Part 9
V. The fifth infinitive, which is not much used except in poetry, and may be regarded as a diminutive derived from infinitive III, is formed by adding =maise= to the root. It is used only in the adessive plural, and always with a personal suffix. =Nouse=, _to rise_, =nouse-mais-i-lla-nsa=; =tule=, =tulemaisillani=.
There are two _participles_ or verbal adjectives in Finnish. They are simply adjectives formed from a verbal root by the addition of a suffix.
I. The first verbal adjective is formed by adding =va= (=vä=) to the root. (Sometimes this suffix is found in the form of =pa=, =pä=.) The adjective so formed is declined in the ordinary way.
II. The stem of the second participle is formed by adding =nehe= (shortened =nee=) to the root. This termination (as explained p. 40) becomes =nut= or =nyt= in the nominative, e.g. =oppi=, _to learn_, =oppinehe=, nominative =oppinut=, genitive =oppinehen= (_or_ =neen=), =oppineella=, etc., partitive, =oppinutta=, essive =oppineena= _or_ =oppinunna=, illative =oppineesen=, plur. =oppineet=, genitive =oppinutten=, =oppineiden=, partitive =oppineita=, etc.
_The Passive._
All the forms of the finite passive verb in Finnish are _impersonal_, e.g. =tuodaan= means ‘_people bring_,’ or ‘_there is a bringing_,’ in French ‘on apporte;’ but there are no personal forms like the Latin or Greek passives.
The root of the passive is formed by adding =ta= or =tä= to the verb. The same changes are made as for the infinitive I active; but,
A. If the =t= of the passive termination comes between two simple vowels it is doubled, e.g. =leipo=, =leivotta= (=35=).
B. Simple =a= and =ä= become =e= before the =t=, which is then doubled, =kaiva=, =kaivetta=; =heittä=, =heitettä=.
The root thus formed receives a termination analogous to the illative, that is to say =h—n= with the same vowel between them as precedes the =h=. In the passive the =h= drops out, and the =n= is preceded by a long vowel. The syllable =ta= in the present is closed with the aspiration.
For instance:—=Saa= makes =saadaan=, that is =saa + ta’ + han=, the =h= dropping out and the =t= being softened; =syö=, =syödään= for =syö-tä’-hän=. So too =sido=, =sidotta=, =sidotahan=, which becomes =sidotaan=; =mene= (which is shortened to =men=) becomes =mennään=; =kaiva=, =kaivetta=, =kaivetaan=. It is to be noticed that in verbs ending in a long vowel or diphthong, the passive present has the form =daan=, the =t= being softened. But where the =t= is doubled after a short vowel the present passive ends in =taan=.
The _imperfect_ tense is formed as in the active by adding =i= to the stem, but the consonants are not softened, because the syllable =ti= does not end with the aspiration, e.g. the present passive is formed by adding =taʻ= (with the aspiration) to the root: =saa-taʻ= which becomes =saada=, and then with the termination =saadaan=. But the imperfect has the stem =saati=, which gives =saatiin=. So we have root =sido=, present =sidotaan=, but imperfect =sidottiin=; =repi=, present =revitään=, imperfect =revittiin=; =tule= (shortened =tul=), present =tullaan=, imperfect =tultiin=.
The _concessive_ passive is formed by adding to the passive root in =ta=, the modal termination =ne=, and the usual suffix, =saata + ne + hen= = =saataneen=. The consonants are not weakened, e.g. =tultaneen=, =sidottaneen=. The final =n= is frequently omitted, e.g. =saatanee=.
The _conditional_ is formed by placing =isi= after the syllable =ta=, and suffixing the termination =hin= =saata + isi + hin=; =saataisiin=; =tul= (=tule=), =tulta=, =tultaisiin=.
In the _optative_ the termination =ko= is added between =ta= and the suffix =hon=, =saata-ko-hon=, =saatakoon=.
The _imperative_ is not used.
Theoretically of course all the five _infinitives_ can be formed for the passive as well as the active verb, but practically only two are ever used: (_a_) The inessive sing. of the infinitive II. The root is of the form =saatate=, which becomes =saatae=, and we have such forms as =saataessa=, =noustaessa=. (_b_) The instructive of infinitive III formed by adding =ma= to the root ending in =ta= and suffixing =n=, =saataman=, =luvattaman=.[11]
There are two _participles_.
I. Formed as in the active by adding =va= or =vä= after =ta=, =tä=; =saatava=, =revittävä=.
II. Formed by adding =u= or =y= after =ta= or =tä=, before which vowels =a=, =ä= always fall out; =saata + u=, =saatu=; =revittä + y=, =revitty=.
_The Negative Conjugation._
The conjugation of the negative verb is entirely different from that of the positive.
In Finnish there is no word exactly corresponding to the English words ‘not,’ ‘no.’ Instead there is a negative verb, consisting of a root combined with the personal terminations, and which may be literally translated ‘not I,’ ‘not thou,’ ‘not it,’ etc.
The root of this verb in the present is =e= or =ei=, and it is conjugated as below.
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en= =emme= 2. =et= =ette= 3. =ei= =eivät=
The forms for the imperative are formed from the root =äl= or =el=.
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =älkäämme=, =elkäämme= 2. =älä=, =elä= =älkäätte=, =elkäätte=, _or_ =älkää=, =elkää=
The optative is formed similarly.
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =ällös= _or_ =ellös= —— 3. =älköön= _or_ =elköön= =älkööt= _or_ =elkööt=
There is also a form used in dubitative or conditional sentences.
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =ellen= =ellemme= 2. =ellet= =ellette= 3. =ellei= =elleivät=
This form is used in composition with the present or conditional: =minä tulen, ellei paha ilma estä=, _I will come if the bad weather does not stop me_. =Elleivät olisi kotona=, _in case they are not at home_.
The negative _present_ of an active verb is formed by prefixing this verb to the root, _which is always closed by the aspiration_.
Root =tuo=, _to bring_.
_Sing._ _Plur._
=en tuo=, _I do not bring_ =emme tuo=, _we do not bring_ =et tuo=, _thou dost not bring_ =ette tuo=, _ye do not bring_ =ei tuo=, _he does not bring_ =eivät tuo=, _they do not bring_
But the root =repi= makes—
_Sing._ _Plur._
=en revi= =emme revi= =et revi= =ette revi= =ei revi= =eivät revi=
the root being closed by the aspiration, and consequently becoming =revi= by rule =35=.
The negative _imperfect_ is formed by prefixing the verb =en=, etc., to the nominative of participle II active. The participle takes the plur. inflexions in the plur.
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en tuonut= =emme tuoneet= 2. =et tuonut= =ette tuoneet= 3. =ei tuonut= =eivät tuoneet=
Or from the root =repi=—
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en repinyt= =emme repineet= 2. =et repinyt= =ette repineet= 3. =ei repinyt= =eivät repineet=
The negative of the _concessive_ is formed in the same way by prefixing the negative verb to the root, to which is added the syllable =-ne=.
=Saa=, _to receive_; root for the concessive, =saane=, negative concessive.
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en saane= =emme saane= 2. =et saane= =ette saane= 3. =ei saane= =eivät saane=
In an exactly similar manner the conditional is formed by adding =isi= to the root, and prefixing the negative verb.
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en saisi= =emme saisi= 2. =et saisi= =ette saisi= 3. =ei saisi= =eivät saisi=
The negative _imperative_ is formed by prefixing to the root of the verb (closed by the aspiration in the singular) the imperative forms of the negative verb given above. In the plur. =ko= (=kö=) is suffixed to the root of the verb to be negatived.
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =älkäämme saako= 2. =älä saa= =älkäätte saako=
Similarly—
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =älkäämme repikö= 2. =älä revi= =älkäätte repikö=
The negative _optative_ is formed by suffixing =ko=, =kö=, to the root, and employing before it the negative forms of the optative verb. The use of the suffix =ko= in the negative imperative shows how closely the two forms are allied.
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =ällös saako= —— 3. =älköön saako= =älkööt saako=
The negative of the _passive_ is similarly formed by prefixing the verb =ei= to the passive root—that is, to the root of the verb with the syllable =ta= (=tä=) added, but without the termination which characterises the affirmative passive. This root is closed by the aspiration, but the imperfect is formed with participle II, passive, _e.g._ roots =saa=, =repi=, =tule= (=tul=), passive roots =saada=, =revitä=, =tulla=.
_Pres._ =ei saada=, =ei revitä=, =ei tulla= _Imp._ =ei saatu=, =ei revitty=, =ei tultu= _Conc._ =ei saatane=, =ei revittäne=, =ei tultane= _Cond._ =ei saataisi=, =ei revittäisi=, =ei tultaisi= _Opt._ =älköön saatako=, =älköön revittäkö=, =älköön tultako=
_Imperative_ not used.
_The Auxiliary Verb._
The conjugation of the positive auxiliary verb =olla=, _to be_, is as follows:—
_Present._ _Imperfect._
_Sing._ _Plur._ _Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olen= =olemme= 1. =olin= =olimme= 2. =olet= =olette= 2. =olit= =olitte= 3. =on= =ovat= 3. =oli= =olivat=
_Concessive._ _Conditional._
_Sing._ _Plur._ _Sing._ _Plur._
1. =lienen= =lienemme= 1. =olisin= =olisimme= 2. =lienet= =lienette= 2. =olisit= =olisitte= 3. =lienee= =lienevät= 3. =olisi= =olisivat=
_or_,
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =ollen= =ollemme= 2. =ollet= =ollette= 3. =ollee= =ollevat=
_Imperative._ _Optative._
_Sing._ _Plur._ _Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =olkaamme= 2. =ollos= —— 2. =ole= =olkaa= _or_ 3. =olkoon= =olkoot= =olkaatte=
_Infinitive._
I. _Part._ =olla= III. _Gen._ =oleman= _Transl._ =ollakse(ni)= _In._ =olemassa=, etc. II. _In._ =ollessa= IV. _Nom._ =oleminen= _Instr._ =ollen= _Part._ =olemista= V. _Ad._ =olemaisillani=
_Participles._
_Pres._ =oleva= _Perf._ =ollut=
_Passive forms.—Indicative._
_Pres._ =ollaan= _Perf._ =on oltu= _Imp._ =oltiin= _Plupf._ =oli oltu=
_Concessive._ _Conditional._
_Simp._ =oltaneen= _Simp._ =oltaisiin= _Comp._ =lienee oltu= _Comp._ =olisi oltu=
_Optative._ _Infinitive._
=oltakoon= II. _In._ =oltaessa= III. _Gen._ =oltaman=
_Participles._
_Pres._ =oltava= _Perf._ =oltu=.
In poetry are found various contracted forms, mostly produced by the omission of =l= from the root. Present indicative 1. =oon=, 2. =oot=; plur. 1. =oomme=, 2. =ootte=. Conditional: =oisin=, =oisit=, =oisi=, =oisimme=, =oisitte=, =oisivat=. Concessive: =lien=, =liet=, =lie=. Passive form: =liedään=.
With the aid of this auxiliary and certain participles are formed the compound tenses of the Finnish verb. These are:—
(1) The perfect, formed with the present of the auxiliary and the nominative of participle II, which in the plur. takes the plural terminations, as is the case in all the other tenses: =olen, olet, on saanut=; =olemme, olette, ovat saaneet=, _I, thou, he has received_.
(2) The pluperfect, formed by prefixing the imperfect of the auxiliary to the same participle: =olin, olit, oli saanut=; =olimme, olitte, olivat saaneet=, _I had received_, etc.
(3) The compound concessive, formed by adding the conditional of the auxiliary to the same participle: =lienen, lienet, lienee saanut=; =lienemme, lienette, lienevät saaneet=, _I may have received (il se peut que j’ai reçu)_.
(4) The compound conditional, formed by prefixing the conditional of the auxiliary to the same participle: =olisin, olisit, olisi saanut=; =olisimme, olisitte, olisivat saaneet=, _I should have received_, etc.
When these four tenses of the verb ‘to be’ are combined with participle I, they form a future, of which there may be four varieties:—
(1) =Olen=, etc., =saava=, _I shall receive_; (2) =olin=, etc., =saava=, _I was about to receive_; (3) =lienen saava=, _perhaps I shall receive_; (4) =olisin saava=, _I might have received_.
Though the plur. of these forms should grammatically be =olemme saavat=, which forms are employed in the literary language, yet in the spoken language the participle does not take the plural termination.
The compound tenses of the passive are formed by adding the tense of the verb =olla= to participle II, passive.
_Perf._ =on saatu= _Plupf._ =oli saatu= _Comp. Conc._ =lienee saatu= _Comp. Cond._ =olisi saatu=
The negative forms for these tenses are formed by putting the auxiliary verb in the negative form, and keeping the participle as before. The negative forms of the auxiliary verb are:—
_Present._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ole= =emme ole= 2. =et ole= =ette ole= 3. =ei ole= =eivät ole=
_Imperfect._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ollut= =emme olleet= 2. =et ollut= =ette olleet= 3. =ei ollut= =eivät olleet=
_Concessive._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en liene= =emme liene= 2. =et liene= =ette liene= 3. =ei liene= =eivät liene=
_Conditional._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en olisi= =emme olisi= 2. =et olisi= =ette olisi= 3. =ei olisi= =eivät olisi=
It is hoped that with the aid of the foregoing explanations the conjugation of a Finnish verb will be perfectly clear.
The verbs may be divided into three conjugations.
_First Conjugation._
The characteristics of this conjugation are as follow:—
(_a_) The root always ends in a long vowel.
(_b_) There is no change of consonants.
(_c_) The third person sing. of the present tense is the simple root.
(_d_) The last vowel of the root is liable to changes before the =i= of the past tense and conditional.
(_e_) In the present passive, and in infinitive I the termination =ta= becomes =da=.
This conjugation includes:—
1. All monosyllabic roots. In participle I active they take either =va= (=vä=) or =pa= (=pä=).
2. Trisyllabic roots ending in =oi= or =öi=. These have only =va= (=vä=) in the participle I.
Monosyllabic verbs occasionally take the termination =pi= in the third person sing. present indicative, _e.g._ =lyöpi=, =saapi=. This is especially frequent in the dialect spoken about St. Petersburg.
The trisyllabic verbs ending in =oi=, =öi=, also frequently form their infinitive in =ta=, that is to say, the root also exists in a form ending in =-tse=. =Haravoida= is the infinitive from the root =haravoi=; =haravoita=, the infinitive from the derived root of the same meaning =haravoitse=.
Examples: =saa=, _to receive_; =tuo=, _to bring_.
_Active Voice._ _Indicative Mood._
_Present._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =saan= =saame= 2. =saat= =saatte= 3. =saa= =saavat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en saa= =emme saa= 2. =et saa= =ette saa= 3. =ei saa= =eivät saa=
_Imperfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =sain= (=3=) =saimme= 2. =sait= =saitte= 3. =sai= =saivat=
_Negative._ _Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en saanut= =emme saaneet= 2. =et saanut= =ette saaneet= 3. =ei saanut= =eivät saaneet=
_Perfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olen saanut= =olemme saaneet= 2. =olet saanut= =olette saaneet= 3. =on saanut= =ovat saaneet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ole saanut= =emme ole saaneet= 2. =et ole saanut= =ette ole saaneet= 3. =ei ole saanut= =eivät ole saaneet=
_Pluperfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olin saanut= =olimme saaneet= 2. =olit saanut= =olitte saaneet= 3. =oli saanut= =olivat saaneet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ollut saanut= =emme olleet saaneet= 2. =et ollut saanut= =ette olleet saaneet= 3. =ei ollut saanut= =eivät ollet saaneet=
_Simple Concessive._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =saanen= =saanemme= 2. =saanet= =saanette= 3. =saanee= =saanevat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en saane= =emme saane= 2. =et saane= =ette saane= 3. =ei saane= =eivät saane=
_Compound Concessive._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =lienen saanut= =lienemme saaneet= 2. =lienet saanut= =lienette saaneet= 3. =lienee saanut= =lienevät saaneet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en liene saanut= =emme liene saaneet= 2. =et liene saanut= =ette liene saaneet= 3. =ei liene saanut= =eivät liene saaneet=
_Simple Conditional._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =saisin= =saisimme= 2. =saisit= =saisitte= 3. =saisi= =saisivat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en saisi= =emme saisi= 2. =et saisi= =ette saisi= 3. =ei saisi= =eivät saisi=
_Compound Conditional._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olisin saanut= =olisimme saaneet= 2. =olisit saanut= =olisitte saaneet= 3. =olisi saanut= =olisivat saaneet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en olisi saanut= =emme olisi saaneet= 2. =et olisi saanut= =ette olisi saaneet= 3. =ei olisi saanut= =eivät olisi saaneet=
_First Future._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olen saava (saapa)= =olemme saava= _or_ =saavat (pa)= 2. =olet saava (pa)= =olette saava= _or_ =saavat (pa)= 3. =on saava (pa)= =ovat saava (pa)=
Such forms as =ovat saavat= are avoided on account of the repetition of =vat=.
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ole saava=, _or_ =saapa= =emme ole saava=, _or_ =saavat= 2. =et ole saava= =ette ole saava= 3. =ei ole saava= =eivät ole saava=
The other futures =olin saava=, =lienen saava=, and =olisi saava= are conjugated exactly similarly.
_Imperative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =saakaamme= 2. =saa= =saakaa(tte)=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =älkäämme saako= 2. =älä saa= =älkää saako=
_Optative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =saaʻos= —— 3. =saakoon= =saakoot=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =ällös saako= —— 3. =älköön saako= =älkööt saako=
_Infinitive._
I. =saada= _Transl._ =saadakse(ni)= II. _Iness._ =saadessa= _Instr._ =saaden= III. =saama=, _used in nearly all the cases_ IV. _Nom._ =saaminen= _Part._ =saamista= V. _Adess. Plur._ =saamaisilla(ni)=, (_always with suffix_).
_Participles._
I. =saapa= _or_ =saava= II. =saanut=
_Passive Voice._
_Present_ _Aff._ =saadaan= _Neg._ =ei saada= _Imperfect_ _Aff._ =saatiin= _Neg._ =ei saatu= _Perfect_ _Aff._ =on saatu= _Neg._ =ei ole saatu= _Pluperfect_ _Aff._ =oli saatu= _Neg._ =ei oltu saatu=, _or_, =ei ollut saatu= _Concessive_ _Aff._ =saataneen= _Neg._ =ei saatane= _Concess. Comp._ _Aff._ =lienee saatu= _Neg._ =ei liene saatu= _Conditional_ _Aff._ =saataisiin= _Neg._ =ei saataisi= _Cond. Comp._ _Aff._ =olisi saatu= _Neg._ =ei olisi saatu= _Optative_ _Aff._ =saatakoon= _Neg._ =älköön saatako=
_Infinitive._ The only forms used are—
II. _Iness._ =saataessa= III. _Instr._ =saataman=
* * * * *
_Active Voice._ _Indicative Mood._
_Present._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =tuon= =tuomme= 2. =tuot= =tuotte= 3. =tuo= =tuovat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en tuo= =emme tuo= 2. =et tuo= =ette tuo= 3. =ei tuo= =eivät tuo=
_Imperfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =toin= (=4=) =toimme= 2. =toit= =toitte= 3. =toi= =toivat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en tuonut= =emme tuoneet= 2. =et tuonut= =ette tuoneet= 3. =ei tuonut= =eivät tuoneet=
_Perfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olen tuonut= =olemme tuoneet= 2. =olet tuonut= =olette tuoneet= 3. =on tuonut= =ovat tuoneet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ole tuonut= =emme ole tuoneet= 2. =et ole tuonut= =ette ole tuoneet= 3. =ei ole tuonut= =eivät ole tuoneet=
_Pluperfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olin tuonut= =olimme tuoneet= 2. =olit tuonut= =olitte tuoneet= 3. =oli tuonut= =olivat tuoneet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ollut tuonut= =emme olleet tuoneet= 2. =et ollut tuonut= =ette olleet tuoneet= 3. =ei ollut tuonut= =eivät olleet tuoneet=
_Simple Concessive._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._