Part 37

=ANTAC'ID= (-t[)a]s'-[)i]d). _Syn._ ANTAC'IDUS, L.; ANTACIDE, &c., Fr.; SÄURETILGEND, &c., Ger. An agent which neutralises acids or removes acidity. (See _below._)

=ANTAC'IDS= (-t[)a]s'-[)i]dz). _Syn._ ANTAC'IDA, L.; ANTACIDES, &c., Fr. Antacid substances. In _medicine_, &c., substances which remove or prevent acidity of the stomach, and thus tend to relieve heartburn, dyspepsia, and diarrh[oe]a.

The principal antacids are potassa, soda, ammonia, lime, and magnesia, with their carbonates and bicarbonates. AMMONIA is one of the most powerful, and when the acidity is conjoined with nausea and faintness, or is accompanied with symptoms of nervous derangement or hysteria, is undoubtedly the best; when great irritability of the coats of the stomach exist, POTASH is to be preferred; when the acidity is accompanied with diarrh[oe]a, carbonate of lime (prepared chalk), lime-water, or Carara-water; and when with costiveness, MAGNESIA. They may be advantageously combined with some simple aromatic, as ginger, cinnamon, or peppermint. Their preparation, doses, administration, &c., will be found under each in its alphabetical place; and formulæ containing them, under DRAUGHTS, LOZENGES, MIXTURES, &c.

=ANTAL'GICS= (-t[)a]l'-). _Syn._ ANTAL'GICA, L. Medicines which relieve pain; anodynes.

=ANTAL'KALINES= ([)a]nt-[)a]l'-k[)a]-l[)i]nz). _Syn._ ANTALKALI'NA, L. Agents or medicines which correct alkalinity. All the acids except the carbonic are antalkaline.

=AN'TE-.= In _composition_, before, contrary, opposite; generally in the first sense. See ANTI-.

=ANTEPIDEMICUM UNIVERSALE= (H. Müller, Copenhagen). "A valuable universal remedy for all sorts of contagious diseases in man or domestic animals." A fluid like water, with a weak, almost imperceptible, odour of acetic ether. Is composed of spring water, in which perhaps two or three drops of pure carbolic acid are dissolved, and a few drops of acetic ether added to disguise it. (Hager.)

=ANTHELMIN'TICS, Anthelmin'thics= (-th[)e]l-). See VERMIFUGES and WORMS.

=AN'THIARINE= (-[)i]n). See ANTHIRINE.

=ANTHOK'YAN=. _Syn._ SUCC'US VI'OLÆ PREPARA'TUS, L. The expressed juice of the sweet or purple violet (vi'ola odora'ta--Linn.), defecated, gently heated in glass or earthenware to 192° Fahr., then skimmed, cooled, and filtered; a little rectified spirit is next added, and the following day the whole is again filtered. It must be kept well corked, and in a cool situation.

_Uses, &c._ Chiefly to make syrup of violets, to colour and flavour liqueurs, and as a chemical test. The London druggists obtain it principally from Lincolnshire.

=AN'THONY'S FIRE=, Saint (-to-n[)i]z). See ERYSIPELAS.

=ANTHOSENZ= (Dr Hess, Berlin). General tonic and anodyne balsam. Oil of cloves, 4 parts; oil of geranium, 2 parts; pine-apple essence, 1 part; spirit, 50 parts; coloured with alkanet root. (Hager.)

=AN'THOTYPE.= See PHOTOGRAPHY.

=ANTHRACENE.= C_{14}H_{10}. Anthracene is one of the last products passing over in the dry distillation of coal-tar. Dr Calvert says it is "found most abundantly in the ten or fifteen per cent. which comes over between the temperature at which soft pitch is produced and that at which hard pitch is formed."

Coal-tar contains very variable quantities of anthracene, those tars procured from coals which are richest in naphtha yielding it most abundantly. The coals of South Staffordshire give the largest yield, whilst the Newcastle coals give very little. In consequence of the solubility of anthracene in the oily hydrocarbons which accompany it, owing to "slight elevation of temperature, its extraction can only be carried on advantageously in cold weather."

Gessert prepares anthracene from coal-tar as follows: He places the last pasty portions (the 'green grease') of the coal-tar distillation (which must not be carried beyond the point at which white pitch is formed) first in a centrifugal machine, and then in a hydraulic press at 40°, or subjects the mass heated to 30°-40° directly to pressure in a filter press. The pressed mass consists of about 60% of anthracene; for further purification it is boiled with light tar-oil or petroleum naphtha, and finally heated till it melts. The residue contains 95% of anthracene.

The following method for the purification of crude anthracene contaminated with oily matters is by Schuller:--The crude anthracene is carefully heated to commencing ebullition in a capacious retort connected with a tubulated receiver of glass or earthenware, the lower aperture of which is closed with a fine wire sieve. A strong current of air is then blown into the retort with a pair of bellows, whereby the anthracene is driven over in a very short time nearly pure and dry, and condenses in the receiver as a faintly yellowish showy mass. By this method a quantity of anthracene, the purification of which by re-crystallisation or sublimation would take several days, may be purified in as many hours; moreover it is obtained in a pulverulent form, in which it is very readily acted on by oxidising agents. Anthraquinone prepared from crude anthracene may also be obtained by this method in the form of a light yellow powder, resembling flowers of sulphur.

Fritzsche obtained anthracene in crystals exhibiting a beautiful violet colour by exposing a solution of anthracene in coal-tar naphtha to sunshine, until the solution became colourless.

Pure anthracene assumes the form of fluorescent transparent crystals, consisting of four- or six-sided plates, which when seen by transmitted light are of a very pale blue colour, but of a pale violet by reflected light.

The process for obtaining pure anthracene is a very troublesome one. Mr Crookes says:--"A trustworthy method for determining the amount of pure anthracene either in commercial anthracene or in crude green grease is the following:--The melting-point of the sample in question is first determined. 5 to 10 grammes are sufficient for the operation. It is put between thick folds of blotting paper, and placed under a press, between plates which have been previously warmed. The anthracene remaining upon the paper after pressure is weighed. The residue after it has been boiled with a certain quantity of alcohol, filtered, washed with cold alcohol and dried, is weighed as pure anthracene. It is now advisable to determine the melting-point of the purified product, which will generally be 210° C." Anthracene is only slightly soluble in alcohol, but rather more so in ether and bisulphide of carbon. It is more soluble in hot, but less so in cold benzene. Petroleum boiling between 160° and 195° F. dissolves less than benzene.

"Anthracene dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid with a green colour, and forms conjugated monsulpho or bisulpho-anthracene acid, according to the temperature employed. Chlorine and bromine give rise to substitution products. Nitric acid acts on it with great violence, with formation of anthraquinone, nitro-anthraquinone, and other compounds according to the temperature and proportion of the substances taken. With picric acid anthracene forms a compound crystallising in very bright ruby-red needles, which by the aid of the microscope are seen to be prisms. To prepare it a saturated solution of picric acid in water at 80° F. is mixed with a saturated solution of anthracene in boiling alcohol; on cooling the compound is deposited in the crystalline state. It is rapidly decomposed by an excess of alcohol into picric acid and anthracene, the solution assuming a yellow tint. This reaction can be employed to distinguish anthracene from naphthalene and other hydrocarbons, naphthalin under similar circumstances forming a compound which crystallises in fine golden yellow needles, whilst chrysene gives rise to clusters of very small yellow needles." (Calvert's 'Dyeing and Calico Printing,' edited by Stenhouse and Groves). Another characteristic of anthracene, noticed by Fritzsche, is its deportment under the microscope with a solution of binitro-anthraquinone in benzene. In this reaction fine rhomboidal scales of a beautiful pink colour are formed, the purity and brilliancy of the colour depending on the purity of the anthracene.

In the 'Bul. Soc. Chim.,' vii, 274, several reactions by which anthracene is formed are described by Berthelot, as by the action of heat on other hydrocarbons, or by passing the vapours of ethylene, styrolene, and benzene through a porcelain tube heated to bright redness.

A great number of products are procured from anthracene, by far the most important of these being artificial alizarin.

See ALIZARIN, ARTIFICIAL.

=AN'THRACITE= (s[=i]te). [Eng., Fr.] _Syn._ ANTHRAC'OLITE, GLANCE'-COAL, STONE'-COAL[double-dagger], MINERAL CHAR'COAL*; ANTHRACI'TES, L.; GLANZKOHLE, Ger. A species of coal found in the transition-rock formation, consisting chiefly of dense carbon. It has a conchoidal fracture, a semi-metallic lustre, and a sp. gr. usually varying from 1·4 to 1·6. It burns without either flame or smoke, emits an intense heat, and leaves scarcely any ash; but it is difficult to kindle, and requires a lively draught for its combustion. It is the common fuel in the United States of America, although, until recently, scarcely employed in Europe, and that chiefly in a few iron works and steam furnaces. Its adoption in this country would not merely at once remove the smoke nuisance, but would produce a vast annual saving to the community. By contracting the throat of the chimney a little, and avoiding the use of the poker, it may be burnt in a common grate. The Americans use a little charcoal as kindle, and seldom supply fresh coal to the fire oftener than once or twice a day.

The inferior varieties of anthracite are technically and provincially called culm; as is also the small and waste of the better kinds.

For the analysis, geology, calorific value, &c., of anthracite, see COAL, CULM, EVAPORATION, FUEL, HEAT, &c.

De la Beche describes Anthracite as "a variety of coal containing a larger proportion of carbon, and less bituminous matter, than common coal."

In the 'Memoirs of the Geological Survey' we read:--"We see the same series of coal beds becoming so altered in their horizontal range that a set of beds _bituminous_ in one locality is observed gradually to change into anthracitic in another. Taking the coal measures of South Wales and Monmouthshire, we have a series of accumulations in which the coal-beds become not only more anthracitic toward the west, but also exhibit this change in a plane which may be considered as dipping south-south-east, at a moderate angle, the amount of which is not yet clearly ascertained, so that in the natural sections afforded, we have bituminous coals in the high grounds and anthracite coals beneath. This fact is readily observed either in the Neath or Swansea valleys, where we have bituminous coals on the south and anthracite on the north; and more bituminous coal-beds on the heights than beneath, some distance up these valleys, those of the Nedd and Tawe. Though the terms bituminous coal and anthracite, have been applied to marked differences, the changes are that there is no sudden modification to be seen. To some of the intermediate kinds the term "free burning" has been given, and thus three chief differences have been recognised."

The term _Culm_ is applied both to an inferior kind of anthracite only worked for lime-making and mixing with clay and to the small pieces of anthracite obtained in working the beds of true anthracite. It is also known under the names of _Blind-coal_, _Glance-coal_, and _Kilkenny-coal_.

There are three distinct trades in anthracite. The first one is that where the coal is sold just as it is brought from the pit. This is termed _Through Culm_, and is used for lime-burning. This coal is inferior in quality to that from which the large coal has been removed, and is sometimes called _Bastard Stone-coal_. The trade in the Neath district is exclusively of this kind. In Swansea and Llanelly it is partly of this kind and partly of the kind where the large coal is picked out and sold as _stone-coal_ for the various purposes to which that coal is put, the small pieces being left for shipment to places where it is required for lime-burning, under the name of _stone-coal culm_. No "through culm" is shipped from Pembrokeshire. Four thousand tons almost in the condition of dust are annually shipped from Swansea, under the name of _Lambskin_, being sent to Cardiganshire, where it is used solely for mixing with clay. This mixture, which is known under the name of _Fireballs_, is used for household purposes. This mixture, made of the ordinary _stone-coal culm_, is also in very general use throughout parts of Pembrokeshire and Carmarthenshire.

Anthracite coal is found in this country at Bideford in Devonshire, at Walsall in Staffordshire, in the western divisions of the South Wales coalfield, in Ireland, and near Edinburgh. It is very abundant in America. In the 'Transactions of the American Geologists' it is stated by Professor Roger that in the great Apalachian coal-field, 720 miles in extent, with a chief breadth of 180 miles, the coal is bituminous towards the western limit, where it is level and unbroken, becoming anthracite towards the south-west, where it becomes disturbed. Anthracite coal is also found in the coal-measures of France, more particularly in the departments of Isère, the high Alps, Gard, Mayenne, and of Sarth. About 42,271,000 kilogrammes (of 22,046 avoirdupois pounds each) form the annual yield. Anthracite is also obtained in Belgium. "Anthracite is not an original variety of coal, but a modification of the same beds which remain bituminous in other parts of the region. Anthracite beds, therefore, are not separate deposits in another sea, nor coal-measures in another area, nor interpolations among bituminous coal; but the bituminous beds themselves altered into a natural coke, from which the volatile bituminous oils and gases have been driven off."--_Lesley on Coal_.

+-------------------+-------+--------+------ Locality. | Name of Coal. |Carbon.|Volatile|Ashes. | | |matter. | ------------------------+-------------------+-------+--------+------ | _Bituminous_. | | | | | | | Birtley Works, | | | | Newcastle-on-Tyne | | 60·50 | 35·50 | 4·00 Alfreton, Derbyshire | | 52·46 | 42·50 | 2·04 | | | | | _Anthracite_. | | | | | | | Neath Abbey |Pwlferon Vein, | 91·08 | 8·00 | 0·92 | 5th bed | | | Swansea |Peacock Coal | 89·00 | 7·50 | 3·50 Ystalyfera |Brass Vein | 92·46 | 6·04 | 1·50 Cwm Neath |Nine-feet Vein | 93·12 | 5·22 | 1·50 France |Anthracite, common | 79·15 | 7·35 |13·25 " |Côte-d'Or | 82·60 | 8·60 | 8·80 " |Mais Saize | 83·80 | 7·50 | 9·50 Pennsylvania |Beaver Meadow | 92·30 | 6·42 | 1·28 " |Shenoweth Vein | 94·10 | 1·40 | 4·50 " |Black Spring Gap | 80·57 | 7·15 | 3·28 " |Nealey's Tunnel | 89·20 | 5·40 | 5·40 Massachusetts |Mansfield Mine | 97·00 | 10·50 | 3·00 Rhode Island |Portsmouth Mine | 85·84 | 10·50 | 3·66 Westphalia |Shafberg, | 82·02 | 8·69 | 9·29 | Alexander Seam | | | ------------------------+-------------------+-------+--------+------

Anthracite, the exclusive employment of which is for iron-making, steam engines, and for domestic uses in the United States, was some 60 years since regarded as incombustible refuse, and as such looked upon as rubbish and thrown away.

The foregoing analyses of bituminous and anthracite coals will sufficiently show the difference between the two.

_Principal Localities of Anthracite and Anthracitous Coal._ Weight Specific of a EUROPE. Gravity. cubic yard in lbs. South Wales--Swansea 1·263 2131 Cyfarthfa 1·337 2256 Ynscedwin 1·354 2284 Average 1·445 2278 Ireland--Mean 1·445 2376 France--Allier 1·380 2207 Tantal 1·390 2283 Brassac 1·430 2413 Belgium--Mons 1·307 2105 Westphalia 1·305 2278 Prussian Saxony 1·466 2474 Saxony 1·300 2193

Average of Europe 2281

AMERICA.

Pennsylvania-- Lyken's Valley 1·327 2240 Lebanon Co., Grey Vein 1·379 2327 Schuylkin Co., Lorberry Creek 1·472 2484 Pottsville, Sharp Mount 1·412 2382 Peach 1·446 2440 Salem Vein 1·574 2649 Tamaqua, North Vein 1·600 2700 Maunch Chunk 1·550 2615 Nesquehoning 1·558 2646 Wilkesbarre, best 1·472 2884 West Mahoney 1·371 2313 Beaver Meadow 1·600 2700 Girardville 1·600 2700 Hazelton 1·550 2615 Broad Mountain 1·700 2869 Lackawanna 1·609 2715 Massachusetts--Mansfield 1·710 2882 Rhode Island--Portsmouth 1·810 3054

Average in United States 2601

The calorific value of anthracite coal is well shown by the following results from Dr Fyfe's experiments, to compare Scotch and English bituminous coals with anthracite, in regard to their evaporative power, in a high-pressure boiler of a 4-horse engine having a grate with 8·15 square feet of surface; also in a waggon-shaped copper boiler, open to the air, surface 18 feet, grate 1·55:--

KEY: A - Pounds burnt per hour on the Grate. B - Duration of the Trial in hours. C - Temperature of the Water. D - Pounds of Water evaporated from the initial Temperature by 1 lb. of coal. E - Pounds of Water at 212° from a lb. of Coal. F - Coal per hour on one sq. ft. of Grate. G - Time in seconds of consuming 1 lb. of Coal. H - Pounds evaporated per hour from each sq. ft. of surface.

+--------+-------+------+------+-------+-------+--------+------+---------------- Kind of Fuel | | | | | | | | | employed. | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | Remarks. -------------------+--------+-------+------+------+-------+-------+--------+------+---------------- Middlerig Scotch | 81·33 | 9 | 45° | 6·66 | 7·74 | 10·00 | 44·27 | ... |Pressure 17 lbs. coal | | | | | | | | | per square in. Scotch coal, | 108 | 5 | 170° | 6·62 | 6·89 | 13·25 | 33·33 | ... |Ditto. different variety | | | | | | | | | from preceding | | | | | | | | | ANTHRACITE | 47·94 | 8-1/2 | 45° | 8·73 | 10·10 | 5·88 | 75·09 | ... |Ditto. Scotch coal, from | 8·24 | 8-1/2 | 50° | 5·38 | 6·90 | 5·31 | 436·89 | 3·15 |Lower pressure, near Edinburgh | | | | | | | | | open copper | | | | | | | | | boiler. English bituminous | 6·07 | 8·4 | 50° | 7·84 | 9·07 | 3·91 | 503·08 | 3·06 |Ditto. coal | | | | | | | | | -------------------+--------+-------+------+------+-------+-------+--------+------+---------------

Space will not admit of our entering fully into the question of the evaporative power of anthracite, but its advantages under certain conditions are fully established.

=AN'THRACOKA'LI=. [Eng., L.] _Syn_. ANTHRAKOKA'LI, ANTHRAK'ALI; AN'THRACOKA'LI, Hamb. C. 1845. _Prep_. 1. (Polya.) Carbonate of potassa, 6 oz.; quick-lime, 3-1/2 oz.; water, 4 pints; proceed as directed for solution of potassa, then evaporate the clear liquid, in an iron capsule, to about 6 fl. oz., add of finely powdered mineral coal 5 oz., boil, with constant stirring, to dryness, and continue the stirring at a reduced heat, until the whole is converted into a homogeneous black powder, which must be at once placed in small, dry, and well-stoppered phials.

2. (Hamb. C. 1845; Ph. Baden, 1841.) Hydrate of potassa, 7 dr.; melt, add of cannel coal, 5 dr., and then proceed as before.

_Prop. &c._ A deliquescent black powder, with a caustic taste, and empyreumatic smell; 10 gr. with 1 fl. oz. of water, after filtration, forms a clear, dark brown solution, giving a precipitate with acids, without effervescence.--_Dose_, 1 to 3 gr., twice or thrice daily; and externally, made into a pomade or ointment (1/2 to 1 dr., to lard, 1 oz.); in skin diseases (particularly herpetic eruptions), scrofula, chronic rheumatism, &c. It has been highly extolled by Dr Gilbert, and by its inventor, Dr Polya; but apparently undeservedly.

=Anthracokali Sulphuretted.= _Syn._ ANTHRACOKALI SULPHURETUM, L. _Prep._ (Polya.) As formula 1 (_above_), but adding sulphur, 4 dr., immediately after stirring in the powdered coal.--_Dose_, _use_, &c., as the last. See FULIGOKALI.

=ANTHRACOM'ETER.= _Syn._ ANTRACOM'ETRUM, L.; ANTHRACOMÈTRE, Fr.; KOHLENSÄUREMESSER, Ger. An apparatus used to determine the heating power or commercial value of coal, or other fuel; also an instrument for finding the proportion of carbonic acid in any gaseous mixture.

=ANTHRAPURPURIN.= C_{14}H_{8}O_{5}.--A colouring matter obtained as a secondary product in the preparation of alizarin from anthracen. It may be prepared by dissolving the crude colouring matter in a dilute solution of carbonate of soda, and shaking up the resulting solution with freshly precipitated alumina, which combines with the alizarin, leaving the anthrapurpurin in solution. This is filtered off from the alizarin lake, heated to boiling, and acidified with hydrochloric acid. The colouring matter which is precipitated is thrown on to a filter, washed and dried.

Anthrapurpurin has about the same affinity for mordants as alizarin. It forms red with alumina, and purple and black with iron mordants. The reds are much purer and less blue in colour than those of the alizarin, whilst the purples are bluer and the blacks more intense. The anthrapurpurin colours resist soap and light quite as effectively as those produced with alizarin. When employed to dye Turkey-red, anthrapurpurin gives a very brilliant scarlet shade of colour, which is of remarkable durability.

=ANTHYPNOTICS= (-th[)i]p-). _Syn._ ANTIHYPNOT'ICS (-h[)i]p-), &c. See AGRIPNOTICS.

=AN'TI-.= [Gr., [Greek: anti], against.] In _composition_, before, against, contrary to, corrective of, &c., more especially representing antagonism or opposition; whilst the Latin _ante-_ is generally used in the sense of before, having reference to precedence either of place or time.