Part 179

=Fumigation, Tooth'ache.= _Syn._ FUMIGATIO ODONTALGICA, F. ANTI-NEURALGICA, L. _Prep._ 1. From henbane seeds, powdered and thrown into a basin of boiling water, and the affected part held in the steam. Sometimes a little of the seed is placed on a heated iron spoon, and the part exposed to the fumes.

2. (Beasley.) A popular remedy is to throw henbane seed on hot cinders, inverting a cup over them to receive the smoke and empyreumatic oil produced. The cup is then filled with hot water, and the steam conveyed to the affected side of the mouth.

=FU''MING LIQUORS.= See AMMONIUM SULPHYDRATE, ARSENIC TRICHLORIDE, TIN BICHLORIDE, &c.

=FUNG'I.= In _botany_, a natural order of cellular plants, producing their fructification in the air; growing in or upon decaying or living organic substances, and nourished through their vegetative structure called the spawn or mycelium. Fungi have very variable properties. Some are medical, others edible, others are deadly poisons. The various diseases of plants known as blight, mildew, rust, smut, vine-mildew, potato-disease, ergot, &c., are either caused by or accelerated by the agency of fungi. See AGARIC, MUSHROOM, &c.

=FUR'NACE.= An enclosed fireplace for obtaining a high degree of heat. Furnaces vary much in construction and size, according to the particular manufacture in which they are employed. They may be broadly divided into two classes--WIND-FURNACES and BLAST FURNACES. In the former a high temperature is produced without the aid of bellows by means of a powerful draught. In the latter heated air is blown in through a pipe or pipes at the bottom. For many metallurgic and large chemical operations REVERBERATORY FURNACES are employed. A furnace of this kind is usually long, with a low roof to keep down the flame and hot air upon the 'hearth' or space between the fireplace and the flue.[322] For the smaller operations in chemistry, a variety of furnaces have been invented, and the introduction of coal-gas as a fuel by Develle, Griffin, Gore, Fletcher, and others, has wrought a complete change in the arrangements of the laboratory. The GAS-FURNACES of Mr J. J. Griffin are adapted for almost every operation performed by the aid of heat. Those more recently introduced by Mr W. Gore are very compact and portable, and will rapidly produce a 'white heat,' without the help of bellows or high chimney, by means of ordinary coal-gas and atmospheric air. The first and smallest size consumes 33 cubic feet of gas (value seven farthings) per hour, and is suitable for assayers, jewellers, analytical chemists, experimentalists, dentists, and others. It is capable of fusing eight ounces of copper or six ounces of cast iron, copper begins to melt in it in about twelve minutes from the time of lighting. The second-sized one consumes about twice that quantity of gas, is suitable for manufacturing jewellers generally, and for a great variety of practical persons who require to melt small quantities of gold, silver, copper, german silver, brass, cast iron, glass, and other substances, or require a small crucible heated to high temperatures. It is capable of melting 45 ounces of copper, or 40 ounces of cast iron, and with its heat up it melts one pound of copper in eight minutes; copper begins to melt in about twenty minutes from the time of lighting.

[Footnote 322: For an illustration of this kind of furnace, see SODIUM, Carbonate of.]

Fletcher's[323] UNIVERSAL FURNACES for high temperatures, which are said to require neither blast nor attention, are intended for laboratory purposes, enamel burning, heating soldering irons, and for jewellers' and dentists' work. These furnaces are made in two distinct types; one with a perforated cover to the crucibles and muffles to attain the maximum heat; the other with a slide chimney and a double lid over the crucible.

[Footnote 323: Manufactured by Thos. Fletcher, Museum Street, Warrington.]

The power and rapidity of working depend in each case on the length of the chimney used. A furnace with a four-feet chimney will melt a crucible of cast-iron in thirty-five minutes; a furnace with an eight-feet chimney will melt the same quantity of iron in about twenty minutes, starting with the furnace cold. The stove with the side chimney, although more convenient in use, is slower in working, taking about twice as long to obtain the same temperature.

The following are varieties of Fletcher's UNIVERSAL FURNACE:--

1. SMALL LABORATORY FURNACE for crucibles, with nickel-plated burner tubes. This takes crucibles up to 2-1/2 by 2-1/4 inches outside, and with a three-feet chimney, as supplied with the furnace, will, it is stated, melt copper, gold, silver, &c., in about ten minutes, or cast-iron in thirty-five minutes from the time the gas is lighted. Small muffle fittings, with muffles 2-1/4 by 3 by 2-1/2 inches inside, can be supplied with this furnace.

2. SMALL CRUCIBLE FURNACE, with fixed chimney. This furnace is more especially designed for gold, silver, copper, &c., and, as sent out with a four-feet chimney and a single lid, is amply powerful, and practically of a very convenient form.

3. SMALL MUFFLE FURNACE, with three feet chimney. This requires about eighteen inches longer chimney than the small crucible furnace to obtain the same temperature in the same time, owing to a slight loss of heat by radiation from the stoppers.

4. _a._ LARGE MUFFLE FURNACE. This is identical in design and construction with the smaller one. The clear working space inside the muzzle is 3-7/8 by 5 inches, by about 3 inches deep. This is recommended as a useful furnace for watch dial enamellers, assayers, photo-enamel burning, and for all purposes where exact temperatures are required not exceeding the fusing point of cast iron.

The burner of this furnace is twice the size of the small laboratory furnace, and requires a gas supply from a pipe and tap of half-an-inch bore. The burner is the same shape as the muffle, and is unfit for crucible work.

_b._ EXTRA LARGE MUFFLE FURNACE 4-1/2 by 3-3/4 by 7 inches clear inside working space. This will take a No. 3 plumbago pot, and with half an inch gas pipe, giving a supply of about 35 feet per hour, will, it is affirmed, melt 3 or 4 lbs. of brass in about 25 minutes, and the same quantity of cast iron in 60 or 70 minutes from the time the gas is first lighted, without the slightest trouble or attention.

5. LADLE FURNACE. This takes ladles up to 6-1/2 inches diameter, and will melt 6 or 8 lbs. of zinc in about 15 minutes, or the same quantity of lead, tin, &c., in about half the time. It is said to be a convenient and powerful arrangement for dentists, heating soldering-irons, making granulated zinc, sand baths, &c.

6. SMALL LABORATORY FURNACE, complete for crucibles, muffles, ladles, and sand baths.

7. FLETCHER'S INJECTOR GAS FURNACE (with Blast). This furnace is intended for general purposes, and for the treatment of refractory substances at high temperatures. The patentee states "that it will burn perfectly in the same space any available gas supply from 10 to 50 feet per hour, or more, if required, giving temperatures in exact proportion; and any operation may be repeated at any time by taking a note of the position of the air slide which governs the combustion of the gas."

Mr Fletcher gives the power of the small furnace as follows:--With an 1/2 inch gas supply-pipe, day pressure, starting with the furnace cold, it will melt silver in 3 minutes, cast iron in 8 minutes, cast steel in 25 minutes.

With a supply of 50 feet per hour, the same results are stated to be obtained in a little over half the time, and so on in proportion with a greater or less gas supply. It is also said to work satisfactorily for gold, &c., melting it with a supply of gas too small for any other furnace, and the maximum temperatures obtained are limited, only by the available gas supply and the fusibility of the casing. The highest temperature as obtained by measuring by Wedgwoods' Pyrometer, is said to be 9000 Fahrenheit. This furnace is stated to be particularly suited for gold and silver melting, and refining, iron assays, and general crucible work, and safe in the hands of the most careless workman. It is adapted for crucibles not exceeding 4 inches by 2-1/4, 5 inches by 3-1/2, 7-1/2 inches by 5. For further information respecting furnaces intended for use in the laboratory and assay office, the reader is referred to 'Watt's Dictionary of Chemistry,' also to 'Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines,' for description of the furnaces employed in the different metallurgical operations; and to the 'Chemical News' (June 30th, 1876, and February 2nd, 1877), for a description of a new decomposing furnace. See ASSAYING, CHIMNEYS, COPPER, CRUCIBLE, FUEL, &c.

=FUR'NISHING.= It is essential for the sake of neatness, and for a pleasing effect to the eye, that there should be a harmony of colours, and also a similarity of style, in the main articles of furniture. The tints of the carpet, of the paper or paint of the walls, and of the window-curtains, should be all in harmony in each room; that is, either possess a general resemblance of colour, or various colours in pleasing contrast and harmony with each other. If the preponderating colour of the curtains is scarlet, and the colour of the walls or carpet blue, a most inharmonious and unpleasing effect is produced; but brown and green, or green and gold, will be in harmony, and may, therefore, be placed together. Carpets being the most expensive articles, it is safest to buy them first, and then to let their colour guide us in the tone and style of the curtains, paper-hangings, chair-covers, hearth-rugs, and the various minor articles. It is also economical to buy carpets of the same pattern for several rooms, because in the event of removal to a house with different sized apartments, a piece of one carpet may be taken to alter the size of another.

=FUR'NITURE.= See FRENCH POLISHING, OIL, POLISH, VARNISH, &c.

=FURS.= Of these the most valuable are Ermine and Sable. Fur skins, when unprepared, or merely dried, go under the name of 'Peltry.' (Brande.)

Furs may be preserved from moths and other insects by placing a little colocynth pulp (bitter apple), or spice (cloves, pimento, &c.), wrapped in muslin, among them; or they may be washed in a very weak solution of corrosive sublimate in warm water (10 to 15 gr. to the pint), and afterwards carefully dried. As well as every other species of clothing, they should be kept in a clean, dry place, from which they should be taken out occasionally, well beaten, and exposed to the air, and re-turned.

=FU'SEL-OIL.= _Syn._ FOUSEL OIL, POTATO-OIL, OIL OF POTATO SPIRIT, GRAIN OIL, GRAIN-SPIRIT OIL, MARC-BRANDY OIL, CRUDE HYDRATED OXIDE OF AMYL. _Source._ An offensive, strong-smelling oil, produced along with alcohol during the fermentation of grain, potatoes, &c., on the large scale, and which gives the peculiar and disagreeable flavour and odour to raw whiskey. It is found chiefly in the last portion of the spirit which passes over, called the 'faints,' to which it imparts its characteristic odour and flavour. By rectifying the faints at a very gentle heat, most of the alcohol and water first pass over together with only a little fusel oil, whilst the latter forms the residuum in the still. Various names (as _above_) are given to the crude oil thus obtained, according to its source. In each case it essentially consists of hydrated oxide of amyl, but trifling and variable quantities of other organic compounds are mixed with it, which slightly modify its character, more particularly its odour and flavour. The oil of potato spirit is the purest form of crude fusel oil.

_Obs._ The exertions of the distiller are directed, as much as possible, to lessen the formation of fusel oil during the fermentation of his 'worts,' and to eliminate, during the distillation and rectification of his liquors, the greatest possible proportion of that with which they may be contaminated.

_Prop., &c._ Fusel oil is a nearly colourless volatile liquid, with a rather high boiling point, a durable, penetrating, offensive smell, and an acrid, burning taste; when swallowed, it occasions nausea, giddiness, headache, &c.; in slightly larger quantities, vomiting, delirium, oppressive respiration, and lessened sensibility to pain; its vapour also produces these effects. In quantity, it is a narcotic poison. The greater intoxicating power of whiskey, more especially that from raw grain, than other spirit, is due to the larger quantity of fusel oil which it contains. This appears to be well known to the lower class of whiskey drinkers in these countries, and to the consumers of corn brandy in some of the northern parts of Europe. The last are said to frequently demand to be served with "a glass of good fusel." In England fusel oil is chiefly used for lamps and varnishes.

_Purific._ The AMYLIC ALCOHOL (ALCOHOL AMYLICUM) of the Dublin College is thus prepared. Introduce the ordinary fusel oil of the distilleries into a small still or retort, connected with a condenser, and apply heat; as soon as the oil begins to flow over, unmixed with water, the receiver should be changed, and the distillation resumed, and carried nearly to dryness; the product in the second receiver, and the oily matter which separates from the water in the first receiver, are to be reserved for use. It is employed in the preparation of VALERIANATE OF SODA. See AMYL.

=FU'SIBLE ALLOY'.= _Syn._ FUSIBLE METAL. _Prep._ 1. Bismuth, 2 parts; lead, 5 parts; tin, 3 parts. Melts in boiling water.

2. (D'Arcet's.) Bismuth, 8 parts; lead, 5 parts; tin, 3 parts. Melts below 212° Fahr.

3. (Walker.) Bismuth 8, tin 4, lead 5 parts; antimony, 1 part. The metals should be repeatedly melted and poured into drops, until they are well mixed.

4. (Onion's.) Lead, 3 parts; tin, 2 parts; bismuth, 5 parts. Melts at 197° Fahr.

5. To the last, after removing it from the fire, add of quicksilver (warm), 1 part. Liquid at 172°, solid at 140° Fahr.

_Obs._ The first four of the above are used to make TOY-SPOONS, to surprise children by their melting in hot liquors. A little mercury may be added to lower their melting points. Nos. 2 and 3 are specially adapted for making ELECTROTYPE MOULDS. The beautiful casts of the French medals known to all electrotypers as Clichée moulds are in the alloy No. 3. The above alloys are also used to form PENCILS for writing on asses' skin, or paper prepared by rubbing burnt hartshorn into it, &c.; also as a METAL BATH in the laboratory. The last is used for ANATOMICAL INJECTIONS.

=FU'SION.= _Syn._ FUSIO, L. The liquefaction of solid bodies by the action of heat. The term AQUEOUS FUSION has been applied to the melting of salts in their combined water when heated; and the term IGNEOUS FUSION, to the liquefaction of bodies by heat alone.

The vessels in which substances are fused are formed of various materials and shapes, according to the properties of the solid operated on, and principally with reference to the degree of heat required for its fusion. In every case the containing vessel should be capable of sustaining the proper degree of heat, without either melting or cracking, and should also be unacted on by the substances melted in them. See CRUCIBLE, FURNACE, &c.

=FÜRSTENBALSAM, Bamberger für Frauen=--BAMBERG PRINCE'S BALSAM FOR WOMEN. An embrocation for strengthening women after confinement. A hexagonal eau de Cologne bottle containing about 100 grammes of a clear reddish-brown fluid, which is a filtered mixture of equal parts of spirit of lavender (Sp. Lavand. Co.) and spirit of soap, mixed with a little camphor and ammonia. (Hager.)

=FUS'TIC.= _Syn._ FUSTIC WOOD. Two distinct dye-stuffs are known by this name, but are distinguished by the adjectives 'old' and 'young.'

=Fustic, Old.= _Syn._ BOIS JAUNE, Fr. The wood of the _Maclura tinctoria_. Its decoction dyes woollens yellow of different shades, according to the 'mordant.' Alum, tartar, and spirits of tin brighten the tint; acetate and sulphate of iron and common salt darken it; with sulphate of iron it gives olives and browns; with the indigo vat and sulphate of indigo green. These colours are very permanent. Its yellow turns on the lemon when pale, and on the orange when darker. 1 lb. of old fustic will dye 3 to 5 lbs. of wool.

=Fustic, Young.= _Syn._ YELLOW FUSTIC; FUSTET, Fr. The wood of the _Rhus Cotinus_ or Venice sumach. It gives a yellow turning on the green, but its colours are not very permanent. It is chiefly used in combination with other dye-stuffs.

=GAL'BANUM.= _Syn._ GUM GALBANUM; GALBANUM (B. P.), L. "A gum-resin derived from an unascertained umbelliferous plant. In irregular tears about the size of a pea, usually agglutinated into masses; of a greenish-yellow colour, translucent, having a strong disagreeable odour, and an acrid bitter taste." (B. P.) Its properties are similar to the other fetid antispasmodic gum-resins. It ranks between ASSAF[OE]TIDA and AMMONIACUM.

=Galbanum, Strained.= _Syn._ PREPARED GALBANUM; GALBANUM COLATUM, G. PRÆPARATUM (Ph. L.), L. From crude galbanum, as prepared ammoniacum. Formerly the common practice was to melt it in the dry state, by heat cautiously and quickly applied, and to strain it through a piece of coarse canvas stretched across a wooden frame or 'horse.' The 'strained galbanum' of the shops is seldom pure. The following forms are current in the trade for its 'reduction,' as this species of adulteration is technically termed:--

1. Galbanum (true), 9 lbs.; strain as above, then add, towards the end black resin (clean), 3 lbs.; and when the whole is melted, further add of Venice turpentine, 2 lbs.--_Product._ 12 lbs.

2. Strained galbanum and black resin, of each 6 lbs.; melt, and add, of strained assaf[oe]tida, 2 oz.; Venice turpentine, 3 lbs.--_Prod._ 14-1/2 lbs.

=Galbanum, Facti''tious Strained.= _Syn._ GALBANUM COLATUM FACTITIUM, L. _Prep._ 1. From black resin, 4 lbs.; melt, and add of Venice turpentine, 2 lbs.; assaf[oe]tida, 2-1/2 oz.; oils of juniper and fennel, of each 1-1/2 dr.; water, 1/2 pint.

2. As the last, adding soft soap, 5 oz. Sometimes the small and 'waste' of the chests are added to the above to improve them.

=GALÈNE-EINSPRITZUNG--Galen's Injection= (J. F. Schwarzlose Söhne, Berlin). According to Hager:--Gum Arabic, 25 grammes; water, 65·5 grammes; sugar of lead, 4·5 grammes; tinct. opii with saffron, 5 grammes. According to Schädler:--Sulphocarbolate of zinc, 3 grammes; gum Arabic, 20 grammes; tinct. opii, 2 grammes; water, 100 grammes.

=GALL.= _Syn._ BILE; BILIS, CHOLE, FEL, L. A bitter fluid secreted by the liver; in part flowing into the intestines, and in part regurgitating into the gall-bladder. Its uses in the animal economy appears to be--to separate the chyle from the chyme, to promote digestion of oleaginous substances, and to assist in exciting the peristaltic action of the intestines. The fæces appear to owe their colour chiefly to the presence of bile, since, without, they appear of a dirty pipe-clay colour.

The gall of various animals was formerly used in medicine. From whatever source it was obtained, it was believed to be calefacient, desiccant, detergent, discutient, and parturifacient; but besides these properties, each variety was conceived to possess virtues peculiarly its own. Thus, bear-gall (fel ursi) was reputed anti-epileptic; eel-gall (fel anguillarum), parturifacient; hare-gall (fel leporis), "good in cataract;" and ox-gall (fel bovis), "sovereign against stiff joints, rheumatics, angry ulcers, and stomach colics." The gall of the bat, goat, hen, hog, partridge, silurus, &c., were also employed as remedies. At the present time ox-gall is the only one used in medicine and the arts.

Ox-gall has been recently reintroduced into medicine by Dr Allnatt and others, and in certain cases of dyspepsia and biliary derangement appears to be a valuable remedy.

Crude ox-gall is extensively employed by the scourers of woollen cloth, clothes renovators, &c. It rapidly extracts grease and oil from textile fabrics without injuring the colour. See CONSTIPATION, DYSPEPSIA, OX-GALL, &c.

=Gall, Glass.= See SANIVER.

=GAL'LATE.= _Syn._ GALLAS. L. A salt of gallic acid. The alkaline gallates are soluble. They rapidly suffer decomposition in the presence of excess of the base, and the liquor gradually acquires a blackish colour. The gallates of most of the other metallic oxides are insoluble.

=GALLEN-MIXTUR FÜR PFERDE=--GALL MIXTURE FOR HORSES (F. Barth, veterinary surgeon, Freibach-by-Altenhofen, Carinthia). A clear decanted solution of 8 parts wood tar in 92 parts common kienöl (ol. pini). (Hager.)

=Gallen-Mixtur=--GALL MIXTURE (Ph. Barth, Marburg in Steiermark). The same preparation as the above, coloured with 3/4 per cent. of dragon's blood. (Wittstein.)

=Gallen-Tinctur=--GALL TINCTURE (Dr G. Krieger, Garz). 5 parts wood tar, 10 parts water, 30 parts spirit, 1 part corrosive sublimate, and 1/20 part rosanilin, mixed with a gentle heat, allowed to deposit, and filtered. (Hager.)

=GAL'LIC ACID.= H_{3}C_{7}H_{3}O_{5}.Aq. _Syn._ ACIDUM GALLICUM (B. P.), L. "A crystalline acid prepared from galls." (B. P. L.) It may be also obtained from other vegetable substances. It appears to be a product of the oxidation of tannic acid, and probably does not exist ready formed in recent vegetables.

_Prep._ 1. (Dumas.) Nut-galls, reduced to powder, are moistened with water, and exposed to the action of the air, in a warm situation (say 70° to 80° Fahr.), for two or three months, adding more water, from time to time, to make up for that lost by evaporation. At the end of the above period the mouldy, dark-coloured mass is strongly pressed in a cloth, and the solid portion boiled in a considerable quantity of water. The solution (filtered whilst hot) deposits, on cooling, crystals of gallic acid, which, after being thoroughly drained and pressed dry between bibulous paper, are purified by boiling them along with about 1/6th of their weight of prepared animal charcoal in 8 parts of water, and filtering, &c., as before.

2. (Graham.) A strong infusion or decoction of galls is precipitated with sulphuric acid in the cold; the resulting thick mass is mixed with dilute sulphuric acid (cold), and the liquid expressed; the 'marc' is next treated with sulphuric acid diluted with twice its weight of water, and after boiling the mixture for some minutes the whole is allowed to cool; the resulting crystals are purified as before.

3. (Liebig.) A strong aqueous solution of tannic acid (tannin) is added to sulphuric acid as long as a precipitate falls; the powder is collected, washed, and dissolved by the aid of heat in dilute sulphuric acid; the solution, after being boiled for a few minutes, deposits, on cooling, crystals of gallic acid in considerable quantity.

4. (Scheele.) A filtered decoction of galls is exposed for some months in an open vessel; after a time it grows mouldy, and becomes covered with a thick, glutinous pellicle; in two or three months the sides of the vessel and the under portion of the pellicle are found to be covered with small yellow crystals of gallic acid, which are purified as directed above. (See No. 1.)