Part 57
=BANE.= Poison; anything deleterious or destructive; a word often found joined to another, in the popular and vulgar names of plants and disease, to denote their character; as BANE'-BERRY, the herb Christopher; BANE'-WORT, deadly-nightshade; SHEEP'S BANE, the rot; &c.
=BANG, Bangue= (b[)a]ng'). [Nat.] See HEMP, INDIAN.
=BAN'IAN= (b[)a]n'-y[)a]n). The _fi'cus In'dicus_ (Linn.), or Indian fig. The fruit and young branches yield one species of gum-lac; and both the juice and bark are used medicinally.
Among sailors, BANIAN' DAYS are those on which butcher's meat is not served up at dinner.
=BANN'OCK= (-[)u]k). In Scotland and the northern counties of England, a flat round cake made of oat, rye, or barley meal, baked on an iron plate over the fire, or on the hot hearth.
=BARBS.= _Syn._ LAMPAS, SKEW. This occurs in horses from two to four years old, and arises from a little inflammation of the ridges that pass along the palate, above and behind the incisor teeth, occasionally preventing the animal from eating and setting up slight fever. The best treatment is to scarify the enlarged ridges freely with a lancet or penknife, and to give for a time bran mashes, soaked grain, and other soft food.
=BAR'BERRY.= _Syn._ PEP'PERIDGE-BUSH[double-dagger], THORNY BOX'-TREE*; BER'BERIS, B. VULGA''RIS (Linn.), L.; EPINE-VINETTE, VINETTIER, Fr.; BERBERITZE, Ger. A perennial bush or shrub common in woods and hedges. Berries (BAR'BERRIES, PEP'PERIDGES), gratefully acid, cooling, and astringent; used in pastry, but require, according to their degree of ripeness, from one half their weight to an equal weight of sugar. Both bark and berries were formerly esteemed in jaundice, biliary flukes, &c. The crushed berries with water form a refreshing fever-drink. The root dyes a fugitive yellow. See BERBERINE, JAMS, PRESERVES, &c.
=BAREGE= (barège, b[)a]r-r[=a]zhe'). [Fr.] A light woollen fabric so named from having been first made in the valley of Barèges. Of late years Paris has become celebrated for its barèges; but these are generally woven with the 'warp' of silk, and the 'woof' of wool. In the common imitations of the shops, the 'warp' is generally of cotton.
=BAREGINE= (barégine). See GLAIRINE.
=BARIL'LA.= [Eng., Ger., L., Sp.] _Syn._ SO'DÆ CAR'BONAS VENA'LE, L.; BARIG''LIA, BARIL'LOR, Sp., Lev.; BARILLE, SOUDE, Fr. The alkaline residuum of the combustion of salsola, salicornia, chenopodium, and other species of the order Chenopodiaceæ. These plants, which are cultivated on the sea-coast for the purpose, are cut down when ripe, dried, and burned in heaps, on iron bars laid across pits dug in the earth. The alkali and saline matter contained in them is thus fused, and flows into the cavity below, forming, when cold, a hard grey or bluish porous mass which is BARILLA.
_Comp._ Carbonate, sulphate, chloride, and sulphide of sodium, carbonate and sulphate of calcium, alumina, silica, oxide of iron, and imperfectly consumed carbonaceous matter, with a little iodine and bromine. The proportion of soda varies in different varieties:--
ALICANT' BARILLA; obtained chiefly from several species of _salso'la_ and from _chenopo'dium setig'erum_ (-t[)i]j'-), &c.; contains from 25% to 40% of carbonate of soda. (Guibourt.)
CANA''RY B.; from _salso'la ka'li_. (Loudon.) _French barillas_:--
_a._ NARBONNE' B., SALICOR; from _salicor'nia ann'ua_ or _herba'cea_; contains 14% to 15% of carbonate of soda.
_b._ B. OF AIGUEMORTES, BLANQUETTE; from mixed plants; contains 3% to 8% of carbonate of soda. (Guibourt.)
_c._ NOR'MANDY B., N. SODA; from _fuci_.
SIC'ILY BARILLA (s[)i]s'-). Principally from _salso'la sati'va_; furnishes 55% of carbonate of soda. (Fée.)
Good barilla, on the average, contains about 20% of real or available alkali, chiefly under the form of carbonate, besides sulphates, muriates, &c.
_Assay._ See ALKALIMETRY.
_Uses, &c._ Barilla is chiefly used in the manufacture of soap and glass; but the gross quantity imported, though annually increasing, only reached 54,608 _cwt._ in 1856; whilst the exports of soda in the same year reached to about 1,500,000 _cwt._, and in 1859 to above 2,000,000 _cwt._ This enormous quantity was chiefly furnished by our home manufactories.
Barilla is chiefly imported from Spain, Sicily, Teneriffe, and the Levant; but since the introduction of Le Blanc's process for obtaining soda from common salt, its importance and value has considerably lessened. See KELP, SODA, &c.
=BARIUM.= Ba. A metallic radical or element, of which baryta is the chief oxide, and somewhat extensively distributed. First obtained in 1808 by Sir H. Davy. Prepared from baryta by strongly heating it in an iron tube, through which the vapour of potassium is conveyed; the reduced barium being subsequently extracted from the mixed residuum by quicksilver, which is afterwards driven off in a small green-glass retort, in a vapour of mineral naphtha.
_Prop., &c._ Greyish-white, approaching silver in colour and lustre; decomposes water, and gradually oxidises in the air, with the formation of the ordinary oxide (BARYTA). It is malleable, fusible under a red heat; burns in contact with air with a deep red light, and has the sp. gr. 4·70.
_Salts._ Barium forms numerous salts, which are all either colourless or white, except a few, whose acids are coloured, as the chromate, manganate, &c. Some of them are soluble in water; one or two only are soluble in alcohol, and that very sparingly; and (with the exception of the sulphate) they are all extremely poisonous. They may be prepared by saturating solutions of the acids with either baryta-water, or carbonate of barium; and some of them may be prepared by double decomposition.
The various soluble barium salts are known by the following reactions, and they are all (except the sulphate) soluble either in water or in dilute hydrochloric acid, except the nitrate and chloride, which are not soluble in aqueous solutions of their respective acids. Their solutions give an immediate heavy white precipitate with dilute sulphuric acid, and with solutions of the sulphates, which is insoluble in dilute acids and solutions of the alkalies and of the salts of ammonia, that with a solution of sulphate of lime being very sensitive, and characteristic:--Hydrofluosilicic acid gives a very characteristic colourless crystalline and quickly subsiding precipitate, only slightly soluble in hydrochloric acid and nitric acid; alcohol, in equal volume, being added, so hastens and completes the reaction, that the filtrate is unaffected by sulphuric acid:--Chromate of potassium gives a bright yellow precipitate in neutral solutions, soluble in hydrochloric acid and in nitric acid, but insoluble in acetic acid:--Caustic potassa or soda (when quite free from carbonate), and caustic ammonia, cause no precipitate, except in highly concentrated solutions:--Alkaline carbonates give a heavy white precipitate with baryta-water or a solution of baryta, and which is all but insoluble in water, and freely soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid:--Heated with proof spirit, or pyroxilic spirit, the barium salts give a greenish-yellow tinge to the flame:--The barium salts, and particularly the chloride, when exposed on a platinum wire to the inner flame of the blowpipe, colour the outer flame yellowish-green:--Insoluble sulphate of barium may be mixed with powdered charcoal, and exposed for a short time to a full red heat, when sulphide of barium will be formed, which is freely soluble in water, and which, after being neutralised with hydrochloric acid, or acetic acid, will yield a solution suitable to the application of the usual tests. The carbonate, and the salts of barium with the organic acids, are all convertible into pure baryta by exposure to a bright red heat.
Baryta is distinguished from lime and from magnesia by its great solubility in hot water, and by the entire insolubility of its sulphate; from strontia, by being precipitated by hydrofluosilicic acid, and by not giving a red colour to the flame of alcohol; from alumina, by its causticity and alkaline reaction, and by not being precipitated from its solution in water by ammonium sulphydrate.
_Pois., &c._ The sulphate, owing to its insolubility, is the only salt of barium which is not poisonous.--_Symp._ Nausea, vomiting, pains in the head, ringing in the ears, vertigo, and intermitting cramps and convulsions; the respiration is frequently suspended for several moments, and the pupil is generally dilated. The symptoms, however, often vary, and are not very distinctive.--_Treatm., Ant., &c._ Vomiting, followed by copious draughts of water soured with sulphuric acid, or sulphate of soda (Glauber-salt) or sulphate of magnesia (Epsom-salt), dissolved in a large quantity of water. When carbonate of barium has been swallowed, a mixture of one of the above sulphates and weak vinegar should be taken after the vomiting, in order that a soluble barium salt may be first formed, on which the alkaline sulphate will act more readily. Subsequent irritation may be soothed by opium or morphia, and antiphlogistics.
=Barium, Ac'etate of.= Ba(C_{2}H_{3}O_{2}). _Syn._ BARY'TÆ ACE'TAS, L. _Prep._ From dilute sulphuric acid, neutralised with carbonate of barium, and the solution evaporated and crystallised. Very soluble in water; insoluble, or nearly so, in rectified spirit.--_Uses, Dose, &c._ Same as the chloride. It is seldom employed.
=Barium, Arse''niate of.= Ba_{3}(PO_{4})_{2}. _Syn._ BARY'TÆ ARSE''NIAS, L. _Prep._ A solution of chloride of barium is added to another of arseniate of potassium or sodium, and the precipitate collected, washed, and dried. By dissolving this salt in a solution of arsenic acid, and crystallising, BINARSE''NIATE OF BARIUM is obtained. Has been recommended in certain skin diseases, and in phthisis complicated with scrofula.--_Dose_, 1/16 to 1/4 gr.
=Barium, Ar'senite of.= Ba(AsO_{2})_{2}. _Syn._ BARY'TÆ AR'SENIS, L. Very slightly soluble.--_Use, &c._ As the last.
=Barium, Bromide of.= BaBr_{2}. _Syn._ BA''RII BROMI'DUM, L.; BROMURE DE BARYUM, &c., Fr. _Prep._ Boil a solution of protobromide of iron with moist carbonate of barium, in slight excess; filter, evaporate to dryness, and heat the residuum to redness. By careful evaporation of its aqueous solution it may be obtained in crystals. It is soluble in both alcohol and water, and its physiological properties resemble those of iodide of barium.
=Barium, Carbonate of.= BaCO_{3}. _Syn._ CARBONATE OF BARY'TA; BARY'TÆ CAR'BONAS, L.; CARBONATE DE BARYTE, &c., Fr.; KOHLENSAURES, BARYT, &c., Ger. A heavy white mass or powder, very nearly insoluble in water, and decomposed by nearly all the acids. It is found in the crude state abundantly in nature, but can only be obtained absolutely pure by adding an alkaline carbonate to a solution of chloride of barium, or by saturating the hydrate with carbonic anhydride, and in either case washing and drying the precipitate. Native carbonate of barium (_witherite_) is ordered in the pharmacop[oe]ias, and is sufficiently pure for making the barium salts, the only purpose to which it is therein applied.
_Uses._ In _pharmacy_, &c., chiefly to prepare barium salts. In _chemistry_, to separate certain metallic oxides when occurring together in solutions. In the _arts_, as a base for certain delicate colours, as an ingredient in plate-glass, in the manufacture of beet sugar, &c. It is not used in medicine. It is extremely poisonous.
=Barium, Bisulphide.= This substance may be obtained as a fine yellow-coloured product by shaking a solution of barium chloride with a mixture of ammonium sulphide and carbon disulphide. It is insoluble in alcohol, soluble in water, and rapidly dissolved by slightly acidulated water.
=Barium, Chloride of.= BaCl_{2}.2Aq. _Syn._ CHLORIDE OF BARIUM; BARII CHLORIDUM, L.; CHLORURE DE BARYUM, CHLORHYDRATE DE BARYTE, &c., Fr.; SALZSÄURE SCHWERERDE, CHLORBARIUM, Ger. Neutralise a hot dilute solution of hydrochloric acid with carbonate of barium, evaporate down, and crystallise. Sulphide of barium can be substituted for the carbonate. If required chemically pure, gaseous hydrochloric acid is transmitted through a concentrated solution of common or impure chloride of barium, as long as a precipitate forms; the resulting crystalline powder, which is nearly the whole of the chloride of barium present, is collected on a filter, and, after draining, is washed repeatedly with small quantities of pure hydrochloric acid, until the washings, diluted with water, and precipitated with sulphuric acid, give a filtrate which, upon evaporation in a platinum capsule or a watch-glass, leaves no residue; the last traces of acid having been removed by a little alcohol applied in a like manner, the powder is at once dried, and then carefully preserved from the air.--Used in analysis.
_Prop., &c._ Crystals, flat, four-sided tables, colourless and transparent; sometimes double eight-sided pyramids; slightly efflorescent in dry warm air, but otherwise permanent; decrepitate when heated, and lose their water of crystallisation; fuse at a red heat; volatilise at a white heat; insoluble in hydrochloric acid and in alcohol, slightly soluble in rectified spirit, and very soluble in water; water at 60° dissolves 43-1/2% of the crystals, and nearly 37% of the dry salt; and when boiling 75% of the former, and about 66% of the latter; a saturated boiling solution (223° Fahr.) contains 100 parts of water, and 78 parts of the crystallised salt.
The crystals contain 2 atoms of water; and a formula of BaCl_{2} + 2Aq.
_Uses, Phys. eff., &c._ In _chemistry_, it is employed as a test for sulphuric acid and the soluble sulphates. In _medicine_, it has been employed, both internally and externally, as an alterative, resolvent, and deobstruent, in scrofula, glandular swellings, and enlargements, scirrhous cancer, skin diseases, &c.; and more particularly in the first with marked benefit. In large doses it is poisonous. According to Sir B. Brodie, its action on animals is analogous to that of arsenic. Locally, it acts as an irritant. A very weak solution, used as a lotion, often proves serviceable in herpetic eruptions, and as a collyrium in scrofulous ophthalmia. _Dose_, 1/2 gr. thrice a day, in water, gradually increased to 2 or 3 gr.
=Barium, Chlorate of.= Ba(ClO_{3})_{2}. _Syn._ CHLORATE OF BARY'TA; BARY'TÆ CHLO''RAS, L. _Prep._ From a solution of chloric acid neutralised with freshly precipitated carbonate of barium; the resulting solution, after filtration, being crystallised by evaporation.
By passing chlorine through strong milk of hydrate or of carbonate of barium, in the same way as in making chlorate of potassium.
_Prop., &c._ Soluble in 4 parts of cold water. Used in pyrotechny, and to make chloric acid.
=Barium, Ferrocy'anide of.= Ba_{2}FeC_{6}N_{6}. _Syn._ BA''RII FERROCYANI'DUM, L. From pure ferrocyanide of iron digested in baryta water. By careful evaporation, efflorescent prismatic crystals may be obtained, soluble in 4-1/2 parts of water.
=Barium, Fluoride of.= BaF_{2}. _Syn._ BA''RII FLUORI'DUM, &c., L. A white powder, formed by digesting freshly precipitated carbonate of barium in hydrofluoric acid, in excess.
=Barium, Hydrate of.= Ba(HO)_{2}. _Syn._ HYDRATE OF BARYTA; BARYTÆ HYDRAS, L. _Prep._ By digesting caustic baryta, or barium oxide, with a little water, or igniting gently the crystallised hydrate. It can be obtained crystallised as follows:
1. From a concentrated solution of either nitrate or chloride of barium, precipitated with a rather strong solution of pure potassa, or of pure soda, perfectly free from carbonic acid.
2. A strong solution of sulphide of barium is boiled with successive portions of black oxide of copper, until it ceases to give a black precipitate with a salt of lead; the liquid, after filtration, yields crystals of the hydrate on cooling.
=Prop., Uses, &c.= Forms a bulky white powder, containing 10-1/2% of water of hydration, which it retains even after ignition. In this state it is soluble in 20 parts of cold water, and in 2 parts of boiling water. The hot saturated solution, as it cools, deposits abundantly columnar crystals (CRYS'TALLISED HYDRATE OF B.), which contain 51-1/2% of water, of which they lose, by drying and ignition, 88-3/4% (= 4-3/4% of their weight), being reduced to the state of the common or amorphous hydrate. Of all the bases it has the strongest affinity for both sulphuric and carbonic acid, and hence its solution (BARY'TA-WATER) and those of its neutral salts (nitrate or chloride) form our most sensitive tests for these substances. Sp. gr. 4·3 to 4·7. The crystallised hydrate is converted into the ordinary hydrate at a gentle heat, and this last fuses at a low red heat without losing its water of hydration, which it only slowly and with difficulty begins to part with at higher temperatures. In _chemistry_, its uses are, for the most part, similar to those of BARIUM, OXIDE OF.
=Barium, Iodide of.= Ba_{2}I. _Syn._ BA''RII IODI'DUM, L.; IODURE DE BARYUM, &c., Fr.
_Prep._ 1. Dissolve sulphide of barium in water, and add iodine (gradually) in excess; after the reaction is complete, filter, and either evaporate to dryness, or crystallise.
2. Digest freshly precipitated carbonate of barium, in excess, in a hot solution of protiodide of iron; filter and evaporate to dryness; then re-dissolve and crystallise.
3. By saturating hydriodic acid with oxide or carbonate of barium.
_Prop., &c._ A white or greyish-white mass, or acicular crystals (according to the mode of its preparation); very soluble in water and in alcohol; and decomposed by exposure to the air. It has been highly recommended as an alterative, resolvent, and liquefacient, particularly in scrofula, glandular swellings, chronic inflammations, and the other affections in which chloride of barium and iodine are given.--_Dose_, 1/12th to 1/8th gr. (gradually and cautiously increased to 1 gr.), in distilled water, 2 or 3 times a day. Externally, as an ointment (3 or 4 gr., to lard, 1 oz.), as an application to scrofulous swellings. (Biett.) It possesses all the irritant, corrosive, and poisonous properties of the chloride, but in a much more violent degree.
=Barium, Nitrate of.= Ba(NO_{3})_{2}. _Syn._ NITRATE OF BARYTA; BARY'TÆ NI'TRAS, L. _Prep._ As the acetate or chloride of barium, substituting pure nitric acid for acetic or hydrochloric acid.
_Prop., &c._ Transparent, colourless octahedrons, which are anhydrous, insoluble in alcohol, and require about 8 parts of cold water, and about 3 parts of boiling water, for solution.
_Uses._ In _chemistry_, to prepare baryta, and as a test for sulphuric acid and the soluble sulphates; and in _pyrotechny_, to give a green tinge to flame.
=Barium, Oxalate of.= BaC_{2}O_{4}. _Syn._ OX'ALATE OF BARYTA; BARY'TÆ OX'ALAS, L. _Prep._ By precipitating a barium salt with oxalate of ammonium. Very nearly insoluble.
=Barium, Oxide of.= BaO. _Syn._ BARYTA, BARY'TES, CAU'STIC BARYTA*, OX'IDE OF BA''RIUM, PROTOX'IDE OF B., HEAV'Y EARTH; BARYTE, OXIDE DE BARIUM, TERRE PESANTE[dagger], &c., Fr.; BARYT, BARYTERDE, SCHWERERDE, &c., Ger. One of the earths discovered by Scheele in 1774.
_Sources._ Sulphate and carbonate of barium are abundant minerals, forming the 'vein-stone' of many lead mines. It is from the latter that baryta and the barium salts are almost exclusively obtained.
_Prep._ 1. A mixture of carbonate of barium and charcoal (both in fine powder and moistened) is strongly ignited, for some time, in a porcelain, Hessian, or black-lead crucible, and then allowed to cool out of contact with the air, from which it must also be subsequently carefully preserved.
2. (Pure.) Crystallised nitrate of barium is calcined in a capacious covered porcelain or Hessian crucible, at a bright red heat, until red (nitrous) vapours are no longer disengaged, even on raising the temperature; and the residuum, as soon as the temperature has fallen sufficiently, but whilst still warm, is at once transferred to a bottle, as before.
3. M. Rosenthiel's process is founded upon the decomposition of sulphide of barium dissolved in boiling water by oxide of zinc. Caustic baryta and sulphate of zinc are formed.
_Prop._ A greyish-white, spongy, earthy-looking mass, fusible only before the oxyhydrogen blowpipe; highly caustic, corrosive, and alkaline, and slaking, like quick-lime, on the addition of water, but with the evolution of more heat.
=Barium, Peroxide of.= BaO_{2}. _Syn._ DEUTOX'IDE OF BARIUM; BA''RII BINOX'YDUM, &c. L.; BINOXIDE DE BARYUM, &c., Fr. _Prep._ Pure baryta is heated to full redness in a porcelain tube, and a stream of pure dry oxygen passed over it as long as the gas is absorbed.
Baryta, 4 parts, is heated as above in a platinum crucible, and chlorate of potassium, 1 part, gradually added to it; the chloride of potassium formed along with the binoxide being afterwards washed away with cold water.
_Prop., &c._ Grey or greyish-white; with water it forms a hydrate, which is slightly soluble in water, and undecomposed by it in the cold. It is interesting chiefly in its relations with peroxide of hydrogen and the oxygenised acids of M. Thénard.
=Barium, Phosphate of.= Ba(PO_{4})_{2}. _Prep._ In a similar manner to the oxalate, which it resembles in being an almost insoluble white powder.
=Barium, Sulphate of.= BaSO_{4}. _Syn._ SULPHATE OF BARYTA, HEAV'Y SPAR, BOLO''GNIAN S., CAWK (mi); BARY'TÆ SUL'PHAS (Ph. E. & D.), SPA'THIUM PONDERO'SUM, &c., L.; SULFATE DE BARYTE, SPATH PESANT, &c., Fr.; SCHWEFELSAURES BARYT, SCHWERSPATH, &c., Ger. This salt is found native, often in beautiful tabular crystals, but more frequently in white or reddish-white masses. It is also occasionally prepared artificially, as a pigment and chemical, by decomposing a solution of chloride of barium with dilute sulphuric acid, or with a solution of sulphate of sodium; the resulting precipitate being collected, well washed, and dried.
=Prop., &c.= When pure, or free from iron, its powder is white. It is insoluble in water, and nearly insoluble in all other menstrua; before the blowpipe it decrepitates, fuses with great difficulty (by which it is distinguished from the sulphates of strontium and calcium), and ultimately melts into a hard, white enamel. Mixed with charcoal, and heated to redness in a covered crucible, it is reduced to sulphide of barium. It is readily decomposed by fusion with alkaline carbonates; also very slightly so by their cold solutions; but ultimately completely, though slowly, by their boiling solutions. Sp. gr. 4·3 to 4·75.
_Uses._ Chiefly as a pigment (PER'MANENT WHITE), and to adulterate white-lead; for which purposes the native sulphate is commonly well washed, first in very dilute sulphuric acid, and afterwards in pure water, to remove any iron which may contaminate it, and impair its whiteness. It is also used to form sulphide of barium; and, in _pyrotechny_, instead of the more expensive nitrate.
=Barium, Sulphide of.= BaS. _Syn._ SUL'PHIDE OF BARIUM, SUL'PHURET OF BARYTA; BA''RII SULPHURE'TUM, &c., L.; SULFURE DE BARYUM, &c., Fr. _Prep._ Sulphate of barium, well dried and in fine powder, 3 parts; powdered charcoal or powdered coal, 1 part; the mixture is pressed tightly into an earthen crucible, and the cover being fitted on, it is exposed for 1-1/2 to 2 hours, to a bright red heat; after it has cooled, the black mass thus obtained is powdered, and boiled in water, and the resulting solution allowed to crystallise. Some authorities recommend forming the mixed powders into a stiff paste with oil, or oil of turpentine, before calcination; but this is not at all necessary.