Part 181

=Pheasant, to Roast.= Let it hang as many days as possible without becoming tainted. Pluck off the feathers carefully, cut a slit in the back of the neck to remove crop, then draw the bird in the usual way, and either wipe the inside very clean with a damp cloth, or pour water through it; wipe the outside also, but with a dry cloth; cut off the toes, turn the head of the bird _under_ the wing, with the bill laid straight along the breast; skewer the legs, which must not be crossed; flour the pheasant well, lay it to a brisk fire, and baste it constantly and plentifully with well-flavoured butter. Send bread sauce and good brown gravy to table with it. _Time._ Three quarters of an hour, a few minutes less if liked very much underdone, five or ten more for thorough roasting, with a _good_ fire in both instances. In season from October to the end of January. (Eliza Acton.)

=Rabbit, to Boil.= Rabbits that are three parts grown, or, at all events, which are still quite young, should be chosen for boiling. Wash them well, truss them firmly, with the heads turned and skewered to the sides, drop them into sufficient boiling water to keep them quite covered until they are cooked, and simmer them gently from thirty to forty-five minutes; when _very_ young they will require even less time than this. Cover them with rich white sauce mixed with livers parboiled, finely pounded, and well seasoned with cayenne and lemon juice; or with white onion sauce, or with parsley and butter, made with milk or cream instead of water (the livers, minced, are often added to the last of these), or with good mushroom sauce. _Time._ 30 to 45 minutes. (Eliza Acton.)

=Rabbit, to Roast.= This is much improved by having the backbone taken out. When this is done line the inside with thin slices of bacon, fill it with forcemeat, sew it up, truss, and roast it at a clear, brisk fire, and baste it constantly with butter. Flour it well soon after it is laid down. Serve it with good brown gravy, and with currant jelly, when this last is liked. _Time._ 3/4 hour to 1 hour; less if small. (Eliza Acton.)

=Venison, Haunch of, to Roast.= To prepare the venison for the spit wash it slightly with tepid water, or merely wipe it thoroughly with damp cloths, and dry it afterwards with clean ones; then lay over the fat side a large sheet of thickly-buttered paper, and next a paste of flour and water about three quarters of an inch thick; cover this again with two or three sheets of stout paper, secure the whole well with twine, and lay the haunch to a sound, clear fire; baste the paper immediately with butter or clarified dripping, and roast the joint from three hours and a half to four and a half, according to its weight and quality. Doe venison will require half an hour less time than buck. Twenty minutes before the joint is done remove the paste and paper, baste the meat in every part with butter, and dredge it very lightly with flour; let it take a pale-brown colour, and send it to table as hot as possible, with gravy in a tureen and good currant jelly. _Time._ 3-1/2 to 4-1/2 hours. The kind of gravy appropriate to venison is a matter on which individual taste must decide. (Eliza Acton.)

=Venison, Hashed.= _Ingredients._--The remains of roast venison, its own or mutton gravy, thickening of butter and flour. _Mode._--Cut the meat from the bones in neat slices, and, if there is sufficient of its own gravy left, put the meat into this, as it is preferable to any other. Should there not be enough put the bones and trimmings into a stewpan with about a pint of mutton gravy; let them stew gently for an hour, and strain the gravy. Put a little flour and butter into the stewpan, keep stirring until brown, then add the strained gravy, and give it a boil up; skim and strain again, and when a little cool put in the slices of venison. Place the stewpan by the side of the fire, and when on the point of simmering serve. Do not allow it to boil. Send red-currant jelly to table with it. _Time._ Altogether, an hour and a half. A small quantity of Harvey sauce, ketchup, or port wine, may be added to enrich the gravy.

=GAN'GRENE.= See MORTIFICATION.

=GAN'TEINE.= A composition used to clean kid and other leather gloves.

_Prep._ 1. (M. Buhan.) Curd soap (in small shavings), 1 part; water, 3 parts; mix with heat, and stir in of essence of citron, 1 part.

2. (SAPONINE,--Duvignau.) Soap (in powder), 250 parts; water, 155 parts; dissolve with heat, cool, and add, of _eau de javelle_, 165 parts, solution of ammonia, 10 parts, and rub the whole to a smooth paste. Patent. A small portion of either of the above is rubbed over the glove with a piece of flannel (always in one direction), until it is sufficiently clean. See GLOVES.

=GARAN'CINE.= See MADDER RED.

=GAR'DENING.= See HORTICULTURE.

=GAR'GLE.= _Syn._ GARGARISM, THROATWASH; GARGARISMA, GARGARISMUS, GARGARISMUM, L. A liquid medicine applied to the back part of the mouth or upper part of the throat. Gargles are applied by allowing a small mouthful to run as much as possible over the affected part, by holding the head backwards and breathing through it, by which means the liquid is agitated and its action promoted.

Gargles are not to be swallowed. It often happens, however, that patients, either by accident or from negligence, do swallow a certain quantity, notwithstanding the instructions given them to the contrary. Care should therefore be taken to avoid making gargles of such substances as may occasion unpleasant symptoms in small doses, though they may not, perhaps, amount to poisoning.

Gargles usually have for their basis either simple water, or milk, wine, or vinegar, diluted with water, to which, in both cases, sugar, honey, or syrup is generally added. Their other ingredients vary with the indication, but must, in all cases, be either in the liquid form, or soluble in the liquid used as the excipient.

Gargles are commonly dispensed in mixture bottles. The quantity used at a time, under ordinary circumstances, may be about 2-3rds of a wine-glassful.

=Gargle.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA, G. COMMUNE, G. SIMPLEX, L. _Prep._ 1. (St. B. Hosp.) Honey or honey of roses, 1-1/2 fl. oz.; strong vinegar, 2-1/2 fl. oz.; barley water, 1 pint.

2. (St. George's.) Oxymel, 1 fl. dr.; decoction of barley, 5 fl. dr. In common sore throats, &c. The formulæ of several other hospitals are similar.

=Gargle of Ac'etate of Ammo''nia.= _Syn._ GARGARISMS AMMONIÆ ACETATIS, L. _Prep._ (Wendt.) Solution of acetate of ammonia and honey of roses, of each 1 fl. oz.; elder-flower water, 8 fl. oz.; mix. In the ulcerated sore throat of scarlet fever.

=Gargle of Acetate of Manganese.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA MANGANESII ACETATIS. _Prep._ Acetate of Manganese, 1 drachm; water, 7 fluid ounces; clarified honey, 1 oz. The chloride and sulphate of manganese are also used, about 1/2 drachm or 2 scruples to 6 oz. of barley water.

=Gargle of Ace'tic Acid.= _Syn._ OXYMEL GARGLE; GARGARISMA ACIDI ACETICI, L. _Prep._ 1. (St. B. Hosp.) Acetic acid, 1 dr.; oxymel, 2 fl. dr.; water to make up 4 fl. oz.

2. Barley water, 12 fl. oz.; acetic acid, 1-1/2 fl. oz.; honey, 6 dr. Antiseptic. For sore throat.

=Gargle of Aluminium Chloride.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ALUMINII CHLORIDI. _Prep._ (Throat Hosp.) Solution of chloride of aluminium 12 minims, water 1 fl. oz. Astringent and antiseptic.

=Gargle of Al'um.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ALUMINIS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Augustin.) Oak-bark (in powder), 1 oz.; water, 1-1/2 pint; boil to a pint, filter, cool, and add, of alum, 1/2 dr.; brandy, 2 fl. oz. In inflammation of the mouth and throat.

2. (Cavarra.) Alum, 3 dr.; water, 6 fl. oz.; dissolve. In offensive breath.

3. (Foy.) Alum, 1 dr.; tincture of myrrh, 2 fl. dr.; tincture of bark, 4 fl. dr.; honey of roses, 2 oz.; laudanum, 20 drops; wine, 2/3 pint. In scurvy.

4. (Grant.) Alum, 1 oz.; tincture of myrrh, 1/2 fl. oz.; peppermint water, 7 fl. oz. In relaxation of the uvula, &c.

5. (Mid. Hosp.) Alum, 1 dr.; honey, 2 dr.; water to make 6 fl. oz. As No. 4.

6. (P. Cod.) Alum, 40 gr.; honey of roses, 1 oz.; infusion of roses, 6 fl. oz. As the last.

7. (Ratier.) Alum, 1 oz.; infusion of red roses and barley water, of each 3 fl. oz.; honey of roses, 2 oz. As No. 4.

8. (Westm. Hosp.) Alum, 1 dr.; dilute sulphuric acid, 1 fl. dr.; treacle, 4 dr.; water to 15 fl. oz.

9. (Ph. Wirtem.) Alum and nitre, of each 3 oz.; cream of tartar, 4 oz.; dilute acetic acid, 4 lbs.; dissolve, evaporate to dryness, and powder the residuum. For use, 1/2 oz. of the powder is dissolved in water, 8 fl. oz. Highly recommended in inflammation of the fauces and tonsils. This forms Zobel's 'SPECIFIC FOR QUINSY,'

=Gargle, Antiscorbu'tic.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ANTISCORBUTICUM, L. _Prep._ (P. Cod.) Bitter species, 1 dr.; boiling water, 8 oz.; macerate 1 hour, strain, and add, syrup of honey, 2 oz.; antiscorbutic tincture, 1 oz.

=Gargle, Antisep'tic.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ANTISEPTICUM, L. _Prep._ (Fr. Hosp.) Decoction of bark, 6 oz.; camphor, 20 gr.; sal-ammoniac, 12 gr. In putrid sore throat, &c.

=Gargle, Astrin'gent.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ASTRINGENS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Collier.) Tincture of galls, 2 fl. dr.; honey, 1/2 oz.; water, 6 fl. oz. In relaxation of the uvula and fauces.

2. (Collier.) Honey, 4 dr.; tincture of myrrh, 3 dr.; powdered alum, 40 gr.; compound infusion of roses, 5-1/2 fl. oz. As the last, and in fetid sore throat.

3. (Sir A. Cooper.) Alum, 2 dr.; decoction of bark, 12 oz.; honey of roses, 1-1/2 oz.

4. (Dr A. T. Thomson.) Infusion of roses, 7 fl. oz.; dilute sulphuric acid, 1 fl. dr.; tincture of catechu, 6 fl. dr.; laudanum, 1-1/2 fl. dr. For relaxation of the uvula. See GARGLE OF ALUM.

=Gargle of Bo''rax.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA BORACIS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ellis.) Borax, 1 dr.; tincture of myrrh, 4 fl. dr.; clarified honey, 1 fl. oz.; rose water, 4 fl. oz.

2. (Fr. Hosp.) Borax, 2 dr.; honey or capillaire, 1 oz.; rose water, 7 fl. oz.

3. (Guy's Hosp.) Borax, 2 dr.; honey of roses, 1 oz.; barley water, 7 fl. oz.

4. (Mid. Hosp.) Borax, 1 dr.; simply oxymel, 2 dr.; water to make 3 fl. oz. The above are used in thrush or aphthous sore mouth, ptyalism, &c.

=Gargle of Bromide of Potassium.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA POTASSII BROMIDI. _Prep._ (Throat Hosp.) Bromide of potassium, 10 grains; water, 1 fl. oz. Sedative.

=Gargle of Cap'sicum.= _Syn._ GARGLE OF CAYENNE PEPPER; GARGARISMA CAPSICI, L. _Prep._ 1. (Dr Griffith.) Tincture of capsicum, 1/2 fl. oz.; rose water, 8 fl. oz.

2. (St. B. Hosp.)--_a._ Capsicum, 3 dr.; common salt, 1 oz.; boiling water, 1 pint; macerate for 12 hours, strain, and add of distilled vinegar, 1 pint.

_b._ Tincture of capsicum, 1 fl. dr.; compound infusion of roses, 8 fl. oz.

3. (U. C. Hosp.) Tincture of capsicum, 1 fl. dr.; honey, 6 dr.; water to 4 fl. oz. Used in ulcerated sore throat, scarlet fever, &c.

=Gargle of Carbolic Acid.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ACIDI CARBOLICI. _Prep._ (Throat Hosp.). Carbolic acid, 2 gr.; glycerin, 25 minims; water, 1 fluid ounce. Stimulant and antiseptic.

=Gargle of Chlo''rate of Potas'sa.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA POTASSÆ CHLORATIS, L. _Prep._ (Beasley.) Chlorate of potassa, 1 dr.; honey of roses, 1 oz.; water, 7 oz. Used in malignant sore throat, scarlatina, &c.

=Gargle of Chlo''ride of Lime.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA CALCIS CHLORINATÆ, L. _Prep._ From chloride of lime, 1 dr.; water, 1/2 pint; agitate together for 10 minutes, filter through linen, and add of simple syrup, 1 fl. oz. Used in putrid sore throat, scarlet fever, &c.

=Gargle of Chloride of So'da.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA SODÆ CHLORINATÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (Copland.) Liquor of chloride of soda, 12 fl. dr.; honey, 1/2 oz.; water, 6 fl. oz.

2. (Hosp. Form.) Chlorinated solution of soda, 4 fl. dr.; water to 4 fl. oz. Used as the last.

=Gargle of Chlo''rine Water.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA CHLORINII, L. _Prep._ 1. (Fr. Hosp.) Chlorine water, 1/2 fl. oz.; syrup, 1 fl. oz.; water, 4-1·2 fl. oz.

2. (Mid. Hosp.) Chlorine water, 2 fl. oz.; distilled water, 10 fl. oz. _Use._ As the last.

=Gargle of Cincho'na Bark.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA CINCHONÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. From decoction of cinchona, 7 fl. oz.; simple oxymel, 1 fl. oz. Antiseptic and astringent in relaxation, &c.

2. (Acidulated; GARGARISMA CINCHONÆ ACIDUS, L.) Hydrochloric acid, 1-1/2 fl. dr.; honey, 1-1/2 oz.; decoction of bark to make up 8 fl. oz.

=Gargle, Com'mon.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA COMMUNE, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ed. Hosp.) Water, 6 fl. oz.; nitre, 1 dr.; honey of roses, 1 oz. For ordinary sore throat, &c.

2. (Lond. Hosp.) Alum, 1 dr.; dilute sulphuric acid, 2 fl. dr.; tincture of myrrh, 4 fl. dr.; water to 12 fl. oz.

=Gargle of Cy'anide of Mercury.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA HYDRARGYRI CYANIDI, L. _Prep._ 1. (Brera.) Cyanide of mercury, 10 gr.; honey of roses, 1 oz.; barley water, 1 pint.

2. (Cullerier.) Cyanide of mercury, 10 gr.; linseed tea, 1 pint. Used in the same cases as mercurial gargle.

=Gargle, Deter'gent.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA DETERGENS, L. _Prep._ 1. (P. Cod.) Alcoholised sulphuric acid, 1 fl. dr.; honey of roses, 2 oz.; barley water, 8 oz.

2. (Dr A. T. Thomson.) Nitre, 2 dr.; honey of roses, 4 fl. dr.; infusion of roses, 5-1/2 fl. oz. In inflammatory sore throat.

=Gargle, Emol'lient.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA EMOLLIENS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Buchan.) Marshmallow root, 1 oz.; figs, 2 oz.; water, 1 quart; boil to a pint and strain. Demulcent, soothing.

2. (Trousseau & Reveil.) Barley water, 8 oz.; honey, 1-1/2 oz. Both are used in inflammatory affections of the throat and mouth.

=Gargle of Horserad'ish.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ARMORACIÆ, L. _Prep._ (Collier.) Compound spirit of horseradish, 1 fl. oz.; honey, 2 oz.; water, 4 fl. oz. A good gargle for scurvy of the fauces and pharynx, vulgarly called the 'inward scurvy.'

=Gargle of Hydrochlo''ric Acid.= _Syn._ MURIATIC ACID GARGLE; GARGARISMA ACIDI HYDROCHLORICI. L. _Prep._ 1. (Guy's Hosp.) Hydrochloric acid, 30 drops; honey of roses, 2 oz.; barley water, 6 fl. oz.

2. (Ratier.) Hydrochloric acid, 2 fl. dr.; clarified honey, 2 fl. oz.; barley water, 1 pint.

3. (St. B. Hosp.) Red-rose leaves, 2 dr.; boiling water, 1 pint; hydrochloric acid, 1-1/2 fl. dr.; digest 1 hour, and strain. In inflammatory sore throat, ulcerations of the mouth, scarlet fever, &c.

=Gargle of I'odine.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA IODINII, L. _Prep._ 1. Iodine, 10 gr.; iodide of potassium, 12 gr.; rectified spirit and simple syrup, of each, 1 fl. oz.; water, 5 fl. oz. In chronic enlargement of the tonsils, in scrofulous habits.

2. (Dr Ross.) Tincture of iodine, 1-1/2 fl. dr.; tincture of opium, 1 fl. dr.; water, 6 fl. oz.

3. (St. T. Hosp.) Compound tincture of iodine, 2 fl. dr.; water, 5 fl. oz. In ulceration of the tonsils.

=Gargle, Mercu''rial.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA HYDRARGYRI, G. MERCURIALE, L. _Prep._ 1. (G. HYD. BICHLORIDI.) Corrosive sublimate, 2 to 5 gr.; barley water, 1 pint; honey of roses, 2 fl. oz. For syphilitic ulcers in the throat.

2. (Plenck.) Calomel, 6 gr.; quicksilver, 30 gr.; powdered gum, 3 dr.; syrup of poppies, 1/2 oz.; triturate till the globules of metal disappear, and add of decoction of clematis, 26 fl. oz.; honey of roses, 1 oz.; essence of myrrh, 1 dr. (or tincture of myrrh, 1 fl. oz.). In syphilitic and putrid sore throat.

=Gargle of Mustard.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA SINAPIS. _Prep._ (Fleury). Black mustard seed, bruised 4 ounces; salt, 4 scruples; vinegar, 8 scruples; warm water, 7 ounces. Digest and filter.

=Gargle of Myrrh.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA MYRRHÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ainslie.) Tincture of myrrh, 6 fl. dr.; vinegar, 1 fl. dr.; honey of roses, 1-1/2 fl. oz.; barley water, 12 fl. oz.

2. (Ph. Chirur.) Tincture of myrrh, 1/2 oz.; honey of roses, 1-1/2 oz.; lime water, 6 fl. oz. In scarlatina and putrid sore throat. See ASTRINGENT GARGLE, &c.

=Gargle of Ni'tre.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA SALIS NITRI, G. POTASSÆ NITRATIS, L. _Prep._ 1. Nitre, 2 dr.; honey or syrup, 1/2 oz.; rose water, 5-1/2 fl. oz.

2. (Brande.) Nitre, 2 dr.; oxymel, 1 fl. oz.; barley water, 7 fl. oz. In inflammatory sore throat. See COMMON GARGLE.

=Gargle of Oak-Bark.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA CORTICIS QUERCÛS, L. _Prep._ 1. Oak-bark, 2 dr.; boiling water, 6 fl. oz.; macerate 1 hour, and strain.

2. (Ellis.) Decoction of oak-bark, 1 pint; alum, 1/2 dr.; brandy, 2 fl. oz. In chronic sore throat, relaxation of the uvula, &c.

=Gargle of Oxide of Manganese.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA MANGANESII OXIDI. _Prep._ (Pareira). Black oxide of manganese, 2 dr.; decoction of barley, 5 fl. oz.

=Gargle of Pel'litory.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA PYRETHRI. _Prep._ 1. Pellitory root, 4 dr.; water, 16 fl. oz.; boil to 8 fl. oz., and add of liquor of ammonia 2 fl. dr.

2. (Swediaur.) Infusion of pellitory, 1 pint; vinegar, 3 fl. oz.; sal-ammoniac, 3 dr. To promote the maturation and healing of throat ulcers.

=Gargle of Permanganate of Potash.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA POTASSÆ PERMANGANATIS. _Prep._ (Throat Hosp.) Solution of permanganate of potash (B. P.), 6 minims; distilled water, 1 fl. oz. Antiseptic.

=Gargle of Ro''ses.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ROSÆ, G. ROSARUM, L. _Prep._ (Kendrick.) Conserve of roses, 3 oz.; boiling water, 16 fl. oz.; infuse 1 hour; add of dilute sulphuric acid, 2 fl. dr., and strain. Antiseptic, astringent; used in several indications.

=Gargle of Subacetate of Lead.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA PLUMBI SUBACETATIS. _Prep._ (Ratier.) Liquid subacetate of lead, 1/2 dr.; barley water, 1 lb.; syrup, 1 fl. oz.

=Gargle of Turpentine.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA TEREBINTHINATUM. _Prep._ (Geddings.) Oil of turpentine, 2 dr.; mucilage, 6-1/2 fl. oz. In salivation.

=Gargle, Spirit.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA SPIRITUOSUM, G. SPIRITÛS VINI, L. _Prep._ 1. (Dr Watson.) French brandy, 1 fl. oz.; water, 1/4 pint.

2. (St. George's.) Proof spirit, 1 fl. oz.; oxymel, 5 fl. dr.; decoction of barley, to make up 6 fl. oz. In relaxations and salivation.

=Gargle, Stim'ulant.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA STIMULANS, L. _Prep._ (Dr Copland.) Infusion of roses, 6-1/2 fl. oz.; dilute hydrochloric acid, 40 drops; tincture of capsicum, 1-1/2 fl. dr.; honey, 3 dr. See GARGLE OF CAPSICUM.

=Gargle of Tan'nin.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ACIDI TANNICI, L. _Prep._ 1. (Beral.) Tannin, 1 dr.; honey of roses, 2 oz.; rose water, 2 fl. oz.; distilled water, 8 fl. oz.

2. (Jannart.) As the last, but using only half the quantity of tannin. In salivation and aphthous ulcerations.

=Gargle of Verd'igris.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ÆRUGINUS, G. CUPRI ACETATIS, L. _Prep._ (Guy's Hosp.) Oxymel of verdigris, 4 dr.; honey of roses, 2 oz.; barley water, 3-1/2 fl. oz. Used as a detergent for ulcers in the throat. If swallowed it produces violent vomiting. The addition of 2-1/2 oz. of water to the above produces a gargle sufficiently strong for most cases.

=Gargle of Vin'egar.= See GARGLE OF ACETIC ACID.

=Gargle of Zinc.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ZINCI, G. Z. SULPHATIS, L. _Prep._ (Dr Copland.) Sulphate of zinc, 20 gr.; oxymel, 1 fl. oz.; rose water, 7 fl. oz. In aphthous sores, relaxations, ulceration of the tonsils, &c.

=GAR'LIC.= _Syn._ ALLIUM, L. The _Allium sativum_ of botanists. It is diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant, and tonic; and externally, irritant, rubefacient, and even vesicant.--_Dose_, 1/2 dr. to 1-1/2 dr.; in enfeebled digestion, chronic diarrh[oe]a, old chronic coughs, atonic dropsies, and worms. An antispasmodic and counter-irritant liniment is made of the juice, which was formerly esteemed in chest diseases and infantile convulsions. A small clove of garlic, or a few drops of the juice, was formerly introduced into the ear in certain forms of deafness. As a condiment its properties resemble those of the onion, than which it is much more powerful.

=GAR'NET.= In _mineralogy_, one of the precious stones or gems. The finest specimens of noble garnet (SYRIAN or ORIENTAL GARNET) are brought from Pegu. According to chemical analysis, the garnet is a double silicate of alumina and lime, coloured with iron and manganese.

=Garnet, Facti''tious.= See PASTES.

=GA'RUM.= [L.] A species of pickle or sauce prepared of fish, in a state of incipient putrefaction, strongly salted and seasoned with aromatics. According to Pliny, the Romans used a species of lobster for this purpose.

=GAS.= _Syn._ GAZ, Fr. A permanently elastic aëriform fluid. In English the term 'air' is now usually restricted to the gaseous mixture forming the atmosphere, but it was formerly used as a synonym for 'gas.' The principal gases are the elementary bodies hydrogen, chlorine, oxygen and nitrogen, and the compounds ammonia, carbonic acid, carbonic oxide, carburetted hydrogen, hydrochloric acid, phosphoretted hydrogen, protoxide of nitrogen, sulphuretted hydrogen, and sulphurous acid. See these substances under their respective heads.

=Gas.= _Syn._ COAL GAS, ILLUMINATING G. The term 'gas' is popularly applied to the important mixture of hydrocarbons produced by the destructive distillation of pit-coal, and now employed as a source of artificial light in most of large towns of Europe and America. Although artificial illumination by means of coal-gas was, previous to 1819, used in Great Britain in isolated cases, and had been employed for the occasional lighting up of the mansion of Culrose Abbey in Scotland, by Lord Dundonald, as far back as 1787; and by Murdoch, in 1798, for lighting the foundry of Boulton and Watts in Soho, it does not appear to have been generally adopted in London, and the other large towns of England and Scotland until that year; since which time to the present artificial gas illumination has steadily progressed, and increased to so enormous an extent, that some works are now delivering millions of cubic feet of coal-gas a day. The apparatus used in the manufacture of gas on the large scale consists essentially of a system of closed retorts (_a_) of cast iron or fire-clay, generally having the form of a flattened cylinder, and arranged in sets of three or five, and heated by the same coal fire, as shown in the accompanying drawing.

The quantity of coal required to charge each retort is about two bushels, and it takes about four hours for the coal to give off all its gas. When it has done this the resulting coke is removed from the retort, and a fresh charge of coal is thrown into it, the mouth of the retort being then closed with a thick iron plate, and luted with clay. An iron pipe ascends from the upper side of the front of the retort, projecting from the furnace, and after describing a curve at its upper extremity, this iron pipe opens into a much wider tube, called the _hydraulic main_ (_b_), which latter passes horizontally along the front of the range of furnaces, the tubes from all the retorts dipping into it. The hydraulic main is always kept half full of the water and the tar which condenses from the ascending gas; owing to which arrangement the opening into each retort is effectually closed by a water-valve, and thus permits a fresh charge of coals to be thrown in, and of coke to be withdrawn in any one or more of the retorts, without interfering with the distillation going on in the others.

The aqueous portion of the liquid deposited in the hydraulic main, which is known as the _ammoniacal liquor_, and forms the principal source of the commercial salts of ammonia, consists principally of solution of carbonate of ammonium, but contains also sulphide, cyanide, and sulphocyanide of ammonium. After it leaves the hydraulic main, the gas passes into the _condenser_ (_e_), which is composed of a series of bent iron tubes (shown in the plate), these being kept cool either by the large surface they expose to the air, or, if necessary, by means of a stream of cold water applied to the outside.