Part 10
1. =tuonen= =tuonemme= 2. =tuonet= =tuonette= 3. =tuonee= =tuonevat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en tuone= =emme tuone= 2. =et tuone= =ette tuone= 3. =ei tuone= =eivät tuone=
_Compound Concessive._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =lienen tuonut= =lienemme tuoneet= 2. =lienet tuonut= =lienette tuoneet= 3. =lienee tuonut= =lienevät tuoneet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en liene tuonut= =emme liene tuoneet= 2. =et liene tuonut= =ette liene tuoneet= 3. =ei liene tuonut= =eivät liene tuoneet=
_Simple Conditional._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =toisin= (=4=) =toisimme= 2. =toisit= =toisitte= 3. =toisi= =toisivat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en toisi= =emme toisi= 2. =et toisi= =ette toisi= 3. =ei toisi= =eivät toisi=
_Compound Conditional._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olisin tuonut= =olisimme tuoneet= 2. =olisit tuonut= =olisitte tuoneet= 3. =olisi tuonut= =olisivat tuoneet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en olisi tuonut= =emme olisi tuoneet= 2. =et olisi tuonut= =ette olisi tuoneet= 3. =ei olisi tuonut= =eivät olisi tuoneet=
_First Future._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olen tuova= (=tuopa=) =olemme tuova= _or_ =tuovat (pa)= 2. =olet tuova= (=pa=) =olette tuova= _or_ =tuovat (pa)= 3. =on tuova= (=pa=) =ovat tuova= (=pa=)
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ole tuova= _or_ =tuopa= =emme ole tuova= _or_ =tuovat= 2. =et ole tuova= =ette ole tuova= 3. =ei ole tuova= =eivät ole tuova=
_Imperative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =tuokaamme= 2. =tuo= =tuokaa(tte)=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =älkäämme tuoko= 2. =älä tuo= =älkää tuoko=
_Optative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =tuoʻos= —— 3. =tuokoon= =tuokoot=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =ällös tuoko= —— 3. =älköön tuoko= =älkööt tuoko=
_Infinitive._
I. =tuodaʻ= _Transl._ =tuodakse(ni)= II. _Iness._ =tuodessa= _Instr._ =tuoden= III. =tuoma= _used in nearly all the cases_ IV. _Nom._ =tuominen= _Part._ =tuomista= V. _Adess. Plur._ =tuomaisilla(ni)= (_always with suffix_)
_Participles._
I. =tuopa= _or_ =tuova= II. =tuonut=
_Passive Voice_
_Present_ _Aff._ =tuodaan= _Neg._ =ei tuoda= _Imperfect_ _Aff._ =tuotiin= _Neg._ =ei tuotu= _Perfect_ _Aff._ =on tuotu= _Neg._ =ei ole tuotu= _Pluperfect_ _Aff._ =oli tuotu= _Neg._ =ei oltu tuotu=, _or_ =ei ollut tuotu= _Concessive_ _Aff._ =tuotaneen= _Neg._ =ei tuotane= _Conces. Comp._ _Aff._ =lienee tuotu= _Neg._ =ei liene tuotu= _Conditional_ _Aff._ =tuotaisiin= _Neg._ =ei tuotaisi= _Cond. Comp._ _Aff._ =olisi tuotu= _Neg._ =ei olisi tuotu= _Optative_ _Aff._ =tuotakoon= _Neg._ =älköön tuotako=
_Infinitive._
The only forms used are—
II. _Iness._ =tuotaessa= III. _Instr._ =tuotaman=
_Participles._
I. =saatava=, =tuotava= II. =saatu=, =tuotu=
Similarly =lyö=, _to strike_, makes in the present =lyön=, =lyöt=, =lyö=, =lyömme=, =lyötte=, =lyövät=; imperfect =löin= (by rule =4=); concessive =lyönen=; conditional =löisin= (=4=); imperative =lyö=, =lyökäämme=, =lyökää=; infinitives =lyödä=, =lyödessä=, =lyömän=, =lyöminen=, =lyömäisilläni=; participles =lyövä= and =lyönyt=; passive =lyödään=, etc.
So also =satuloi=, _saddle_, forms present indicative =satuloin=, =satuloit=, =satuloi=, =satuloimme=, =satuloitte=, =satuloivat=; imperfect =satuloin= (=5=); concessive =satuloinen=; conditional =satuloisin=; imperative =satuloi=; optative =satuloiʻos=; infinitives =satuloida=, =satuloidessa=, =satuloiman=, =satuloiminen=, =satuloimaisillani=; participles =satuloiva=, =satuloinut=; passive =satuloidaan=.
_Second Conjugation._
The second conjugation has the following characteristics:—
(1) The root ends in a short vowel.
(2) The consonant at the beginning of the last syllable is liable to the usual changes, when that syllable becomes closed.
(3) In the third person sing. present indicative the final vowel is lengthened.
(4) The first infinitive has the termination =a= (=ä=).
(5) The root of the passive ends in =tta= (=ttä=), and hence the present passive in =taan=.
(6) The first participle active _always_ ends in =va= (=vä=).
To this conjugation belong:—
A. All roots ending in =o=, =ö=, =u=, =y=.
B. All dissyllables ending in =a=, =ä=, and polysyllables ending in =ta= (=tä=) after =h=, =l=, =n=, =r=, =s=, =t=; =heittä=, _to throw_; =tappa=, _to kill_; =armahta=, _to pity_; =sivalta=, _to strike_; =ymmärtä=, _to understand_.
(1) In these verbs =a= or =ä= is always changed to =e= before the termination of the passive, =kaata=, =kaadetaan=.
(2) Before the =i= of the imperfect, polysyllables always reject =a= or =ä=, =pelasta=, =pelasti=, etc.
Dissyllabic verbs vary in their treatment of =a=, _though_ =ä= _is always rejected_. If the vowel of the first syllable is =o= or =u=; then =a= is generally rejected. =Otta=, _take_, imperfect =otti=; =muista=, =muisti=. But if the vowel of the first syllable is =a= or =e=, the =a= of the last syllable generally becomes =o=; =laula=, =lauloi=, _sing_; =anta=, =antoi=, _give_. But a great number of verbs ending in =ta=, and having =a= in the first syllable, use _both_ forms; =ahtoi= _or_ =ahti=, _blow_; =karttoi= _or_ =kartti=, _to avoid_; =saattoi= _or_ =saatti=, _to lead_.
If a verb ending in =lta=, =nta=, or =rta= (or the corresponding forms in =ä=) elides the vowel before =i=, then =t= becomes =s=; =kieltä=, _to deny_, =kielsi=; =kumarta=, _to adore_, =kumarsi=, etc. The same change occurs after a long vowel in the forms =löysi=, _found_; =tiesi=, _knew_; =taisi=, _knew how to_; =pyysi=, _asked_; =kaasi=, _threw down_; =huusi=, _shouted_. Most verbs of this type, however, take =ti=, though some have double forms.
C. All verbs ending in =i=.
D. All dissyllables ending in =ke=, =te=, =pe=; e.g. =luke=, _to read_; =lähte=, _go away_; =kylpe=, _to bath_.
This =e= is elided before =i=, and =t= is sometimes changed to =s=; =tunte=, _to feel_, =tunsi=.
In infinitive II either the =e= of the root or that of the termination is changed to =i=, generally that of the root; =lukiessa= _or_ =lukeissa=, but never =lukeessa=.
Examples of conjugation II:—Roots =repi=, _to tear_; =luke=, _to read_. The =p= of =repi= becomes =v= in a closed syllable, and the =k= of =luke= drops out (by rules =34= and =27=).
_Present._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =revin= =revimme= 2. =revit= =revitte= 3. =repii= =repivät=
_Negative._ (The root closed by the aspiration.)
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en revi= =emme revi= 2. =et revi= =ette revi= 3. =ei revi= =eivät revi=
_Imperfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =revin= =revimme= 2. =revit= =revitte= 3. =repi= =repivät=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en repinyt= =emme repineet= 2. =et repinyt= =ette repineet= 3. =ei repinyt= =eivät repineet=
_Perfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olen repinyt= =olemme repineet= 2. =olet repinyt= =olette repineet= 3. =on repinyt= =ovat repineet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ole repinyt= =emme ole repineet= 2. =et ole repinyt= =ette ole repineet= 3. =ei ole repinyt= =eivät ole repineet=
_Pluperfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olin repinyt= =olimme repineet= 2. =olit repinyt= =olitte repineet= 3. =oli repinyt= =olivat repineet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ollut repinyt= =emme olleet repineet= 2. =et ollut repinyt= =ette olleet repineet= 3. =ei ollut repinyt= =eivät olleet repineet=
_Concessive._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =repinen= =repinemme= 2. =repinet= =repinette= 3. =repinee= =repinevät=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en repine= =emme repine= 2. =et repine= =ette repine= 3. =ei repine= =eivät repine=
_Compound Conditional._ _Affirmative._
1. =lienen repinyt= =lienemme repineet=
(The formation of the remaining persons will now be clear.)
_Compound Conditional._ _Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en liene repinyt= =emme liene repineet=
_Conditional._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =repisin= =repisimme= 2. =repisit= =repisitte= 3. =repisi= =repisivät=
_Negative._
1. =en repisi= =emme repisi=
_Compound Conditional._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olisin repinyt= =olisimme repineet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
=en olisi repinyt= =emme olisi repineet=
_Imperative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =repikäämme= 2. =revi= =repikää=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =älkäämme repikö= 2. =älä revi= =älkää repikö=
_Optative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =repiʻös= —— 3. =repiköön= =repikööt=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =ällös repikö= —— 3. =älköön repikö= =älkööt repikö=
_Participles._
I. =repivä= II. =repinyt=
_Infinitives._
I. =repiä= _Transl._ =repiäksi= II. _Ines._ =repiessä= _Instr._ =repien= III. =repimä=, etc. IV. _Nom._ =repiminen= _Part._ =repimistä= V. _Adess._ =repimäisillä(ni)=
_Passive._
_Present_ _Aff._ =revitään= _Neg._ =ei revitä= _Imperfect_ _Aff._ =revittiin= _Neg._ =ei revitty= _Perfect_ _Aff._ =on revitty= _Neg._ =ei ole revitty= _Pluperfect_ _Aff._ =oli revitty= _Neg._ =ei ollut revitty=, _or_ =ei oltu revitty=, etc. _Concessive_ _Aff._ =revittäneen= _Neg._ =ei revittäne= _Comp. Concess._ _Aff._ =lienee revitty= _Neg._ =ei liene revitty= _Conditional_ _Aff._ =revittäisiin= _Neg._ =ei revittäisi= _Comp. Cond._ _Aff._ =olisi revitty= _Neg._ =ei olisi revitty= _Optative_ _Aff._ =revittäköön= _Neg._ =älköön revittäkö= _Infin. II. Iness._ =revittäessä=
_Participles._
I. =revittävä= II. =revitty=
* * * * *
_Present._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =luen= (=28=) =luemme= 2. =luet= =luette= 3. =lukee= =lukevat=
_Negative._ (The root closed by the aspiration.)
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en lue= =emme lue= 2. =et lue= =ette lue= 3. =ei lue= =eivät lue=
_Imperfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =luin= =luimme= 2. =luit= =luitte= 3. =luki= =lukivat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en lukenut= =emme lukeneet= 2. =et lukenut= =ette lukeneet= 3. =ei lukenut= =eivät lukeneet=
_Perfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olen lukenut= =olemme lukeneet= 2. =olet lukenut= =olette lukeneet= 3. =on lukenut= =ovat lukeneet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ole lukenut= =emme ole lukeneet= 2. =et ole lukenut= =ette ole lukeneet= 3. =ei ole lukenut= =eivät ole lukeneet=
_Pluperfect._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olin lukenut= =olimme lukeneet= 2. =olit lukenut= =olitte lukeneet= 3. =oli lukenut= =olivat lukeneet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ollut lukenut= =emme olleet lukeneet= 2. =et ollut lukenut= =ette olleet lukeneet= 3. =ei ollut lukenut= =eivät olleet lukeneet=
_Concessive._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =lukenen= =lukenemme= 2. =lukenet= =lukenette= 3. =lukenee= =lukenevat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en lukene= =emme lukene= 2. =et lukene= =ette lukene= 3. =ei lukene= =eivät lukene=
_Compound Concessive._ _Affirmative._
1. =lienen lukenut= =lienemme lukeneet=
(The formation of the remaining persons will now be clear.)
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en liene lukenut= =emme liene lukeneet=
_Conditional._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =lukisin= (=14=) =lukisimme= 2. =lukisit= =lukisitte= 3. =lukisi= =lukisivat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en lukisi=, etc. =emme lukisi=, etc.
_Compound Conditional._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olisin lukenut=, etc. =olisimme lukeneet=, etc.
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
=en olisi lukenut=, etc. =emme olisi lukeneet=, etc.
_Imperative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =lukekaamme= 2. =lue= =lukekaa=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =älkäämme lukeko= 2. =älä lue= =älkää lukeko=
_Optative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =lukeʻos= —— 3. =lukekoon= =lukekoot=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =ällös lukeko= —— 3. =älköön lukeko= =älkööt lukeko=
_Participles._
I. =lukeva= II. =lukenut=
_Infinitives._
I. =lukea= _Transl._ =lukeaksi= II. _Ines._ =lukiessa= _Instr._ =lukien= III. =lukema=, etc. IV. _Nom._ =lukeminen= _Part._ =lukemista=, etc. V. _Adess._ =lukemaisilla(ni)=
_Passive._
_Present_ _Aff._ =luetaan= _Neg._ =ei lueta= _Imperfect_ _Aff._ =luettiin= _Neg._ =ei luettu= _Perfect_ _Aff._ =on luettu= _Neg._ =ei ole luettu= _Pluperfect_ _Aff._ =oli luettu= _Neg._ =ei ollut luettu= _Concessive_ _Aff._ =luettaneen= _Neg._ =ei luettano= _Comp. Cond._ _Aff._ =lienee luettu= _Neg._ =ei liene luettu= _Conditional_ _Aff._ =luettaisiin= _Neg._ =ei luettaisi= _Comp. Cond._ _Aff._ =olisi luettu= _Neg._ =ei olisi luettu= _Optative_ _Aff._ =luettakoon= _Neg._ =älköön luettako= _Infin. II. Iness._ =luettaessa=
_Participles._
I. =luettava= II. =luettu=
Similarly =tako=, _to forge_, makes the present =taon=, =taot=, =takoo=, =taomme=, =taotte=, =takovat= (=k= being lost by =28=); imperfect =taoin=, =taoit=, =takoi=, =taoimme=, =taoitte=, =takoivat=; concessive =takonen=; conditional =takoisin=; imperative =tao=, =takokaa=; optative =takoʻos=, =takokoon=; infinitives =takoa=, =takoessa=, =takoman=, =takominen=, =takomaisillani=; participles =takova=, =takonut=; passive =taotaan=, etc.
=Otta=, _to take_; present =otan= (=30=), =otat=, =ottaa=, =otamme=, =otatte=, =ottavat=; imperfect =otin=, =otit=, =otti=, etc.; concessive =ottanen=; conditional =ottaisin=; imperative =ota=, =ottakaamme=; optative =ottaos=, =ottakoon=; infinitive =ottaa=, =ottaessa=, =ottaman=, =ottaminen=, =ottamaisillani=; participles =ottava=, =ottanut=; passive =otetaan=, etc.
=Rakenta=, _to build_, has in the present =rakennan= (=31=), =rakennat=, =rakentaa=, =rakennamme=, =rakennatte=, =rakentavat=; imperfect =rakensin=, =rakensit=, =rakensi=, etc.; passive =rakennetaan=, etc.
=Ymmärtä=, _to understand_, has similarly present (=31=) =ymmärrän=, =ymmärrät=, =ymmärtää=, etc.; imperfect =ymmärsin=; passive =ymmärretään=.
=Pyrki=, _to strive_, makes in the present =pyrin=, =pyrit=, =pyrkii=, =pyrimme=, =pyritte=, =pyrkivät=; imperfect =pyrin=; concessive =pyrkinen=; conditional =pyrkisin=; imperative =pyri=, =pyrkikää=; infinitive =pyrkiä=, etc.; passive =pyritään=, etc.
=Tappa=, _to kill_; present =tapan=, =tapat=, =tappaa=, etc.; imperfect =tapoin=, =tapoit=, =tappoi=, (=7=); concessive =tappanen=; conditional =tappaisin=; imperative =tapa=, =tappakaamme=; infinitive =tappaa=, =tappaessa=, =tappaman=, =tappaminen=, =tappamaisillani=; passive =tapetaan= (=11=).
_Third Conjugation._
This conjugation comprises all verbs where the radical is liable to become closed by the loss of the final vowel, from which results a variety of consonantal changes. The verbs which are conjugated in this way fall into two classes.
I. Dissyllabic roots ending in =le=, =ne=, =re=, =se=, and all polysyllabic roots ending in the vowel =e=.
These verbs have the following characteristics.
A. The root is closed—
(1) Before =t= in infinitive I and II and in the passive verb;
(2) Before =n= in the conditional and participle II active;
(3) Before =k= in the imperative.
B. The root may then be further changed by assimilation—
(1) Before =t= in the infinitive. The roots =tule=, =mene=, =pure= make their infinitives =tulta=, =mentä=, =purta=, which become =tulla, ennä=, =purra=. But roots ending in =se=, like =nouse=, keep the infinitive in =sta=,—=nousta=; for =st= is not a group liable to assimilation. Further simplifications of consonantal groups may take place; for example, root =syökse=, _to throw down_, shortened to =syöks=, infinitive =syökstä=, becomes =syöstä=; root =säkenöitse=, infinitive =säkenöits-tä= becomes =säkenöitä=.
(2) The =l=, =r=, or =t= at the end of the closed root always assimilates the =n= of the conditional and of participle II active. The final =s= sometimes assimilates =n=; frequently in participle II, rarely in the conditional.
_E.g._ The roots =tule=, =pure=, =kaitse=, which in their closed forms become =tul=, =pur=, =kait=, form the conditionals =tullee=, =purree=, =kainnee=, and the participles =tullut=, =purrut=, =kainnut=. =Nouse= forms =nousnee=, rarely =noussee= and participle II =nousnut= or =noussut=.
C. A strong consonant at the beginning of the penultimate syllable in polysyllabic words is also liable to softening in forms derived from the closed root, but _not_ in forms derived from the full root. Root =rohkene=, _to dare_; infinitive I =rohjeta=.
D. The final =e= is dropped in the imperfect.
E. The third sing. present has =ee=.
F. Trisyllabic roots in =ne= change =n= to =t= in the imperative, and have the infinitive I ending in =ta= preceded by a vowel so that =ne= is altogether lost; e.g. =alene=; imperative =aletkoon=; infinitive =aleta=.
G. The participle I active ends in =va=, =vä=.
In the verbs =näke= and =teke= =k= becomes =h= when the root loses its final vowel.
II. The second division of this conjugation comprises all trisyllabic roots ending in =ta=, =tä= preceded by a short vowel. Such are =lupata=, _to promise_; =hakkata=, _to strike_; =pelkätä=, _to fear_, etc.
In these verbs the following changes occur:—
A. In the present the =t= of the syllable =ta= (=tä=) is lost, and if the preceding vowel is =a= or =ä=, a long vowel is formed. That is, =lupata=, =pelkätä= become =lupaa=, =pelkää=. If the preceding vowel is =o=, =ö=, or =e=, the vowels may be assimilated into one long vowel or remain as they are. =Putota=, =putoa=, _or_ =putoo=; =kerketä=, =kerkeä=, _or_ =kerkee=; but if the vowel of the penultimate syllable is =u=, =y=, or =i=, such assimilation rarely occurs.
B. In the imperfect the final vowel is lost and =t= becomes =s= before the =i= which characterizes this tense; =lupasin=, etc.
C. The root is closed in the concessive, and the final =t= assimilated to the =n=; =lupata-nen= becomes =luvat-nen= (=34=), and then =luvannen= (=30=).
D. In the conditional the last syllable of the root is generally completely lost; =lupaisi= for =lupata-isi=; but a trace of it remains in such forms as =kokoaisi= (alternative for =kokoisi=) representing =kokotaisi=.
V. Similarly infinitives I, II, and the passive are formed from the closed root, and as the _formative_ syllable =ta= is closed by the breathing, =tt= becomes =t=; that is to say, the full root =lupata= becomes the closed root =luvat=; to this is added the closed syllable =taʻ=, and =luvattaʻ= becomes =luvata=. Similarly the passive =luvataan=.
_Examples._
Division I. Roots =tule=, _to come_; closed form =tul=. =Nouse=, _to rise_; closed form =nous=.
_Present._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =tulen= =tulemme= 2. =tulet= =tulette= 3. =tulee= =tulevat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en tule= =emme tule= 2. =et tule= =ette tule= 3. =ei tule= =eivät tule=
_Imperfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =tulin= =tulimme= 2. =tulit= =tulitte= 3. =tuli= =tulivat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._