Part 8
But in words designating numbers _between the tens_, and consisting of a simple number and a number in the partitive case only, the first number is declined and the second remains in the partitive, e.g. =yksitoista=, makes =yhdentoista=, =yhdellätoista=, and similarly the others.
The fractional numbers (with the exception of =puoli=, _a half_) are formed by adding =-kse= to the corresponding ordinal; the noun is then declined like number.
½ =puoli=, ⅓ =kolmannes=, ¼ =neljännes=, ⅕ =viidennes=, ⅙ =kuudennes=, ⅐ =seitsemännes=, ⅛ =kahdeksannes=, ⅑ =yhdeksännes=, ⅒ =kymmenennes=, ⅟₂₁ =kaksikymmentäyhdennes=, ⅟₁₀₀ =sadannes=, etc. So also ⅔ =kaksi kolmannesta=, ³⁄₇ =kolme seitsemännestä=. These numbers can also be formed with the ordinals, and the word =osa=, _a part_. =Neljäs osa=, _the fourth part_, or ¼. Numbers like 1½, 2½, are expressed as _a half of the second_, _a half of the third_, etc., =puoli-toista=, =puoli-kolmatta=.
The distributive numbers are =yksittäin=, _one by one_; =kaksittain=, _two by two_; =kolmittain=, etc.
=Yksinäinen=, _simple_; =kaksinainen=, _double_; =kolminainen=, _triple_; =nelinäinen=, _fourfold_, etc.
PRONOUNS.
The personal pronouns are declined almost exactly like nouns.
First person =minä=; the singular is formed from the root =minu=, the plural from the root =me=.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =minä= =me= _Part._ =minua= =meitä= _Gen._ =minun= =meidän= _In._ =minussa= =meissä= _El._ =minusta= =meistä= _Il._ =minuun= =meihin= _Ad._ =minulla= =meillä= _Abl._ =minulta= =meiltä= _All._ =minulle= =meille= _Abes._ =minutta= =meittä= _Transl._ =minuksi= =meiksi= _Ess._ =minuna= =meinä=
The other cases are not used.
Second person, =sinä=, root in sing. =sinu=, in plur. =te=.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =sinä= =te= _Part._ =sinua= =teitä= _Gen._ =sinun= =teidän= _In._ =sinussa= =teissä= _El._ =sinusta= =teistä= _Il._ =sinuun= =teihin= _Ad._ =sinulla= =teillä= _Abl._ =sinulta= =teiltä= _All._ =sinulle= =teille= _Abes._ =sinutta= =teittä= _Transl._ =sinuksi= =teiksi= _Ess._ =sinuna= =teinä=
Third person =hän=, _he_, _she_, or _it_, there being no distinction of genders. Root in sing. =häne=, in plur. =he=.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =hän= =he= _Part._ =häntä= =heitä= _Gen._ =hänen= =heidän= _In._ =hänessä= =heissä= _El._ =hänestä= =heistä= _Il._ =häneen= =heihin= _Ad._ =hänellä= =heillä= _Abl._ =häneltä= =heiltä= _All._ =hänelle= =heille= _Abes._ =hänettä= =heittä= _Transl._ =häneksi= =heiksi= _Ess._ =hänenä= =heinä=
There are also found accusatival forms ending in =-t=: =minut=, plur. =meidät=, =sinut=, plur. =teidät=, =hänet=, plur. =heidät=. The forms in =-n= are also used as accusatives.
In poetry and some dialects shortened forms are also found: first person nominative =ma= or =mä=, partitive =mua=, genitive =mun=, adessive =mulla=, ablative =multa=, allative =mulle=. Second person =sa= or =sä=, =sun=, =sua=, =sulla=, =sulta=, =sulle=. Third person =hällä=, =hältä=, =hälle=. For the part. =minuta=, =sinuta= are found in the Bible, and =milma=, =silma= in poetry.
=Mie=, =sie=, =hä=, are used in the Wiburg dialect.
_Possessive Pronouns._
The possessive pronouns are usually expressed by suffixes added to nouns.
These suffixes are:—
_Sing._ _Plur._
1st pers. =-ni= =-mme= 2nd ” =-si=[9] =-nne= 3rd ” =-nsa= _or_ =-nsä= =-nsa= _or_ =nsä=
(1) To form the nominative sing. of a noun with a possessive suffix the suffix is added to the _root_. =Käsi=, _a hand_, but =käteni=, _my hand_; =kysymys=, _a question_, =kysymyksesi=, _thy question_, because the roots are =käte=, =kysymykse=.
(2) In the other cases the suffix is added after the termination, but should a case end in a consonant, that consonant is rejected before the suffix. =Veljeni=, _my brothers_, because =veljetni= is euphonically disagreeable.
(3) The possessive suffix does not cause the consonants of the root to be weakened: _e.g._ =pelto=, genitive =pellon=, but with suffix =peltomme=, etc. =Kirkko=, _church_, =kirkon=, but =kirkkonsa=.
But =d= in the genitive plur. remains and does not become =t=: _e.g._ =maidensa=.
(4) The term of the translative before a pronoun-suffix is =-kse= not =-ksi=.
_E.g._ =Tapa=, with suffix =-ni=.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =tapani= =tapani= _Part._ =tapaani= =tapojeni= _or_ =tapaini= _Gen._ =tapani= =tapojani= (=7=) _In._ =tavassani= =tavoissani= (=7=, =35=, =36=) _Il._ =tapaani= =tapoihini= _Ad._ =tavallani= =tavoillani= and so the allative, etc. etc., etc. _Transl._ =tavakseni= =tavoikseni= _Ess._ =tapanani= =tapoinani=
Here the genitive sing. =tapani= is for =tavanni=, the nominative sing. for =tavatni=, =tapaani= in the illative for =tapaanni=. The =p= is weakened to =v= only where the _case_ inflexion requires it. The declension of the second person sing. is exactly analogous, only =-si= is affixed instead of =-ni=.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =tapasi= =tapasi= _Part._ =tapaasi= =tapojasi= _Gen._ =tapasi= =tapojesi= _or_ =tapaisi= _In._ =tavassasi= =tavoissasi= _El._ =tavastasi= =tavoistasi= _Il._ =tapaasi= =tapoihisi= _Ad._ =tavallasi= =tavoillasi= _Abl._ =tavaltasi= =tavoiltasi= _All._ =tavallesi= =tavoillesi= _Abes._ =tavattasi= =tavoittasi= _Transl._ =tavaksesi= =tavoiksesi= _Ess._ =tapanasi= =tapoinasi= _Com._ =tapanesi= =tapoinesi=
For the declension of the first person plur. =-mme= is suffixed to all the cases.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =tapamme= =tapamme= _Part._ =tapaamme= =tapojamme= _Gen._ =tapamme= =tapojemme=, =tapaimme= _In._ =tavassamme= =tavoissamme= _El._ =tavastamme= =tavoistamme= _Il._ =tapaamme= =tapoihimme= _Ad._ =tavallamme= =tavoillamme= _Abl._ =tavaltamme= =tavoiltamme= _All._ =tavallemme= =tavoillemme= _Abes._ =tavattamme= =tavoittamme= _Transl._ =tavaksemme= =tavoiksemme= _Ess._ =tapanamme= =tapoinamme= _Com._ =tapanemme= =tapoinemme=
The second person is declined exactly like the above, only =nne= and not =-mme= is suffixed.
The third person of the sing. and plur. alike takes the suffix =-nsa= (=-nsä=), which in all the cases except the nominative, genitive, and partitive is optionally shortened to =n=, before which the preceding vowel is doubled.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =tapansa= =tapansa= _Part._ =tapaansa= =tapojansa=, =tapojaan= _Gen._ =tapansa= =tapojensa=, =tapojeen=, =tapainsa= _In._ =tavassansa=, =tavassaan= =tavoissansa=, =tavoissaan= _El._ =tavastansa=, =tavastaan= =tavoistansa=, =tavoistaan= _Il._ =tapaansa=, [=tapahaan=] =tapoihinsa=, [=tapoihiin=] _Ad._ =tavallansa=, =tavallaan= =tavoillansa=, =tavoillaan= _Abl._ =tavaltansa=, =tavaltaan= =tavoiltansa=, =tavoiltaan= _All._ =tavallensa=, =tavalleen= =tavoillensa=, =tavoilleen= _Abes._ =tavattansa=, =tavattaan= =tavoittansa=, =tavoittaan= _Transl._ =tavaksensa=, =tavakseen= =tavoiksensa=, =tavoikseen= _Ess._ =tapanansa=, =tapanaan= =tapoinansa=, =tapoinaan= _Com._ =tapanensa=, =tapaneen= =tapoinensa=, =tapoineen=
_Demonstrative Pronouns._
The demonstrative pronouns are =tämä=, _this_, =tuo=, _that_, and =se=, _it_ or _that._ The corresponding plur. roots are =nämä=, =nuo= _or_ =noi=, and =ne=.
=Tämä=:—
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =tämä= =nämät= _or_ =nämä= _Part._ =tätä= =näitä= _Gen._ =tämän= =näiden=, =näitten= _In._ =tässä= =näissä= _El._ =tästä= =näistä= _Il._ =tähän= =näihin= _Ad._ =tällä= =näillä= _Abl._ =tältä= =näiltä= _All._ =tälle= =näille= _Abes._ =tättä= =näittä= _Transl._ =täksi= =näiksi= _Ess._ =tänä= =näinä= _Instr._ =tämän= =näin=
=Tuo=:—
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =tuo= =nuot= _or_ =nuo= _Part._ =tuota= =noita= _Gen._ =tuon= =noiden=, =noitten= _In._ =tuossa= =noissa= _El._ =tuosta= =noista= _Il._ =tuohon= =noihin= _Ad._ =tuolla= =noilla= _Abl._ =tuolta= =noilta= _All._ =tuolle= =noille= _Abes._ =tuotta= =noitta= _Transl._ =tuoksi= =noiksi= _Ess._ =tuona= =noina= _Instr._ =tuon= =noin=
In poetry are found such forms as =tää= for =tämä=, =nää= for =nämä=, =tään= _or_ =tän= for =tämän=.
=Se=.—The nominative, genitive, and instructive sing. are formed from the root =se=, the remaining cases of the singular from =si=, except the inessive and elative which are irregular. The nominative plur. is =ne=. The remaining cases from the root =nii=.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =se= =ne= _or_ =net= _Part._ =sitä= =niitä= _Gen._ =sen= =niiden=, =niitten= _In._ =siinä= =niissä= _El._ =siitä= =niistä= _Il._ =siihen= =niihin= _Ad._ =sillä= =niillä= _Abl._ =siltä= =niiltä= _All._ =sille= =niille= _Abes._ =sittä= =niittä= _Transl._ =siksi= =niiksi= _Ess._ =sinä= =niinä= _Instr._ =sen= =niin=
_Interrogative Pronouns._
The interrogative pronouns are =kuka=, =ken=, _who_, =mikä=, _what_, =kumpi=, _which_ or _what of two_.
The root of =kuka= is =ku=, the syllable =ka= being added to the former which would otherwise be monosyllabic. The plural is not much used.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =kuka= =kutka= _Part._ =kuta= =kuita= _Gen._ =kunka= =kuiden=, =kuitten= _In._ =kussa= =kuissa= _Il._ =kuhun= =kuista= _Instr._ —— =kuin= _or_ =kuinka= etc. etc.
In poetry are found =ku= (nominative sing.), =kut= (nominative plur.), =kun= (genitive sing.).
The root of =ken= is =kene=, but in the partitive sing. and nominative plur. this is shortened to =ke=, and the same form is optionally used for the other cases. The root of the plural except in the nominative is =kei=.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =ken= =ketkä= _Part._ =ketä= =keitä= _Gen._ =kenen= =keiden=, =keitten= _In._ =kessä= _or_ =kenessä= =keissä= _Il._ =kenehen= _or_ =kehen= etc., etc. etc., etc.
=Mikä= is declined like =kuka=: the plur. root is =mi=.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =mikä= =mitkä= _Part._ =mitä= =mitä= _Gen._ =minkä= [=miden= _or_ =mitten=] _In._ =missä= =missä= _Instr._ =min= =min= etc. etc.
In poetry are found =mi= (nominative) and =min= (accusative).
=Kumpi= is declined like a comparative.
_Relative Pronouns._
The relative pronouns are =joka=, _who_ or _which_, =jompi=, _which of two_.
=Joka= is declined on the same principle as =kuka=, =jompi= like a comparative.
_Sing._ _Plur._ _Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =joka= =jotka= =jompi= =jommat= _Part._ =jota= =joita= =jompaa= =jompia= _Gen._ =jonka= =joiden= =jomman= =jompien= =joitten= =jompain= _In._ =jossa= =joissa= =jommassa= =jommissa= etc. etc.
_Indefinite Pronouns._
The indefinite pronouns are =joku=, _some one_, =jompi-kumpi=, _one of two_; both the component parts are declined.
Nominative =joku=, =jompikumpi=, genitive =jonkun=, =jomman-kumman=, inessive =jossakussa=, =jommassa-kummassa=, etc.
=Jokin=, _something_, =kukin=, _each_, =mikin=, _anyone_ or _anything_, =kumpi-kin=, _one or other of two_: decline only the first part.
=Kukaan=, =mikään=, =kenkään=, =kumpikaan=, =kumpainenkaan=, meaning _anyone, anything_, etc., are used only in negative sentences or in questions which are virtually negative; the suffix =-kaan=, =-kään=, is not declined.
=Joka=, _any_ or _every_, is not declined. =Joka mies=, _any man you like_.
_Reflexive Pronoun._
The reflexive pronoun is =itse=, _self_. It is declined. Genitive =itsen=, partitive =itseä=, etc. It always takes a pronominal suffix to define its meaning: =itseäsi= (partitive) _thyself_, =itseksensä= (translative) _himself_.
Among pronouns may also be reckoned the following:—
=Muu=, _another_ (=muuta=, =muun=, etc., plur. =muut=).
=Muutama= _or_ =eräs=, _some one_.
=Molempi=, plur. =molemmat=, _both_.
=Kaikki=, plur. =kaikki=, _all_. =Koko=, indeclinable, _all_.
=Moni=, _many_.
=Sama=, _the same, or_ =samainen=.
=Oma=, _one’s own_.
THE VERB.
The verbs in Finnish, as in other languages, are transitive or intransitive, and have an active and passive voice. It is further to be noticed that the negative verb is conjugated quite differently to the affirmative.
The verb may be considered to have seven moods:—the indicative, the concessive, the conditional, the optative, the imperative, the verbal substantive, and the verbal adjective.
Before giving an example of the conjugation of a verb it will be well to examine the formation of these moods and their various tenses. At first only the simple tenses will be considered, that is to say those formed by the addition of suffixes to a verbal root. The compound tenses are formed by combining certain verbal forms with parts of the verb ‘to be.’
_Formation of the Moods and Tenses of an Affirmative Verb._
All parts of the finite verb, except the optative and imperative, mark the person by the following terminations:—
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =-n= 1. =-mme= 2. =-t= 2. =-tte= 3. (=-pi=, =-vi=) _or none_ 3. =-vat=, =-vät=
In ordinary Finnish the third person singular receives no termination, but the final vowel of the root is lengthened in the present indicative, if not already a long vowel or diphthong. Thus, the roots =anta=, =repi=, =tuo= form the third person sing. present, =antaa=, =repii=, =tuo=. On the same principle the third person sing. of the concessive ends in =-nee=, the tense stem ending in =-ne=. In the imperfect and conditional the tense stem is used unaltered.
Monosyllabic verbs sometimes receive the termination =-pi= in the third person present, e.g. =saapi=, =tuopi= for =saa=, =tuo=. Another variety of this termination is in =vi=, used very frequently in the Kalevala and the Karelian dialect.
This termination =pi= or =vi= is obviously primitive and is akin to the plur. =-vat= which has the plur. suffix =t=. It is found in all the Baltic dialects in the form of =b=, =p=, or =v=, and sporadically in Cheremissian, but not apparently in the other languages of the Finno-Ugric group.
The _indicative_ mood has two simple tenses, the present (also used as a future) and the imperfect.
The _present indicative_ has no tense terminations, and is formed by adding the personal terminations to the root; the third sing. having no termination, is of course the simple root, and always ends in a double vowel or diphthong, except in the verb substantive =on=, _he is_. Thus, taking the root =repi= and adding to it the present terminations given above, we get for the present infinitive =revi-n= (by rule =35=), =revi-t=, =repii=, =revi-mme=, =revi-tte=, =repi-vät=.
The stem of the _imperfect indicative_ is formed by adding to the root the vowel =i=, before which the last vowel of the root is changed or lost according to rules =3-9=, =14=, =21=. To the stem thus formed are added the personal terminations. Thus on adding to the root =saa= the termination =i=, we get =sai=, and this forms =sain=, =sait=, =sai=, =saimme=, =saitte=, =saivat=. Similarly the root =tuo= with the suffix =i= becomes =toi=, and the imperfect =toin=, =toit=, etc.; =antaa= forms =antoi= (=annoin=, =31=, =annoit=, etc.).
The _concessive_ mood is formed by adding to the root the syllable =-ne=, and then suffixing to this the personal terminations. It has only one tense. Sometimes the suffix =-ne= becomes assimilated to the preceding consonant. Root =saa=, conditional-stem =saane=; 1. =saanen=; 2. =saanet=; 3. =saanee=. 1. =saanemme=; 2. =saa-nette=; 3. =saanevat=. But =nousne= becomes =nousse=; =noussen=, =nousset=, =noussee=, etc., the shortened root of =nouse= being =nous=.
The _conditional_ has also only one simple tense formed by placing the syllable =-isi= after the root and suffixing the personal terminations. The final vowel of the root is lost or altered before the termination =-isi= according to the rules given, but =a= and =ä= remain unchanged except in monosyllabic verbs. Root =saa=, stem of conditional =saisi=; 1. =saisin=; 2. =saisit=; 3. =saisi=. 1. =saisimme=; 2. =saisitte=; 3. =saisivat=.
This suffix =-isi= is perhaps akin to the formative suffix =-kse= (_v._ page 112).
The _imperative_ is characterized by the addition of =ka=, =kä= to the stem, the only persons used being the second sing. and first and second plur. The first person sing. is altogether wanting, and the third person sing. and plur. are supplied by the optative.
The second person sing. is the root, but in a closed form. Thus the roots =lyö=, =tako=, =otta=, =anta=, =pyrki=, =teke= form the imperatives =lyö=, =tao= (=28=), =ota= (=30=), =anna= (=31=), =pyri= (=27=), =tee= (=28=). This person had no doubt once the syllable =ka= (=kä=) suffixed, which became reduced to =-k=, and thus closed the syllable. In dialects are found such forms as =annak=, =otak=, clearly showing the origin of the form.
The first and second persons plur. are formed by suffixing =kaamme= (or =kämme=), and =kaatte= (or =kätte=) to the root. In the second person the suffix =tte= is usually omitted, and the form ends simply in =-kaa=. Thus from the roots above cited we have =lyökäämme=, =lyökää=; =takokaamme=, =takokaa=; =ottakaamme=, =ottakaa=, =antakaamme=, =antakaa=; =pyrkikäämme=, =pyrkikää=; =tehkäämme= (this root undergoes special changes), =tehkää=.
The _optative_, which in some ways may be regarded as forming one complete tense with the imperative, is characterized by the addition of =ko=, =kö= to the root.
The second person sing. ends in =os= (e.g. =lukeos=, =antaos=), apparently =ko= with the affix of the second person; =lukekos=, which has perhaps lost a final vowel, becomes =lukeos= by rule =28=.
The third person sing. ends in =koon= for =kohon=, and the third plur. in =koot= for =kohot=; =antakoon=, =antakoot=; =pyrkiköön=, =pyrkikööt=.
When owing to the loss of a vowel this =k= follows immediately after =l=, =r=, or =n=, it becomes assimilated to those letters, =tullos= for =tulkos=; =purros= for =purkos=; =mennös= for =menkös=.
The _infinitive_ in Finnish is a real substantive, that is to say, just as from a verbal root can be derived, by the addition of suffixes, forms expressing person, time, and modality, so by the addition of other suffixes to the same root can be formed nouns, which can take the ordinary case terminations and also the pronominal suffixes.
These infinitives are five in number. Their signification and use, which constitute one of the great difficulties of the Finnish language, will be explained in the Syntax.
I. The termination of the first infinitive is =-taʻ= (=-tä=), e.g. =saada= (rule =32=); root =nous= (for =nouse=), =nousta=; root =tul= (=tulee=), =tulla=. Between two simple vowels this =t= drops out and the termination is simply =a= (=ä=); =sano-ta=, =sanoaʻ=; =repitä=, =repiä=. N.B.—The syllable =ta= (=tä=) or =a= (=ä=) is closed with the aspiration.
This infinitive has only one case, the translative, which is used with the personal suffixes, e.g. =juo=, _to drink_, =juo-da-kse-ni=, _for my drinking_, =lukeaksesi=, _for thy reading_.
II. The stem of the second infinitive is formed by adding =-teʻ= to the root, the syllable being closed. This =te= becomes =e= between two simple vowels like the =ta= of the first infinitive. It has as a rule only two cases, the inessive and instructive (though some verbs have more), to which the personal suffixes can be added, e.g. =saa=, =saade=, =saadessa=, =saadessani= (_in my receiving_); instructive =saaden=. =Tule=, shortened root =tul=, infinitive II =tulle=, inessive =tullessansa=, instructive =tullen=; =repi=, infinitive =repie=, =repiessä=, =repien=.[10]
III. The third infinitive is formed by adding =ma= (=mä=) to the root. There is nothing irregular in its formation or declension. It is used in most of the cases of the sing., but only occasionally takes the personal suffixes, e.g. =sano=, infinitive III =sanoma=, genitive =sanoman=, =sanomalla=, =sanomatta=, etc., exactly like a noun.
IV. The fourth infinitive is formed by adding =mise= to the root. It has two cases, the nominative which ends in =minen=, and the partitive in =mista=. =Sano=, =sanominen=, =sanomista=; =teke=, =tekeminen=, =tekemistä=, =tekemistänsä=, etc.