Part 18

(1) In the nominative, as the subject to the verb =olla= in affirmative sentences. It then denotes the necessity or propriety of performing an action, the subject of which is put in the genitive. =Minun on tämä kirja lukeminen=, _I ought to read this book_, or literally, _this book is a reading for me_. =Meidän on tottuminen siihen=, _we must get used to it_. =Tehty kauppa kiittäminen, tekemätön tietäminen=, _one should praise a bargain which is made, but enquire into one which is not yet made_ (prov.). Copious examples can be found in Kal. xxiii. 61, =Tapa on uusi ottaminen, Entinen unohtaminen=, etc.

(2) The partitive is, agreeably to general rules, used in a similar sense in negative sentences, or interrogative sentences implying a negative. =Ei ole minun tätä kirjaa lukemista=, _I need not read this book_. =Ei koiraa karvoihin katsomista=, _one must not judge a dog by his coat_. =Ei pojan isäänsä opettamista=, _a son should not teach his father_.

In such phrases as =minulla on vielä paljo sanomista=, _I have still much to say_, the partitive depends on the word =paljo=, just as it does in such a sentence as =paljo rahaa=, _much money_.

_Infinitive V._

This infinitive is only a diminutive form derived from infinitive III. As a rule, it is only used in one case, the adessive plural, to denote an action on the point of taking place (cf. infinitive III, E. 1). It always takes the pronominal suffix. =Olin työtä alottamaisillani=, _I was on the point of beginning to work_. =Juna on juuri lähtemäisillänsä=, _the train is just going_. =Aurinko oli katoamaisillaan=, _the sun was just going to set_. =Yhtiö on muodostumaisillaan=, _the company is on the point of being formed_. =Mies oli kaatamaisillaan puuta=, _the man was on the point of felling the tree_.

PARTICIPLES.

The participles may be called verbal adjectives, just as the infinitives are verbal substantives. But, as has already been observed, there is no clear distinction between adjectives and substantives in the Finnish language, and the participles are used substantively in many constructions, just as the third infinitive is used adjectively. They sometimes lose all temporal signification and become mere adjectives, as =oppinut=, _learned_; =väsynyt=, _tired_; =mädännyt=, _rotten_.

When used with a verbal meaning the present participles (part. I) indicate an action beginning or continuing, and the past participles (part. II) an action which is completed. The temporal signification is not very marked. It is noticeable that the passive participles have two distinct meanings, one impersonal like the rest of the so-called passive verb, the other distinctly passive.

All the participles can be used—

(1) As attributes or predicates.

(2) To form the compound tenses of verbs in conjunction with the verb =olla=, after the manner already explained.

_Participle I—Active._

This participle denotes an action taking place or which is to take place in the future, just as the present indicative represents both a present and future tense. =Lentävä lintu saa jotakin, istuva ei mitään=, _the bird who flies catches something: the bird who sits still nothing_. =Ei työtä tekevä nälkään kuole=, _the man who works does not die of hunger_. =Kysyvä ei tieltä eksy=, _he who asks does not lose his way_. =Hukkuva oljen korteenkin tarttuu=, _a drowning man catches at a straw_ (provs.).

In the combination with the verb =olla= it has a future signification (_v._ p. 176).

The essive of this participle is used with the verb =olla= to signify something pretended by the subject. In this sense it is often in the plural, though the subject itself is singular. =Hän on olevinansa= (_or_ =olevanansa=) =oppinut=, _he pretends to be learned_. =Hän on paljonkin tietävinänsä=, _he thinks he knows a great deal_. =Hän oli lähtevänänsä eilen, mutta ei mennyt=, _he pretended he was starting yesterday, but did not go_. So also it is used in speaking of dreams and hallucinations. =Minä olin näkevinäni=, _I thought I saw_. Gen. xxxvii. 7, =Katso, me olimme sitovanamme jalallisia wainiolla= (_of a dream_); cf. Gen. xli. 17, =Unessani olin minä seisovana=.

Words ending in =ja= as a rule correspond to English forms in _er_. E.g. =rakentaja=, _a builder_; that is to say they denote an action, like the present participle, but do not define the time in any way. Sometimes, however, they are used exactly like the present participle, e.g. Kal. xvi. 169, =Se oli poukkujen pesiä Räpähien räimyttäjä=, which means, not _she was a washerwoman_, but _she was washing clothes_. Similarly, =Pappi oli ristijänä=, _the priest was christening a child_. Cf. Kal. x. 111, =Miesten syöjille sioille=.

_Participle II—Active._

The past active participle expresses an action, which has taken place at any past time. =Ei ole vuoksen voittanutta, Yli käynyttä Imatran= (Kal. iii. 182), _there is no (waterfall) that has conquered the Vuoksa or surpassed Imatra_. =Äijä on tänne tullehia, Ei paljo palannehia= (Kal. xvi. 270), _there are many who have come down here, not many who have gone back_. =Alkää häiritkö nukkunutta=, _wake not the sleeper_.

The translative singular of this participle is used in connection with the verb =tulla= to denote an incidental or chance action. =Hän tuli sanoneeksi, kertoneeksi ...=, _he happened to say in the course of conversation ..._ =Mennessään kaupunkiin tuli nähneeksi ...=, _as he went to the town he happened to see ..._ =Puodissa käydessään tuli ostaneeksi uuden maton=, _in going round the shops he happened to buy a new carpet_. Cf. Kal. ii. 149, =Sai toki sanoneheksi=, _scarce had he said it_. =Olkoon menneeksi=, _it does not matter_, or _let that pass_.

_Participle I—Passive._

This participle has not a simple temporal signification, but has always an idea of desirability, or necessity. =Kunnioitettava Herra=, _a man to be honoured_. In combination with the verb =olla= it can be used either as a simple adjective, e.g. =se on korjattava=, _that should be corrected_, or as a part of the impersonal passive verb, =sitä on korjattava=. It is sometimes used with a genitive of the agent like the infinitive. =Sentähden oli etsittävä kahdenkeskistä yksinäisyyttä=, _on this account it was necessary to seek for a tête-à-tête interview_. =Sanokaa, mitä tietä minun on mentävä=, _tell me what road I should take_. =Tämä asia on meidän mielessämme pidettävä=, _we must keep that in mind_.

The translative singular of this participle is used exactly like the illative of the third infinitive, but with a passive signification. =Setä toi kirjoja lasten luettavaksi=, _the uncle brought books for the children to read_ (_for the reading of the children_). =Hän antoi veitsen hiottavaksi=, _he gave the knife to be sharpened_.

_Participle II—Passive._

This participle is really a substantive expressing the result of the verb’s action. From this it passes easily to an adjectival meaning. For instance, =työ on tehty=, _the work is a thing done_, is much the same as _the work is done_. In combination with =olla= it is used to form tenses of the passive impersonal verb, and as such, can take an object, otherwise it has the same signification as the past passive participle in other languages. =Puhuttu puhe ammuttu nuoli=, _a word once spoken is an arrow shot forth_. =Unhotettu maksettu velka=, _a debt paid is forgotten_ (proverbs). =Jos mun tuttuni tulisi=, _if one known by me were to come_.

It is noticeable that when used in this sense the past passive participle does not as a rule take the pronominal suffix. Thus one says, =ostettu kirja=, _the book that has been bought_, but by preference, =ostamani kirja=, _the book that has been bought by me_.

Part. II passive is also used substantively in the partitive singular to express an action antecedent to the action of the principal verb. As the original meaning of the partitive is motion from, this is very analogous to the use of the elative of infinitive III. Like other expressions of the same nature (e.g. the inessive of infinitive II) this use is rendered in English by a temporal sentence. The subject of that sentence is represented in Finnish by a genitive, or by a pronominal suffix, if the subjects of the principal and temporal sentence are the same.

=Jopa tuonne tultuansa, Matkan päähän päästyänsä= (Kal. xlii. 25), _after he had come thither and reached the end of his journey_. =Muutaman päivän kuluttua=, _after a few days_. =Luettuaan sanomalehtiä ja syötyään aamiaisen=, _after he had read his paper and eaten his breakfast_. =Kävelyltään palattuaan=, _after returning from his walk_. =Juotuaan kolme, neljä lasia teetä=, _after drinking three or four glasses of tea_. =Sotamiehen kotiin palattua=, _when the soldier had come home_. =Päivän laskettua=, _when the sun had set_.

As however this participle denotes a completed rather than a past action, it is sometimes used in cases where we have to translate it by a present participle. Kal. xvii. 593, =Hyvin laait tultuasi=, _thou hast done well in coming_. xlvi. 284, =Terve, terve tultuasi= (=terve tuloa= is a common expression), _hail to thee in thy coming_. These two examples show clearly the substantival character of the participle.

_Use of Participles in Oblique Oration._

The participles have another use in Finnish—viz. they correspond to the construction known in Latin grammar as the accusative and infinitive in subordinate sentences.

In other words, a subordinate sentence which in English begins with the word _that_ (and some others), and which might in Finnish be represented by a similar sentence beginning with =että=, can be put in a shorter and more idiomatic form by: (1) omitting the word =että=; (2) replacing the finite verb by the _genitive singular_ of the participle; (3) representing the subject by a genitive, partitive, or pronominal affix. Thus =se luulee että hän tekee Jumalalle palveluksen=, _he thinketh that he doeth God service_ becomes =se luulee tekevänsä Jumalalle palveluksen=.

The participle present is used in this construction when the action of the subordinate sentence is coincident with that of the principal sentence or future to it, and the past participle when the action of the subordinate sentence is anterior. _He thinks he will receive the book_, =luulee kirjan saavansa=. _He thinks he has received the book_, =luulee kirjan saaneensa=. Notice that a past tense does not require necessarily the past participle. =Hän luuli lintuja olevan metsässä=, _he thought there were birds in the wood_. Here the present participle is used because the action of the two verbs is contemporaneous.

The noun or pronoun which is the subject in the expanded sentence is put in the genitive when total, in the partitive when partial, and represented by the pronominal suffix when the subjects of the two sentences are the same. The participle remains in the genitive sing. whatever be the case or number of the subject.

This use is more frequent in affirmative than in negative sentences, but there is no objection to such sentences as =En luule voivani tulla=, _I do not think I can come_, where the _principal_ verb is negatived. It is however very rarely used when the verb of the _subordinate_ sentence is negatived (_vide_ p. 220 for some curious irregularities in this respect).

Examples:—=Kuin hän siis kuuli hänen sairastavan=, _when he heard he was ill_. =Luuletteko olevan mitä vaaraa?= _do you think there is any danger?_ =Minä päivänä toivotte saapuvanne perille?= _on what day do you expect to arrive?_ =En usko häntä näkeväni=, _I don’t believe I shall see him_. =Minä luulen sotamiesten jo saapuneen leiriin=, _I think the soldiers have already gone to the camp_. =En usko palvelijan varastaneen rahoja=, _I do not believe that the servant has stolen the money_. =Tiedän vieraita tulevan=, _I know that some strangers have come_. =Näin vettä satavan=, _I see that it is raining_. =Kuulin laivoja tulleen=, _I heard that some ships had arrived_. When the verb =olla= is used in this construction, its complement remains in the same case as it would be in an expanded sentence, _if it is in any case but the nominative singular_.

{ =vesi on hyvää=, =Luulen että= { =poika on terveenä=, { =syytetyt ovat tuomitut kuolemaan=.

become

{ =veden olevan hyvää= =Luulen= { =pojan olevan terveenä= { =syytettyjen olevan tuomitut kuolemaan=.

But if the complement is a nominative singular it appears as a genitive singular when the subject is put in that case.

=Luulen että poika on ahkera= becomes =Luulen pojan olevan ahkeran=.

It is possible to still more abridge the proposition by rejecting =olevan= and putting the complement in the translative. =Luulen pojan ahkeraksi=. =Tiesi hetkensä tulleeksi=, _he knew that his hour had come_. =Huomasin hänen menneeksi=, _I noticed he was gone_. =Kertoi veneen kaatuneeksi=, _he related that the boat had been upset_ (_v._ page 158).

If the predicate of the subordinate sentence in the expanded form is a passive verb, the passive participle can be used in the genitive singular. The subject of such a proposition is always in the partitive. As a rule only part. I passive is used in the genitive, part. II being generally in the translative according to the construction mentioned above.

=Tiedän häntä odotettavan=, _I know they are waiting for him_. =Näin karhua ammuttavan=, _I see the bear is being shot at_; but =Epäilen karhua tappetuksi=, _I doubt if the bear has been killed_. =Uskon metsää hakattavan=, _I think the forest is being cut down_; but =Uskon metsän hakatuksi=, _I think the forest has been cut down_.

These participal constructions are also employed when the verb introducing the subordinate sentence is in the passive form. Under such circumstances the subject of the subordinate sentence may either remain in the nominative or pass into the genitive.

=Siinä makasiinissa kuulutaan saatavan oikeata kiinalaista teetä=, _this shop is said to receive real Chinese tea_. =Sanotaan varustettavan sotaretkeä=, _it is said that an expedition is being armed_. =Luultiin ihmisiä kuolleen=, _it was thought the men were dead_.

The intransitive verbs =näkyä=, _to be seen_; =näyttää=, _to appear_; =tuntua=, _to feel_; =kuulua=, _to be heard_, also take the genitive of the participle.

=Hän kuuluu eronneen miehestään ja lähteneen Pietariin=, _she is said to be divorced from her husband and to have left for St. Petersburg_. =Et näy tuntevan vanhaa ystävääsi=, _you don’t seem to know your old friend_. =Ei kuulu saadun kaloja=, _it is said no fish have been caught_[16].

PREPOSITIONS, POSTPOSITIONS, AND ADVERBS.

As has been already explained in the Accidence the greater number of these words in Finnish are declinable substantives, and take the various cases under just the same rules as an ordinary noun. With the exception of a certain number of petrified and isolated forms, they may be compared to the word _midst_ in English. We say _he came from the midst_, _went into the midst_, or _stood in the midst_. In the language of Finnish grammarians such forms would be considered as adverbs. Whereas in such expressions as _in the midst_, or _from the midst of the crowd_, they would be called postpositions or prepositions. This practice of declining adverbs and postpositions is, however, carried to lengths for which no analogy can be found in English. Thus =myöhä=, is _late_ (an adjective), but _to come late_ is rendered by =tulla myöhään=; on account of the idea of motion in the verb. _To watch late into the night_ is =valvoa myöhälle yötä=, and such an expression as _later on_ (of a date) is rendered by the essive =myöhempänä=.

Most, but not all, postpositions, are capable of taking the pronominal affixes, with or without a genitive of the personal pronoun before them.

The subjoined list of prepositions and postpositions gives all the words considered as falling under these categories by ordinary grammars. As a matter of fact, it might very well be either enlarged or curtailed, which last would be better, as some of the words are substantives in ordinary use. But I have thought it better to adhere to the conventional list.

I. Postpositions and Prepositions used in only one case.

(1) =Ennen= (instrumental of =ensi=). Preposition followed by partitive. _Before._ =Ennen Kristuksen syntymää=, _before the birth of Christ_. =Ennen aikojansa=, _before one’s time_; _too soon_. =Ennen tuloani=, _before I came_.

(2) =Halki=, _across_. Preposition followed by genitive. =Halki metsän=, _through the wood_. =Lenti kokko halki taivon=. (Kal. ii. 265).

(3) =Ilman= (instrumental of =ilma=), _without_, preposition with partitive. =Ilman apua=, _without help_. =Ilman rahaa=, _without money_. =Ilman sitä=, _besides_. Also used with the abessive. =Ilman muiden avutta=, _without the help of others_. =Hän otti rahat vastaan ilman lukematta=, _he received the money without counting it_. =Ilman maan alistamatta, Ilman kasken kaatamatta= (Kal. ii. 254).

(4) =Kanssa=, _with_. Postposition with the genitive. =Pojan kanssa=, _with the boy_. =Isänsä kanssa=, _with his father_. =Kanssa= takes the pronominal suffixes. =Minun kanssani=, =sinun kansassi=, =hänen kanssansa=, etc. =Hän kulki kanssani koko matkan=, _he went all the way with me_. =Puhuiko hän kanssasi?= _did he speak to you?_

(5) =Kautta= (partitive of =kausi=). Postposition after the genitive, _through_, or _by the help of_; like =kanssa= it takes the pronominal suffixes. =Minun kauttani=, _by my help_. =Hän on tunnetu isänsä kautta=, _he is known on account of his father_. Also used as a preposition in the sense of _all over_. =Huhu leviää kautta kaiken kaupungin=, _the rumour spreading over the whole city_. =Kävelimme kylien kautta=, _we went through the villages_.

(6) =Paitsi=, _besides_. Preposition with the partitive. =Paitsi sinua ei ole minulla yhtään ystävää=, _I have no friend but you_. =Paitsi sitä=, _besides this_. =Paitsi veljensä apua olisi hän joutunut hukkaan=, _he would have been ruined without his brother’s help_.

(7) =Pitkin=, _along_. Preposition with the partitive. =Käydä pitkin tietä=, _to go along a road_. =Lapset juoksentelevat pitkin pihoja=, _the children run about in the courts_.

(8) =Poikki=. Postposition or preposition with genitive, _across_: =Kulkea joen poikki=, _to cross the river_. =Jänis juoksi poikki tien=, _the hare ran across the road_.

(9) =Puhki=. Preposition or postposition, _across_. =Luoti meni puhki lasin=, _the bullet came through the glass_.

(10) =Suhteen= (illative of =suhde=), postposition with genitive, _in relation to, compared with_. =Wähä tarpeen suhteen=, _small for one’s wants_. =Palkan suhteen oli tyytyväinen=, _he was satisfied with the remuneration_.

(11) =Takia=, =Tautta=, =Tähden=, postposition with genitive, _for the sake of_, _for_, _in consequence of_.

=Älä minun tähdeni vaivaa näe=, _do not trouble on my account_. =Kipeän jalkani tautta en voi astua=, _I can’t stand on account of my bad leg_. =Nälän tähden=, _from hunger_. =Kauppamies viipyi pari päivää asiansa takia=, _the merchant waited a couple of days for affairs_.

(12) =Varten=. Preposition with partitive, _for_, _for the use of_. =Isä osti vaatteita lapsiansa varten=, _the father bought clothes for his children_. =Kouluja varten=, _for the use of schools_. =Mitä varten sinä itket?= _why do you weep?_

(13) =Vuoksi=, _for the sake of, for_ (much the same as =tähden=). Postposition with the genitive. =Rahan vuoksi=, _for money_. =Minä lueskelen huvin vuoksi=, _I read for pleasure_.

II. Postpositions and Prepositions which are declined in several cases.

(1) The following words, usually considered as cases of a nominative =ali= which is not found, are used as postpositions with the genitive to express rest or motion under an object.

_a._ =Alla=, rest under. =Pöydän alla=, _under the table_. =Paljaan taiwaan alla=, _under the open heaven_. Also metaphorically, =Hänellä on suuret maat allansa=, _large countries are under his dominion_. =Johdon alla=, _under the direction of_. =Oven suussa orren alla=, Kal.

_b._ =Alta=, motion from under. =Koira tuli pöydän alta=, _the dog came from under the table_. =Itse altansa=, _of oneself_. =Hän on mies itse altansa=, _he is a self-made man_. =Karhu nousi petäjän alta=, _the bear got up from under the fir tree_.

_c._ =Alle=, motion to the place under an object. =Koira juoksi pöydän alle=, _the dog ran under the table_. =Antaa asia toisten tuomion alle=, _to leave a thing to another person’s discretion_. =Kala ui sillan alle=, _the fish swam under the bridge_.

_d._ =Alitse= _or_ =alatse=, expressing motion across a space under an object. =Lintu lensi auringon alatse=, _a bird flew under_ (or _across_) _the sun_. =Yli kuun, alitse päivän=, _above the moon, but below the sun_.

(2) From the nominative =asen=, _place_, come =asemessa= and =asemesta=, postpositions with genitive, _in the place of_, _instead of_. =Miehen asemesta=, =leivän asemesta=, _instead of a man_, _bread_, etc. =Talon pojat suorittavat veronsa rahan asemesta viljassa=, _the peasants pay their taxes in corn instead of money_.

(3) From =esi=, the space before an object, are formed the following postpositions which require the genitive before them.

_a._ =Edessä=, rest before. =Hevonen on reen edessä=, _the horse is (harnessed) in front of the sledge_. =Älä seiso edessäni=, _do not stand before me_. =Pilvet ovat kuun edessä=, _there are clouds over the moon_.

_b._ =Edestä=, motion from before. =Siirtyä jonkun edestä=, _to move from before some one_, _to get out of the way_. =Edestä= is also used somewhat loosely to express _for_, _instead of_, etc.; e.g. =Kristus kuoli meidän synteimme edestä=, _Christ died for our sins_. =Tee se minun edestäni=, _do it instead of me_, _for me_.

_c._ =Eteen=, the illative, expresses motion into the space before an object. =Wiholliset seisahtuivat leirin eteen=, _the enemy marched up to the camp and halted_. When used metaphorically, like =edestä=, it means _for_. =Isä tekee työtä lastensa eteen=, _the father works for his children_. =Katsoa eteensä=, _to look before_ or _take care_.

_d._ =Edellä= expresses rest on a space before an object, and is nearly the same as =edessä=, the only difference being that between the inessive and adessive cases. =He kävivät minun edelläni=, _they walked before me_. =Prepositionit käytetään partitivin edellä=, _prepositions are used before the partitive_.

_e._ =Edelle= expresses motion into a place before anything. =Hän ajoi hevosensa koko joukon edelle=, _he drove his horse on to a place before all the people_. =Kuningas asetti johtajat kansan edelle=, _the king appointed leaders for the people_.

_f._ Similarly =edeltä= expresses motion from a place in front of anything. =Mies läksi toisten edeltä=, _he went from before the others._

(3) =Joukko=, _a crowd_, _number_.

_a._ =Joukossa=, _in the crowd_ or _among_. Postposition with the genitive. =Elää ihmisten joukossa=, _to live among men_. =Älä istu pilkkaajain joukossa=, _be not among the scornful_.

_b._ =Joukkoon= expresses motion into or with. =Katosi kansan joukkoon=, _he was lost in this crowd_.

(4) =Jälki=, _footstep_ or _trace_, is used in several cases to mean _behind_, chiefly of motion.

_a._ =Jälessä=, _behind_. =Mennä jonkun jälessä=, _to walk behind anyone_. =Paimen kulkee laumansa jälessä=, _the shepherd goes behind his flock_. =Tuli minun jälessäni=, _he walked behind me_.

_b._ =Jälestä=, _behind_ or _after_, with the idea of motion from. =Jumalten jälestä ovat ihmiset=, _men come next to gods_. =Hän tuli minun jälestäni=, _he came later than I_. Also used in exactly the same sense as =jälessä=. =Sen jälestä on iso joki=, _behind it is a big river_.