Part 11
1. =en tullut= =emme tulleet= 2. =et tullut= =ette tulleet= 3. =ei tullut= =eivät tulleet=
_Perfect._ _Affirmative._
1. =olen tullut=, etc.
_Negative._
1. =en ole tullut=, etc.
_Pluperfect._ _Affirmative._
1. =olin tullut=, etc.
_Negative._
1. =en ollut tullut=, etc.
_Concessive._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =tullen= =tullemme= 2. =tullet= =tullette= 3. =tullee= =tullevat=
_Negative._
1. =en tulle=, etc.
_Comp. Concess._ _Affirmative._
1. =lienen tullut=
_Negative._
1. =en liene tullut=
_Conditional._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =tulisin= =tulisimme= 2. =tulisit= =tulisiitte= 3. =tulisi= =tulisivat=
_Negative._
1. =en tulisi=, etc.
_Compound Conditional._ _Affirmative._
1. =olisin tullut=, etc.
_Negative._
1. =en olisi tullut=, etc.
_Imperative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =tulkaame= 2. =tule= =tulkaa=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =älkäämme= 2. =älä tule= =älkää tulko=
_Optative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =tullos= —— 3. =tulkoon= =tulkoot=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =ällös tulko= —— 3. =älköön tulko= =älkööt tulko=
_Infinitives._
I. =tulla= _Transl._ =tullakse(ni)= II. =tulle= _Ines._ =tullessa= _Instr._ =tullen= III. =tuleman= IV. _Nom._ =tuleminen= _Part._ =tulemista= V. =tulemaisilla(ni)=
_Participles._
I. =tuleva= II. =tullut=
_Passive._
_Pres._ _Aff._ =tullaan=, _Neg._ =ei tulla= _Impf._ _Aff._ =tultiin= _Neg._ =ei tultu= _Conc._ _Aff._ =tultaneen= _Neg._ =ei tultane= _Comp. Conc._ _Aff._ =lienee tultu= _Neg._ =ei liene tultu= _Cond._ _Aff._ =tultaisiin= _Neg._ =ei tultaisi= _Cond. Comp._ _Aff._ =olisi tultu= _Neg._ =ei olisi tultu= _Opt._ _Aff._ =tultakoon= _Neg._ =älköön tultako=
_Participles._
I. =tultava= II. =tultu=
* * * * *
_Present._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =nousen= =nousemme= 2. =nouset= =nousette= 3. =nousee= =nousevat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en nouse= =emme nouse= 2. =et nouse= =ette nouse= 3. =ei nouse= =eivät nouse=
_Imperfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =nousin= =nousimme= 2. =nousit= =nousitte= 3. =nousi= =nousivat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en nousnut= _or_ =noussut=[12] =emme nousneet= 2. =et nousnut= =ette nousneet= 3. =ei nousnut= =eivät nousneet=
_Perfect._ _Affirmative._
1. =olen nousnut=, _or_ =noussut=, etc.
_Negative._
1. =en ole nousnut= _or_ =noussut=, etc.
_Pluperfect._ _Affirmative._
1. =olin nousnut= _or_ =noussut=, etc.
_Negative._
1. =en ollut nousnut= _or_ =noussut=, etc.
_Concessive._ _Affirmative._
1. =nousnen= _or_ =noussen= =nousnemme= _or_ =noussemme= 2. =nousnet= _or_ =nousset= =nousnette= _or_ =noussette= 3. =nousnee= _or_ =noussee= =nousnevat= _or_ =noussevat=
_Negative._
1. =en nousne= _or_ =nousse=, etc.
_Compound Concessive._ _Affirmative._
1. =lienen nousnut= _or_ =noussut=, etc.
_Negative._
1. =en liene nousnut= _or_ =noussut=, etc.
_Conditional._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =nousisin= =nousisimme= 2. =nousisit= =nousisitte= 3. =nousisi= =nousisivat=
_Negative._
1. =en nousisi=, etc.
_Compound Conditional._ _Affirmative._
1. =olisin nousnut= _or_ =noussut=, etc.
_Negative._
1. =en olisi nousnut= _or_ =noussut=, etc.
_Imperative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =nouskaamme= 2. =nouse= =nouskaa=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =älkäämme nousko= 2. =älä nouse= =älkää nousko=
_Optative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =nouseos= —— 3. =nouskoo= =nouskoot=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =ällös nousko= —— 3. =älköön nousko= =älkööt nousko=
_Infinitives._
I. =nousta= _Transl._ =noustakse(ni)= II. =nouste= _Ines._ =noustessa= _Instr._ =nousten= III. =nouseman=, etc. IV. _Nom._ =nouseminen= _Part._ =nousemista= V. =nousemaisilla(ni)=
_Participles._
I. =nouseva= II. =nousnut=, _or_ =noussut=
_Passive._
_Pres._ _Aff._ =noustaan= _Neg._ =ei nousta= _Impf._ _Aff._ =noustiin= _Neg._ =ei noustu= _Conc._ _Aff._ =noustaneen= _Neg._ =ei noustane= _Comp. Conc._ _Aff._ =lienee noustu= _Neg._ =ei liene noustu= _Cond._ _Aff._ =noustaisiin= _Neg._ =ei noustaisi= _Cond. Comp._ _Aff._ =olisi noustu= _Neg._ =ei olisi noustu= _Imp._ _Aff._ =noustakoon= _Neg._ =älköön noustako=
_Participle._
I. =noustava= II. =noustu=
Roots =lupata=, _to promise_; =kokota=, _to collect_.
_Present Indicative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =lupaan= =lupaamme= 2. =lupaat= =lupaatte= 3. =lupaa= =lupaavat=
_Negative._
_Sing._
1. =en lupaa= 2. =et lupaa=, etc.
_Imperfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =lupasin= =lupasimme= 2. =lupasit= =lupasitte= 3. =lupasi= =lupasivat=
_Negative._
1. =en luvannut=, etc.
_Concessive._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =luvannen= =luvannemme= 2. =luvannet= =luvannette= 3. =luvannee= =luvannevat=
_Negative._
1. =en luvanne=, etc.
_Conditional._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =lupaisin= =lupaisimme= 2. =lupaisit= =lupaisitte= 3. =lupaisi= =lupaisivat=
_Compound tenses._
_Perfect._ _Affirmative._
1. =olen luvannut=, etc.
_Negative._
1. =en ole luvannut=, etc.
_Pluperfect._ _Affirmative._
1. =olin luvannut=, etc.
_Negative._
1. =en ollut luvannut=, etc.
_Concessive._ _Affirmative._
1. =lienen luvannut=, etc.
_Negative._
1. =en liene luvannut=, etc.
_Conditional._ _Affirmative._
1. =olisin luvannut=, etc.
_Negative._
1. =en olisi luvannut=, etc.
_Futures._ _Affirmative._
I. =olen lupaava= II. =olin lupaava= III. =lienen lupaava= IV. =olisin lupaava=
_Negative._
=en ole lupaava=, etc.
_Imperative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =luvatkaamme= 2. =lupaa= =luvatkaa=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =älkäämme luvatko= 2. =älä lupaa= =älkää luvatko=
_Optative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =luvatkoon= 2. =luvatkos= =luvatkoot=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =älköön luvatko= 2. =ällös luvatko= =älkööt luvatko=
_Infinitives._
I. =luvata= =luvatakse(ni)= II. =luvatessa= =luvaten= III. =lupaama=, etc. IV. =lupaaminen= =lupaamista= V. =lupaamaisilla=
_Participles._
=lupaava= =luvannut=
_Passive._
_Ind. Pres._ _Aff._ =luvataan= _Neg._ =ei luvata= _Imp._ _Aff._ =luvattiin= _Neg._ =ei luvattu= _Conc._ _Aff._ =luvattaneen= _Neg._ =ei luvattane= _Cond._ _Aff._ =luvattaisiin= _Neg._ =ei luvattaisi= _Imp._ _Aff._ =luvattakaan= _Neg._ =älkään luvattako= _Opt._ _Aff._ =luvattakoon= _Neg._ =älköön luvattako=
_Infinitives._
II. =luvattesa= III. =luvattaman=
_Participles._
_Present_ =luvattava= _Past_ =luvattu=
* * * * *
_Present Indicative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =kokoan= _or_ =kokoon= =kokoamme= _or_ =kokoomme= 2. =kokoat= _or_ =kokoot= =kokoatte= _or_ =kokootte= 3. =kokoaa= _or_ =kokoo= =kokoavat= _or_ =kokoovat=
_Negative._
1. =en kokoa= _or_ =en kokoo= 2. =et kokoa= _or_ =et kokoo= 3. =ei kokoa=
_Imperfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =kokosin= =kokosimme= 2. =kokosit= =kokositte= 3. =kokosi= =kokosivat=
_Negative._
1. =en koonnut=, etc.
_Concessive._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =koonnen= (=28=) =koonnemme= 2. =koonnet= =koonnette= 3. =koonnee= =koonnevat=
_Negative._
1. =en koonne=, etc.
_Conditional._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =kokoaisin= or =kokoisin= =kokoaisimme= or =kokoisimme= 2. =kokoaisit= or =kokoisit= =kokoaisitte= or =kokoisitte= 3. =kokoaisi= or =kokoisi= =kokoaisivat= or =kokoisivat=
_Negative._
1. =en kokoaisi= or en =kokoisi=, etc.
_Compound tenses._
_Perfect._ _Affirmative._
1. =olen koonnut= (=28=), etc.
_Negative._
1. =en ole koonnut=, etc.
_Pluperfect._ _Affirmative._
1. =olin koonnut=, etc.
_Negative._
1. =en ollut koonnut=, etc.
_Concessive._ _Affirmative._
1. =lienen koonnut=, etc.
_Negative._
1. =en liene koonnut=, etc.
_Conditional._ _Affirmative._
1. =olisin koonnut=, etc.
_Negative._
1. =en olisi koonnut=, etc.
_Futures._ _Affirmative._
I. =olen kokoava= II. =olin kokoava= III. =lienen kokoava= IV. =olisin kokoava=
_Imperative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =kootkaamme= 2. =kokoa= _or_ =kokoo= =kootkaa=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =älkäämme kootko= 2. =älä kokoa= _or_ =kokoo= =älkää kootko=
_Optative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =kootkoon= 2. =kootkos= =kootkoot=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =älköön kootko= 2. =ällös kootko= =älkööt kootko=
_Infinitives._
I. =koota= =kootakse(ni)= II. =kootessa= =kooten= III. =kokoama= _or_ =kokooma=, etc. IV. =kokoaminen= _or_ =kokoominen= =kokoamista= _or_ =kokoomista= V. =kokoamaisilla= _or_ =kokoomaisilla=
_Participles._
_Present_ =kokoava= _or_ =kokoova= _Past_ =koonnut=
_Passive._
_Indic. Pres._ _Aff._ =kootaan= _Neg._ =ei koota= _Impf._ _Aff._ =koottiin= _Neg._ =ei koottu= _Conc._ _Aff._ =koottaneen= _Neg._ =ei koottane= _Cond._ _Aff._ =koottaisiin= _Neg._ =ei koottaisi= _Imp._ _Aff._ =koottakaan= _Opt._ _Aff._ =koottakoon= _Neg._ =älköön koottako=
_Infinitives._
II. =koottaessa= III. =koottaman=
_Participles._
_Present_ =koottava= _Past_ =koottu=
Other examples: root =rohkene=, _to dare_.
_Pres._ =rohkenen=, =rohkenet=, =rohkenee= _Impf._ =rohkenin= _Conc._ =rohjennen=, =rohjennet= _Cond._ =rohkenisin= _Imp._ =rohkene=, =rohjetkaa= (=45=) _Inf._ =rohjeta=, =rohjete=, =rohkenema=, =rohkenemisen=, =rohkenemaisillani= _Part._ =rohkeneva, rohjennut= _Pass._ =rohjetaan=
Root =alene=, _to sink_.
_Pres._ =alenen= _Impf._ =alenin= _Conc._ =alennen= _Cond._ =alenisin= _Imp._ =alene=, =aletkaa= (=45=) _Inf._ =aleta=, =alete=, =alenema=, =aleneminen=, =alenemaisellani= _Pass._ =aletaan=
Root =syökse=, _to cast_.
_Pres._ =syöksen= _Imp._ =syöksin= _Conc._ =syösnen= (=1=) _Cond._ =syöksisin= _Imp._ =syökse=, =syöskää= _Inf._ =syöstä= (=1=), =syöste=, =syöksemä=, =syökseminen=, =syöksemäisilläni= _Part._ =syöksevä=, =syösnyt= _Pass._ =syöstään=
Root =säkenöitse=, _to glitter_.
_Pres._ =säkenöitsen= _Imp._ =säkenöitsin= _Conc._ =säkenöinnen= (=1= & =44=) _Cond._ =säkenöitsisin= _Imp._ =sökenöitse=, =säkenöitkää= _Inf._ =säkenöitä= (=1=), =säkinöite=, =säkinöitsemä=, =säkenöitseminen=, =säkenöitsemäisilläni=. _Part._ =säkenöitsevä=, =säkenöinnyt= _Pass._ =säkenöitään=
Root =näke=, _to see_.
_Pres._ =näen= (=28=), =näet=, =näkee=, =näemme=, =näette=, =näkevät= _Inf._ =näin=, =näit=, =näki=, =näimme=, =näitte=, =näkivät= _Conc._ =nähnen= (=41=) _Cond._ =näkisin= _Imp._ =näe= (=28=), =nähkää= (=41=) _Inf._ =nähdä=, =nähde=, =näkemä=, =näkeminen=, =näkemäisilläni= _Part._ =näkevä=, =nähnyt= _Pass._ =nähdään= _Part._ =nähty=
_Reflexive Verbs._
Under this name are comprised a great number of verbal forms, formed by adding certain suffixes to the simple transitive root, many of which are not used in ordinary written and spoken Finnish.
A. Reflexive verbs are formed by adding to the root the suffixes =utu=, =yty=, or =untu=, =ynty=. For instance, =anta=, _to give_, makes =antautua= or =antauntua=; =teke=, _to do_, =tekeytyä= or =tekeyntyä=. The =u= or =y= may be assimilated to the last vowel of the root, which gives us forms like =antaantua=, =tekeentyä=. These verbs are conjugated quite regularly.
B. This suffix is also found in the shorter form =u=, =y=. =Antaa=, =antauta=; =löytää=, _to find_, =löytyä=, _to be found_; =muuttaa=, _to change_ (_act_), =muuttua=, _to change oneself_.
These verbs generally present some peculiarities in their conjugation.
(1) They usually have the old ending =pi= in the 3d sing. indicative present; =antauupi=, but =antau= is also found.
(2) The imperfect ends in =si=; =antausin=, =antausit=, =antausi=, etc. This =s= is the remains of an original =t=, showing that the termination =u= is only short for =utu=.
(3) The same =t= is preserved in the infinitive and passive—=antauta=, =antautaan=.
C. In the Kalevala and the Karelian dialect are found a great quantity of more or less irregular reflexive forms, which are often explained by supposing that the reflexive pronoun =itse= is added to the verb, and then weakened in various ways to =ihe=, =ite=, =ik=, =k=, etc. But this explanation is very doubtful.
For example. From =muuttaa=, _to change_, comes the form =muuttain=, _I change myself_.
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =muuttain= =muuttaimme= 2. =muuttait= =muttaitte= 3. =muuttaikse=, _or_ =muuttaihe= =muuttaivat=
The termination =kse= or =ihe= for the third person sing. is characteristic of these verbs. We also find the termination =me= for the first person sing., =te= for the second, and =se= or =set= for the third.
The concessive is =muuttainnen=, and the conditional is =muuttaisisin=, etc. The imperative and optative =muuttaitkaan=, =muuttaitkoon=[13].
_The Formation of Verbs._
Verbs are either primitive, that is to say, they consist of a simple root, to which are added the various modal and personal terminations, or they are derivative, that is to say, besides these terminations some formative syllable is added to the root, such as =ta=, =ele=, =aise=. It is not easy to assign a precise meaning to all of these terminations, particularly to the commoner, which are used in many and not very definite senses.
Simple roots are either transitive or intransitive in their meaning.
Derivative transitive verbs are formed with the following suffixes, which, however, are sometimes also found in verbs of neuter signification.
(1) =ta=, =tä=, which must not be confounded with the =ta= of the first infinitive, is added to verbal roots ending in =e=, which is rejected.
=päästää=, _to let go_, but =päästä=, intransitive. (N.B. The first verb is for =päästätä=, the second for =pääsetä=, so that the =t= of the latter belongs to the termination of the infinitive, but the =t= of the latter to the stem). =Paksuntaa=, _to thicken_, but =paksuta=, _to grow thick_; =peljättää=, _to frighten_, but =peljätä=, _to fear_; =viertää=, _to roll down_, transitive or intransitive, but =vierrä= only intransitive.
(2) =tta=, =ttä=, is added chiefly to roots ending in =u= or =y= which are not rejected. =Juottaa=, _to give to drink_ (=juoda=, _to drink_); =käyttää=, _to use_ (from =käydä=); =menettää=, _to cause to go or lose_ (=mennä=, _to go_); =näyttää=, _to show_ (=nähdä=, _to see_); =tuottaa=, _to cause to bring, to get_ (=tuoda=, _to bring_); =kuolettaa=, _to kill_ (=kuolla=, _to die_).
(3) =utta=, =yttä=, is added mostly to polysyllabic roots: =kävelyttää=, _to make walk_; =epäilyttää=, _to make doubt_; =huomauttaa=, _to make observed_; =liikuttaa=, _to move_, trans. (=liikkua=, intrans.).
Reflexive neuter verbs (_vide_ p. 109) are formed with the following suffixes:—
(1) =u= or =y=, added chiefly to dissyllabic roots ending in =a= and =e=, which are rejected, and to polysyllables in =ta= and =oitse=:—=löytyä=, _to be found, to exist_ (=löytää=, _to find_); =tuntua=, _to be felt_ (=tuntea=, _to feel_); =muuttua=, _to change_, intransitive (=muuttaa=, _to change_, trans.); =täytyä=, _to be sufficient_ or _necessary_ (=täyttää=, transitive); =rakastua=, _to be in love with_ (=rakastaa=, _to love_, transitive); =kuulua=, _to be heard_ (=kuulla=, _to hear_).
(2) =untu=, =ynty=, shortened into =utu=, =yty=:—=antauntua=, =antautua=, or =antauta=, _to give oneself up_ (=antaa=, _to give_); =jakauntua=, =jakaantua=, =jakautua=, or =jakauta=, _to be divided_ (=jakaa=, _to divide_); =kääriytyä=, _to be involved_ (=kääriä=); =vetäytyä=, _to retire_ (=vetää=).
There is also a suffix =pu=, =py=, used to form a few words of intransitive signification:—=joupua=, _to get drunk_ (=juoda=, _to drink_); =syöpyä=, _to eat one’s fill_ (=syödä=, _to eat_); =jääpyä=, _to remain behind_ (=jäädä=, _to remain_); =saapua=, _to arrive_ (from =saada=, cf. ‘se rendre’). =Luopua=, =vaipua=, and =viipyä= seem to be formed with the same suffix.
Frequentative verbs are formed with the suffixes =ele=, =ksi=, and =nta=, either separately or combined. It is often hard to determine the exact force of these suffixes. Sometimes they signify a repeated or prolonged action, sometimes they form a kind of verbal diminutive, expressing an action slightly or gently performed, sometimes there is no real difference between the meanings of the original and derived verbs.
(1) =ele= is added mostly to dissyllabic roots ending in =a=, which is lost before the suffix. The first infinitive ends in =ella=, and the verb is conjugated after the third conjugation, e.g. =kysellä=, _to ask often_ (Russian =спрашивать=), from =kysyä=, _to ask_ (Russian =спросить=); =katsella=, _to observe, or regard_, from =katsoa=, _to look_; =ellellä=, _to live_, from =elää=; =hypellä=, _to jump_ (=попрыгивать=), from =hypätä= (=прыгать=).
(2) =ksi= is added to the dissyllabic roots, especially to those ending in =e=. =a= and =ä= become =e= before this suffix. =kuljeksia=, _to wander_, from =kulkea=, _to go_; =eleksiä=, _to live_, from =elää=; =anneksia=, from =antaa=, _to give_.
The termination =nta= is rarely found alone, but =ksenta=, =ksentele=, and =ntele= occur, and =ksele= is a frequentative form. =Käyskellä=, _to wander_, from =käydä=, _to go_; =saneskella= (=поговорить=) from =sanoa=, =kuljeskella=, from =kulkea=.
Instantaneous or semelfactive verbs. These, when they have their strict significance, denote an action done once or suddenly, and correspond to Russian forms in =-нуть=. The terminations which have this sense are—
(1) =ahta=, added to dissyllabic verbs which lose their last vowel. =Kilijahtaa=, _to give a cry_ (=воскликнуть=); =liikahtaa= (=liikkua=), _to make a movement_ (=двинуться=); =elähtää=, _to come to life_ (but also _to live_, _to grow old_).
(2) =aise=, added to dissyllables in =e=, =i=, =o=, and =u=, which fall out before the termination. =kiljaista=, _to give a cry_; =puraista=, _to give a bite_ (=purra=, _to bite_); =halkaista=, _to split_.
Verbal suffixes are also added to nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, the verbs so formed having various meanings which can be easily illustrated from English, where verbs are often formed from substantives or adjectives with or without a suffix being added. In Finnish such derived verbs have been divided into a variety of categories; such as—(1) Instructive, which imply the provision of something with the object denoted by the noun, cf. the English _to butter_, _to arm_. (2) Factive, denoting the conversion of something into the object or quality denoted by the original word, cf. English _to blacken_. (3) Operative, implying the use or action of the substantive, cf. English _to drop_, _to boat_. (4) Essive, denoting the existence or activity of something in the capacity of the noun, cf. English _to idle_.
These classes of verbs are not denoted by special suffixes, but the syllables =ta=, =i=, =itse=, =tta=, =sta= are added to form verbs which may have any of these significations.
=Ta= is added to monosyllables and roots which are susceptible of being closed, likewise to trisyllables ending in =ra=, =la=, =na=. Many of the verbs formed with this affix end in =sta=; but the =s= belongs to the root, not to the suffix. Examples—=perustaa=, _to found_ (=perus=, _a foundation_), =vaatettaa=, _to clothe_ (=vaate-=); =veistää=, _to cut_ (=veitse=, _a knife_); =poistaa=, _to drive away_ (=pois=); =yltää=, _to reach_ (=yli=); =kumartaa=, _to bow_ (=kumara=); =kiirehtää=, _to hurry_ (=kiire=); =sairastaa=, _to be ill_ (=sairas=).
This termination sometimes becomes =a=, the =t= being lost, e.g. =harjata=, _to comb_; =kullata=, _to gild_. Here the =ta= is of course the termination of the infinitive.
Roots ending in =eʻ= with the aspiration generally suffix =ti= and not =ta=, though sometimes both forms are found. The aspiration becomes =h= before the =t=, =vaatehtia=, _to clothe_; =kiirehtiä=, _to hurry_; =tervehtiä=, _to salute_, etc.