percolator, pour on it proof spirit q. s. to penetrate the powder in every part, and let it remain 12 hours; then let the liquid drain, and pass successively through the powder in the percolator as much proof spirit as will amount with that previously used to 60 oz. by weight. Distil off the spirit and evaporate to a soft extract.

=Extract of Calabar Bean.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM PHYSOSTIGMATIS. (B. P.) Calabar bean in coarse powder, 1; rectified spirit, 5; macerate the bean for 48 hours in one fourth of the spirit in a closed vessel, agitating occasionally, then transfer to a percolator, and when the fluid ceases to pass add the remainder of the spirit, so that it may slowly penetrate through the powder; subject the residue of the bean to pressure, adding the pressed liquid to the product of the percolation; distil off the spirit, and evaporate what is left to the consistence of a soft extract by a water bath.--_Dose_, 1/16 to 1/4 gr.

=Extract of Calum'ba.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CALUMBÆ, E. RADICIS C., L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Calumba cut small, 1; water, 5; macerate in half the water for 12 hours, strain, and press; macerate again with the remaining water, strain, and press; mix and filter the liquors, and evaporate with the heat of a water bath to pill consistency.--_Dose_, 2 to 10 gr.

2. (Alcoholic--Ph. Bor.) Nearly as No. 3 (_below_), but using stronger spirit; the evaporation is to be conducted at a heat not above 167° Fahr., until it acquires the consistence of a pill-mass, which, after being rendered quite dry by a very gentle heat, is to be reduced to fine powder. It should have a brownish-yellow colour, and give a turbid solution with water.--_Dose_, 4 to 12 gr. They are all tonic and stomachic.

3. (Spirituous--P. Cod.) As EXTRACT OF BOX. The Ph. Baden orders spirit of ·944 to be used.--_Dose_, 5 to 15 gr.

=Extract of Cannabis Indicæ.= See EXTRACT OF INDIAN HEMP.

=Extract of Canthar'ides.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF SPANISH FLIES; EXTRACTUM CANTHARIDES, E. LYTTÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (P. Cod.) From the tincture, as EXTRACT OF BOX.

2. (Soubeiran.) From a tincture prepared with spirit of the sp. gr. ·923 (about 2 u. p.).

3. (Acetic; E. C. ACETICUM, L.) From a tincture prepared with acetic acid, sp. gr. 1·048.

4. (Ethereal; E. C. ÆTHEREUM, L.) From the ethereal tincture.

_Obs._ The ether, acid, and spirit distilled from the above must be either thrown away or used to make fresh extract, as it is highly poisonous. They are all for external use only, and should have the consistence of soft butter.

=Extract of Car'damoms.= _Syn._ ETHEREAL E. OF C.; EXTRACTUM CARDAMOMI ÆTHEREUM, L. _Prep._ (W. Procter.) By spontaneous evaporation of the ethereal tincture. It consists of the volatile and fixed oils of the seeds and is used to aromatise pills, powders, &c.

=Extract of Ca'rob Beans.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CERATONIÆ, L. Prep. From the decoction of the pods (CAROB, or ALGAROBA BEANS) of the '_Ceratonia siliqua_,' or 'St. John's bread tree.' See ALGAROBA.

=Extract of Caroli'na Pink.= See EXTRACT OF PINK-ROOT.

=Extract of Car'rot.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CAROTÆ, E. RADICIS C., L. _Prep._ (Swediaur.) From the clarified expressed juice, evaporated to the consistence of honey. Recommended as an application to ulcerated cancers.

=Extract of Cascaril'la.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CASCARILLÆ, E. CORTICIS C., L. _Prep._ 1. (Guibourt.) From the alcoholic (rectified spirit) tincture.

2. (Ph. Baden.) As the last, but using spirit of the sp. gr. ·944.

3. (Ph. L. 1788.) As EXTRACT OF JALAP--Ph. L.

_Obs._ This extract is tonic, aromatic, and stomachic.--_Dose_, 5 to 15 gr., or more, 2 or 3 times a day. 28 lbs. of bark yield about 5-1/4 lbs. of extract.

=Extract of Cas'sia.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CASSIÆ, L. See CASSIA PULP.

=Extract of Cat'echu.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CATECHU, L. _Prep._ 1. From decoction of catechu.

2. (P. Cod.) From the infusion in boiling water. Astringent and tonic.--_Dose_, 5 to 25 gr. See CATECHU.

=Extract of Cel'andine.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CHELIDONII, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. Bor.) From the herb (_Chelidonium majus_), as ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. Bor.--_Dose_, 3 to 10 gr.

2. (Van Mons.) From the expressed juice, coagulated by heat, filtered, and evaporated, towards the end adding the coagulum.--_Dose_, 5 to 15 gr., or more. Used as a drastic hydragogue in dropsies; and in scrofula, &c.

=Extract of Cen'taury.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CENTAURII, L. Extracts under this name are prepared from 'American centaury' (_Sabbatia angularis_), and 'common centaury' (_Erythræa Centaurium_). Prep. 1. By evaporating the decoction, or the infusion made with hot water. The dose and properties resemble those of extract of gentian.

2. (Alcoholic; E. C. ALCOHOLICUM, L.) As EXTRACT OF BOX (see _above_).

=Extract of Cevadil''la.= _Syn._ ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF SABADILLA; EXTRACTUM SABADILLÆ, L. _Prep._ (Dr Turnbull.) From tincture of cevadilla seeds, made with rectified spirit. Employed by Dr Turnbull as a remedy in painful rheumatic and neuralgic affections, and, generally, as a substitute for VERATRIA.--_Dose_, 1/10 to 1/6 gr. It is extremely poisonous.

=Extract of Cham'omile.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM ANTHEMIDIS (Ph. E.), E. A. NOBILIS, L. _Prep._ By evaporating the decoction of the flowers to the proper consistence.

_Obs._ This extract contains only the bitter portion of the chamomile, the aromatic volatile oil being dissipated during the evaporation. This, however is remedied in the formulæ given by the British Pharmacop[oe]ia, which is as follows:---

Boil chamomile flowers 1 lb., in one gallon of distilled water, until the volume is reduced to one half; strain, press and filter. Evaporate by a water bath to a proper consistence, adding oil of chamomile, 15 minims at the end of the process.

It is usually prepared from old flowers that have lost their smell and colour, and are thus rendered unsaleable. The extract of chamomile that smells strongly of the flowers, frequently vended by the druggists, is prepared by adding 1 dr. of the essential oil of chamomile to every pound of extract, when nearly cold, and just before removing it from the evaporating pan. This addition, unlike many which are made in the laboratory, vastly increases the medicinal virtues of this article. The mass of extract of chamomile met with in the shops is nothing but extract of gentian scented with a little oil of chamomile. 1 cwt. of chamomiles yields about 48 lbs. of extract.

Extract of chamomile is bitter, tonic, and stomachic.--_Dose_, 10 to 20 gr., made into a pill, either alone or combined with a little rhubarb and ginger. See PILLS, &c.

=Extract of Chenopo''dium.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF STINKING GOOSE-FOOT; EXTRACTUM CHENOPODII, L. _Prep._ 1. From the stinking orache or goose-foot (_Chenopodium olidum_), as EXTRACT OF ACONITE.--Ph. L.

2. (Mr Houlton.) From the expressed juice by spontaneous evaporation. A better plan is to expose it to heated air. Antihysteric, emmenagogue, and vermifuge.--_Dose_, 5 to 20 gr.

=Extract (Fluid) of Wild Cherry.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM PRUNI VIRGINIANÆ FLUIDUM. (Ph. U. S.) Wild cherry in fine powder, 16 oz. (troy); glycerin, 4 oz. (old measure); water, 8 oz. (old measure). Mix the glycerin and the water, and digest the wild cherry in 8 oz. of the mixture for 4 days, then pack in a percolator and pour on the remaining 4 oz. of glycerin and water. When this has disappeared from the surface pour on rectified spirit (·817) until 12 oz. (old measure) of fluid have been obtained, and set this portion aside. Then percolate with spirit, until 20 oz. (old measure) more have been obtained; evaporate to 4 oz. (old measure), and mix with the reserved portion.

=Extract of Cincho'na.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF BARK. Three simple extracts, prepared respectively from YELLOW, PALE, and RED CINCHONA, are given in Ph. L.:--_Prep._ 1. (From CALISAYA or YELLOW BARK:--EXTRACT OF CINCHONA, E. OF YELLOW C., E. OF HEART-LEAVED C.; EXTRACTUM CINCHONÆ, L.)--_a._ EXTRACTUM CINCHONÆ FLAVÆ LIQUIDUM (B. P.). Yellow cinchona bark in coarse powder, 16; distilled water, a sufficiency; rectified spirit, 1; macerate the bark in 40 of water for twenty-four hours, then pack in a percolator, and add water until 240 have passed through, or until the bark is exhausted; evaporate the liquor to 20, at a temperature not exceeding 160°; then filter, and continue the evaporation to 3, or until the sp. gr. of the liquid is 1·200; when cold, add the spirit gradually, constantly stirring. Sp. gr. 1·100.--_Dose_, 10 to 30 minims.

_b._ (Ph. L.) Yellow cinchona (coarsely bruised), 3 lbs.; distilled water (temperate), 4 pints; macerate for 24 hours (constantly stirring), and strain through linen; what remains, again macerate in water, 1 quart, for 24 hours, and strain; evaporate the mixed liquids to a proper consistence.

_Obs._ The aqueous extracts of cinchona bark possess little medicinal virtue, owing to the insolubility of the alkaloids (quinine, cinchonine, &c.) in water, and also from the rapid oxidation of their extractive matter, when exposed in solution to the joint action of heat and atmospheric oxygen.--_Dose_, 5 gr. to 1/2 dr., in mixtures, faintly acidulated with sulphuric acid. Cinchona bark yields from 24% to 30% of aqueous extract.

2. (From PALE BARK:--EXTRACT OF PALE CINCHONA, E. OF PALE BARK, E. OF LANCE-LEAVED B.; EXTRACTUM CINCHONÆ VALLIDÆ, L.)--_a._ (Ph. L.) From pale bark, as EXTRACT OF CINCHONA--Ph. L. (_above_).

_b._ (Ph. L. 1836.) From the decoction.

_Obs._ This forms the EXTRACT OF BARK of the shops. The red and yellow cinchona barks are scarcely ever used for making extracts. Their richness in quinine leads to their almost, exclusive employment for the manufacture of that alkaloid, by which their value is greatly enhanced. As far as our knowledge extends, no other extract of bark than this is either employed or asked for.

3. (From RED BARK:--EXTRACT OF RED CINCHONA, E. OF RED BARK, E. OF OBLONG-LEAVED B.; EXTRACTUM CINCHONÆ RUBRÆ, L.)--_a._ (Ph. L.) From red bark, as EXTRACT OF CINCHONA--Ph. L. (_above_).

_b._ (Ph. L. 1836.) From the decoction.

_Obs._ These extracts are ordered to be kept in two states, the one (SOFT EXTRACT OF CINCHONA; EXTRACTUM CINCHONÆ MOLLE) for making pills, &c.; the other (HARD EXTRACT OF CINCHONA; EXTRACTUM CINCHONÆ DURUM) for powdering.--The dose, &c., of all the above are the same.

4. (Dry:--ESSENTIAL SALT OF BARK; EXTRACTUM CINCHONÆ SICCUM, L.)--_a._ (P. Cod.) From an aqueous infusion of pale bark (prepared by displacement with water at a temperature not above 77° Fahr.), evaporated to the consistence of a thick syrup, and then spread thinly and uniformly on earthenware dishes, or sheets of glass, and dried in a stove, by a very gentle heat. It is separated from the plates with a knife, and preserved in well-closed phials. Prior to spreading it out on the plates, about 4% or 5% of thick mucilage is commonly added.

_b._ (Ph. Bor.) As the above (nearly).

_c._ (Ph. Hann. 1831.) Similar to the above; but the liquid, when it acquires the consistence of treacle, is diluted with water, and again evaporated to a like consistence; and this dilution and evaporation is repeated until, on the addition of water, it forms a clear solution.--_Dose_, 5 to 25 gr. The product of the last formula is nearly inert, and that of the others possesses little activity.

5. (Fluid:--EXTRACTUM CINCHONÆ FLUIDUM, L.)--_a._ See LIQUOR OF CINCHONA.

_b._ (Dr Neligan.) From yellow bark, as FLUID EXTRACT OF BUCHU.

6. (Resinous:--ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF BARK; EXTRACTUM CINCHONÆ ALCOHOLICUM, E. CINCHONÆ, L.)--_a._ (Ph. E.) From any variety of cinchona bark (in powder), 4 oz.; proof spirit, 24 fl. oz.; prepare a tincture by displacement, distil off most of the spirit, and evaporate the residuum to the consistence of an extract. This is the only EXTRACTUM CINCHONÆ of the Edinburgh College.

_b._ (Ph. U. S.) Peruvian bark, 1 lb.; rectified spirit, 4 pints; make 4 pints of tincture by displacement; add water to the mass in the percolator, digest, and obtain 6 pints of infusion; distil off the spirit from the tincture, and evaporate the infusion to the consistence of syrup, then mix the two, and complete the evaporation. More active than the aqueous extract.--_Dose_, 5 to 20 gr.

_c._ (Ellis.) Yellow bark, 2 lbs.; hydrochloric acid, 4 fl. dr.; water, 1 gall.; boil, strain, and repeat the decoction with fresh water and acid; mix the decoctions, filter, and agitate it with fresh-slaked lime, 2-1/2 oz.; filter or decant; dry the residuum, and exhaust it with hot alcohol, q. s.; lastly, evaporate the alcoholic tincture to a pilular consistence.--_Dose_, 1 to 5 gr. Some persons have proposed to call this 'ESSENTIAL SALT OF BARK,'

7. (Vinous:--EXTRACTUM CINCHONÆ VINOSUM, L.--Ph. Hesse.) Peruvian bark (in powder), 1 part; white wine (sherry), 8 parts; digest 3 days, express, filter, and evaporate.

=Extract of Coc'culus.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF COCCULUS INDICUS, BLACK EXTRACT, EXTRACT (Brewer's), BEER STRENGTHENER, HARD MULTUM; EXTRACTUM COCCULI, E. C. INDICI, L. _Prep._ From _cocculus indicus_, by decoction. It is kept in two states--one having the consistence of thick treacle; the other, that of a pilular extract. The first is 'put up' in bladders; the last is made into 1/2-lb. rolls, like lead-plaster-or roll-chocolate. It is narcotic and poisonous, and is employed by fraudulent brewers and publicans to give a false strength to their liquors. See COCCULUS INDICUS, BEER, &c.

=Extract of Col'chicum.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF MEADOW SAFFRON, E. OF THE CORMS OF COLCHICUM; EXTRACTUM COLCHICI (B. P.). _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) The expressed juice of fresh colchicum corms, cleared of deposit, boiled, strained, and evaporated to a proper consistency at a temperature of 160° Fahr.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 gr.

2. (Wholesale.) From the decoction of the dried corms. _Prod._ 50% to 55%.

_Obs._ This extract is given in the usual cases in which colchicum is employed.--_Dose_, 1 to 4 gr., every third or fourth hour. (Thomson.) "A favorite remedy of Dr Hue, of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, in the early stages of acute rheumatism. The dose is 1 gr. every four hours." (Pereira.)

3. (Acetic; ACETIC EXTRACT OF MEADOW SAFFRON; EXTRACTUM COLCHICI ACETICUM (B. P.)--_a._ (B. P.) Crushed fresh corms, previously peeled, 19; acetic acid, 1; stir together, press, boil, and strain through flannel, and evaporate to a soft extract.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 gr. with an equal weight of liquorice powder.

_b._ (Wholesale.) Dried corms, 14 lbs.; acetic acid (pyroligneous), 6 pints; distilled water, 5-1/4 gall.; digest for 14 days, express, filter, and evaporate. Product, 2-1/2 to 3 lbs.

_Obs._ The above extracts are generally prepared from the dried corms, and hence the very uncertain and inferior quality of those commonly met with. They also possess less activity than pharmacop[oe]ial preparations. They rapidly get dry and crumbly, and, unless a little spirit and oil of cloves are added, will scarcely keep a week in warm weather without becoming mouldy.--_Dose_, 1 to 3 gr. two or three times a day. It is much stronger than the common extract, and contains the acetate of colchicine. Sir C. Scudamore prefers the acetic extract prepared by the formula _b_ (_above_).

4. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM COLCHICI ALCOHOLICUM, L.--P. Cod.). As EXTRACT OF BOX. More active than even the acetic extract. All the preparations of colchicum are poisonous in large doses.

=Extract of Colo'cynth.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF BITTER APPLE; EXTRACTUM COLOCYNTHIDIS (Ph. L. & E.), E. C. SIMPLEX, E. C. MOLLE, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) From colocynth pulp (cut in pieces and the seeds removed), by simple maceration in cold water for 36 hours, frequently pressing it with the hands, and afterwards strongly pressing out the liquor, which must be strained before evaporating it.

2. (Ph. E.) From the decoction. This is the plan adopted at Apothecaries' Hall, and in the laboratory generally. Many houses do not even remove the seeds.

_Obs._ This extract rapidly gets hard, crumbly, and mouldy by keeping. For the remedy, see observations on EXTRACT OF COLCHICUM, _above_.--_Dose_, 5 gr. to 20 gr.; as a cathartic. Colocynth pulp yields above 65% of extract.

3. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM COLOCYNTHIDIS ALCOHOLICUM, L.)--_a._ (Ph. Baden.) As EXTRACT OF ANGELICA--Ph. Bad.)

_b._ (P. Cod.) From a tincture prepared with proof spirit. Much more active than the simple extract.--_Dose_, 2 to 7 gr.

4. (Dry; EXTRACTUM COLOCYNTHIDIS SICCUM, L.)--(Ph. Bor.) As the last, but using spirit of the sp. gr. ·900 (about 16 o. p.), digesting at a tepid heat, evaporating to dryness, and powdering.--_Dose_, 1 to 6 gr.

=Extract of Colocynth (Compound).= _Syn._ COMPOUND EXTRACT OF BITTER APPLE, CATHARTIC EXTRACT; EXTRACTUM CATHARTICUM, E. COLOCYNTHIDIS COMPOSITUM, B. P. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Colocynth free from seeds, 6; extract of Socotrine aloes, 12; scammony, or resin of scammony in powder, 4; hard soap in powder, 3; cardamoms free from capsules in fine powder, 1; proof spirit, 160. Macerate the colocynth in the spirit for four days, press out the tincture, distil off the spirit, and add to it the extract of aloes, the soap, and the scammony; then evaporate the residue by a water bath to a pilular consistence, adding the cardamoms towards the end of the process.--_Dose_, 2 to 5 gr., with 2 or 3 gr. of extract of hyoscyamus to prevent griping.

2. (Ph. L. 1836.) Colocynth pulp (sliced, without the seeds), 6 oz., proof spirit, 1 gal.; digest with a gentle heat for 4 days, express, strain, and add, of extract of aloes (Ph. L. 1836), 12 oz., powdered scammony, 4 oz., Castile soap (cut small), 3 oz., and evaporate (distil) to a proper consistence; adding, towards the last, powdered cardamoms, 1 oz.

3. (Wholesale.) The formulæ adopted by the wholesale druggists are mere modifications of that of the Ph. L. 1809; water being used instead of spirit as the menstruum, with actual benefit, as we honestly believe, to the quality of the preparation. The following are extensively employed by those who do most in this article, and we can speak highly of the quality of the products obtained by their use.

_a._ Turkey colocynth, 18 lbs., is boiled in about 20 times its weight of water for five or six hours; to the strained decoction is added hepatic aloes, 40 lbs., which are boiled until dissolved, when the solution is decanted. In the mean time the colocynth is exhausted with a second quantity of water (less than the first), and the strained liquor is added to the undissolved residuum of the aloes, and boiled for a few minutes; after which it is drawn off and mixed with the first decoction of aloes; the mixed liquors are then allowed to stand until quite cold (commonly until the next day), to deposit the resinous portion. The liquor is next decanted or drawn off, and set evaporating as quickly as possible; as soon as the consistence of treacle is arrived at, the whole is allowed to cool considerably, and moist sugar (clean), 4 lbs., and Castile soap, 10 lbs. (previously melted with a little water), are added; powdered scammony, 6 lbs., is next gradually sifted in, the extract all the time being assiduously stirred by a second person. Lastly, the heat is further moderated, and the stirring continued until a rather harder consistence is acquired than is proper for the extract, when the steam is wholly 'shut off,' or the vessel removed from the heat, and as soon as the whole has become sufficiently cool to prevent any considerable evaporation of the spirit, essence of cardamoms, 2 lbs. (say 1 quart), is expertly stirred in; and the extract at once (whilst still warm) put into stone jars or pots, and tied or covered over for store or use. The product is usually labelled 'EXT. COLOCYNTH. COMP. OPT.' It looks well, and smells very aromatic, and is really an excellent preparation.

_b._ Turkey colocynth, 2-1/4 lbs.; hepatic aloes, 5-1/2 lbs.; powdered scammony, 1-1/2 lb.; powdered cardamoms, 6 oz. (or essence, 1/2 pint); Castile soap (genuine), 1 lb. 2 oz.; pale moist sugar, 1/2 lb.; proceed as last. This produces a beautiful article, and of unquestionable quality, equally effective, and milder in its action than the College preparation. It is labelled and sent out as EXT. COLOCYNTH. COMP. PH. L. (1836).

4. (Ph. L. 1809.) Colocynth, 6 dr. (6 parts); aloes, 1-1/2 oz. (12 parts); scammony, 1/2 oz. (4 parts); hard soap, 3 dr. (3 parts); cardamoms, 1 dr. (1 part); as No. 3, _a_ (nearly).