A Finnish Grammar

The prolative, ending in =-tse=, is not often used and is perhaps identical with the termination =-ten=, found in some adverbs (=täten=, =miten=, =siten=, etc.). The caritive ha...

My object in writing this book has been to give an account of Finnish sufficient to enable any one to understand the grammatical structure of the written language, and also to p...

Causal, temporal and consecutative sentences offer no special peculiarities, being introduced by the conjunctions given in the accidence and having the verb in the indicative mo...

(1) The passive of ordinary verbs is used absolutely; that is to say, no noun is connected with it as subject or object. =Koulussa kirjoitetaan ja luetaan=, _they read and write...

It is noticeable that while the imperfects and other tenses are =tuotihin=, =sanotihim=, etc., the present has =tuodahan=, =sanotahan=, etc. This points to the syllable =tta= or...

=19.= Likewise =e= remains in disyllables where it is preceded by =ht=, or by any two consonants of which the last is not =t= or =s=: =tähte=, _star_, and =lehte=, _leaf_, form...

(3) When the action of the verb is continuous and not finished. =Hän lukee kirjaa=, _he is reading the book_. =Seppä takoo rautaa=, _the smith is hammering the iron_. =Hän juuri...

They possess the vowel harmony, and apparently a law for the weakening of consonants analogous to that of Finnish and Esthonian, e.g. =kinta=, =kindan=; =mat=, =maden=; =sok=, =...

(1) =Kuka= is a substantive. The nominative singular and plural means _who?_ and is only used of persons. The remaining cases =kussa=, =kusta=, =kuhun= _or_ =kunne=, =kuin=, =ku...

III. It is used analogously to the adessive (No. IV), to express cessation from an occupation, game, or meal. =Miehet tulivat ongelta=, _the men came home from fishing_. =Tulimm...

Also in a number of metaphorical expressions. =Olla eksyksissä=, _to be in error_; =olla hyvässä kunnossa=, _to be in good condition_; =olla hyvässä turvassa=, _to be safe_; =ol...

(1) In the nominative, as the subject to the verb =olla= in affirmative sentences. It then denotes the necessity or propriety of performing an action, the subject of which is pu...

The termination =i= is added to dissyllables ending in =ä=, =e=, =i=, and also to such dissyllables ending in =a= as have =o= or =u= as their first vowel, whereas dissyllables i...

[Note 181: Nominative of compar. of =paha=, _bad_ (p. 42), with adv. affix =kana=. N.B. As =ei= is indic. and not imper. the line must mean ‘the meanest man _will_ not.’]

_c._ =Jälkeen= means simply _after_, the force of the illative case having been lost. =Kristuksen syntymän jälkeen=, _after the birth of Christ_. =Minun luuloni jälkeen=, _accor...

He set out to fetch words from Tuoni (Words of) power from Manala; Going he stepped firmly, Went a week through forests of young trees, A second week through bird cherries, 155...

[Note 342: The magic smith of Kalevala and forger of the Sampo; after many trials he married the maiden of Pohja (xix.), and the marriage is described in xx-xxv., but in xxxiii....

[Note 91: Essive sing. of stem =täyte=, in apposition to =sana= (_v._ p. 157. iii). Modern Finnish makes =täytenä=, but here the =e= is dropped and =täytnä= becomes =täynnä=, cf...

Participles whose nominative ends in =nut= or =nyt= (that is past active participles), like =oppinut=, =lyönyt=, form the genitive, inessive, etc., from a root ending in =nehe=,...

V. The fifth infinitive, which is not much used except in poetry, and may be regarded as a diminutive derived from infinitive III, is formed by adding =maise= to the root. It is...

But in words designating numbers _between the tens_, and consisting of a simple number and a number in the partitive case only, the first number is declined and the second remai...

(5) Monosyllabic roots form the illative in =h—n=, the last vowel of the root being between the two consonants: =täi=, =täihin=; =jää=, =jäähän=. But dissyllables ending in a lo...

_Present_ _Aff._ =tuodaan= _Neg._ =ei tuoda= _Imperfect_ _Aff._ =tuotiin= _Neg._ =ei tuotu= _Perfect_ _Aff._ =on tuotu= _Neg._ =ei ole tuotu= _Pluperfect_ _Aff._ =oli tuotu= _Ne...

Under this name are comprised a great number of verbal forms, formed by adding certain suffixes to the simple transitive root, many of which are not used in ordinary written and...