Part 19

_c._ =Jälkeen= means simply _after_, the force of the illative case having been lost. =Kristuksen syntymän jälkeen=, _after the birth of Christ_. =Minun luuloni jälkeen=, _according to my opinion_. =Kello kolmen jälkeen=, _after three o’clock_. =Minä kirjoitan sanainne jälkeen=, _I write from your dictation_.

(5) =Kera=, meaning _company_ or _society_, is used as a postposition with the genitive in the nominative, adessive, and allative, in the signification of _with_, or _beside_.

_a._ =Kera=:—=Sen kera=, _therewith_. =Istuin isännän kera=, _I sat with the master of the house_.

_b._ =Keralla=:—=Minä menin hänen kerallansa=, _I went with him_. =Kenenkä keralla olette olleet?= _with whom were you?_

_c._ =Keralle=:—=Tule keralleni=, _come with me_.

(6) =Keski=, _the middle_. From this are formed the following:—

_a._ =Kesken.=

i. Preposition with the partitive, or rarely with the genitive, _in the midst of_. =Hän pysähtyi kesken puhettansa=, _he stopped in the middle of his speech_. =Poika itki kesken lauluansa=, _the boy wept in the midst of his song_.

ii. More commonly as a postposition with the genitive. =Heidän kesken syntyi riita=, _a controversy arose between them_. =Kahden keskan=, _tête-à-tête_. =Olkoon se sanottu kahden kesken=, _let this be between ourselves_. =Asia on sovittu miesten kesken=, _the matter has been arranged among the men_.

_b._ =Keskenä=, literally, _in the midst_, is used with the pronominal suffixes in a reflexive sense which closely resembles the Latin _inter se_. =He pitävät vihaa keskenänsä=, _they hate one another_. =Me sovimme keskenämme=, _we became reconciled_. =Pilatus ja Herodes tulivat ystäviksi keskenänsä=, _Pilate and Herod were reconciled_.

_c._ =Keskellä= (dial. =Kesellä=). Preposition with the partitive, or postposition with the genitive, _in the midst of_. =Keskellä kaupunkia= _or_ =kaupungin keskellä=, _in the middle of the town_. =Keskellä virtaa=, _in the middle of the stream_. =Keskellä kesää=, =alvea=, =yötä=, =päivää=, _in the middle of summer_, _winter_, _the night_, _the day_.

_d._ =Keskeltä=, _from the midst_. Preposition with the partitive, or, more usually, postposition with the genitive. =Tulla keskeltä peltoa= _or_ =pellon keskeltä=, _to come from the middle of the field_. =En nähnyt miestä keskeltä huonetta=, _I did not see the man from the middle of the room_.

(7) =Kohta=, _a place_ (_or_ =kohti=) gives the following forms:—

_a._ =Kohdalla=, =kohdalta=, and =kohdalle=, denote rest in, or motion from and to a place in the vicinity of something else, and are postpositions with the genitive. =Talo on kirkon kohdalla=, _the house is near the church_. =Ota pois tuolit ikkunan kohdalta=, _take the chairs away from the window_. =Katu on laaistu talon kohdalta=.

_b._ =Kohtaan=, the illative postposition with the partitive, means _for_ or _in respect of_. =Hän on hyvä ystäviänsä kohtaan=, _he is good to his friends_. =Rakkaus Jumalaa kohtaan=, _love of God_. =Lapset ovat nöyrät isäänsä kohtaan=, _the children are humble before their father_.

_c._ =Kohti=, _or_ =kohden=, postpositions with the partitive. =Tulla kaupunkia kohti= _or_ =kohden=, _to come to the town_. =Hän kulki kotia kohti.= =Maksetaan viisi markkaa päivässä miestä kohden.=

(8) =Liki.= The nominative, adessive, allative, and ablative are used to mean _near_.

_a._ =Liki=, preposition with partitive. =Talo on liki kaupunkia=, _the house is near the town_. =Reppänä on liki lakea=, _the smoke hole is near the roof_.

_b._ =Likellä=

_c._ =Likelle=

_d._ =Likeltä=

are used either as prepositions with the partitive, or as postpositions with the genitive. =Minä asun kaupungin likellä=, _or better_, =likellä kaupunkia=, _I live near the town_. And similarly the other two cases are used to express motion towards or from the neighbourhood of an object.

(9) =Lähi=, _neighbourhood_, is used in the adessive, allative, and ablative in exactly the same sense as =liki=, either as a preposition with the partitive, or as a postposition with the genitive. =Kirkon lähellä= _or_ =lähellä kirkkoa=, _near the church_, etc. =Rannan lähellä= (_or_ =lähellä rantaa=) =kasvavat kaihlat=. =Minä ammuin linnun aivan läheltäni=, _I shot a bird quite near me_.

(10) =Luo=, which is not found as a substantive in the nominative, is used in the essive, partitive, and translative as a postposition with the genitive.

_a._ The essive, =luona=, means _with_ or _at the house of_ (French _chez_). =Lapset asuivat setänsä luona=, _the children lived with their uncle_.

_b._ The translative, =luoksi=, is used to express motion to the house or presence of a person. =Milloin tulette minun luokseni?= _when are you coming to see me?_ =Keisari käski ruhtinaan tulla hänen luoksensa=, _the emperor ordered the prince to appear before him_.

_c._ There is a form =luo=, no doubt shortened from =luoksi= and really a translative, which is used in the same sense as =luoksi=. =Minä menen tuttujeni luo=, _I am going to see my acquaintances_.

_d._ The partitive =luota= denotes motion from the house or presence of a person. =Lähettiläs tuli keisarin luota=, _the ambassador came from the emperor_. =Milloin läksit hänen luotansa?= _when did you leave him?_

(11) =Läpi=, =lävitse= (=läpitse=), mean _across_. =Läpi= means literally _a hole_.

_a._ =Läpi= is either a postposition with the genitive, or a preposition with the same case. =Kuula meni ikkunan läpi=, _the bullet came through the window_. =Aurinko paistaa läpi ikkunan=, _the sun shines through the window_. =Katosi läpi käsien=, _it fell through his hands and was lost_.

_b._ =Läpitse= _or_ =lävitse=, the prolative, is used in much the same sense, expressing a motion along and through an object. =Nuoli tunkesi seinän läpitse=, _the arrow passed through the wall_. =Ei puhalla tuuli turkin lävitse=, _the wind does not pierce through a fur_.

(12) =Muka=, _nearness_ or _likeness_.

_a._ =Muassa=, _with_. Postposition with genitive. =Kulkea muiden muassa=, _to journey in company with others_. =Ei minulla ollut rahoja muassani=, _I had no money about me_.

_b._ The essive =mukana= is also used in the same sense. =Kuka on sinun mukanasi?= _who is with you?_

_c._ =Mukaan=, postposition with the genitive, means _with_, or _according to_, _agreeably to_, _after_. =Lähteä toisten mukaan=, _to go with the others_. =Tehkää käskyn mukaan=, _do as you are bid_. =Neuvon mukaan=, _according to the advice_. =Luonnon mukaan=, _naturally_. =Tapansa mukaan=, _according to his custom_. =Koetti hän kasvattaa itsensä Turgenjevin naistyyppien mukaan=, _she tried to form herself after Turgenieff’s female types_.

(13) _a._ =Myötä=, postposition with genitive, meaning _with_. =Onko rahoja miesten myötä?= _have the men money with them?_ =Hän ei ottanut aseita myötänsä=, _he did not take the arms with him_.

_b._ =Myöten=, postposition with partitive, meaning _along_ or _according to_. =Käydä tietä myöten=, _to follow a road_. =Tahtoasi myöten=, _as you wish_. =Virta paisui äyräitänsä myöten=, _the river flowed by its banks_.

(14) =Ohi=, _side_, forms the following postpositions with the genitive.

_a._ =Ohessa=, _at the side of_. =Istui tien ohessa=, _he sat by the wayside_. =Muun ohessa puhui=, _among other things he said_.

_b._ =Ohesta=, _from the side_, rarely used. =Nousi tien ohesta=, _he rose from the way side_.

Similarly

_c._ =ohella= (_or_ =ohilla=),

_d._ =ohelta=,

_e._ and =oheen=

in much the same sense, _by the side of_ or _with_. =Hän kulki minun ohellani=, _he came with me_. =Ääni kuului tien ohelta=, _a noise was heard from the road_. =Iso kivi on pellon ohella=, _there is a big stone by the field_. =Istautui tien oheen=, _he sat down by the wayside_.

_f._ =Ohitse= _or_ =ohi= expresses motion along or by the side of anything. =Kulkea jonkun ohitse=, _to pass a person_. =Me ajoimme heidän ohitsensa= (_or_ =ohi=), _we drove by them_. =Ammuin linnun ohitse=, _I missed (shot beside) the bird_.

(15) =Perä=, the _extreme_ or _hinder part_ of anything, forms postpositions with the genitive.

_a._ =Perässä=, _behind_. =Lapsi käy isän perässä=, _the child walks behind the father_. =Sairaswaunut kulkevat sotajoukon perässä=, _the ambulance goes behind the army_.

_b._ =Perästä=, _behind_ or _after_, generally implying that the second object depends on the first, which is thus a point of departure. =Sen perästä=, _afterwards_. =Toinen toisensa perästä=, _one after another_. =Kolmen wuoden perästä=, _after three years_.

_c._ =Perään=, _after_, implying motion. =Mennä jonkun perään=, _to go to look for some one_. =Katsoa lapsen perään=, _to look after the children_. =Miksi ette lähettäneet minun perääni?= _why did you not send for me?_

(16) The local cases of =Puoli=, _a half_ or _side_, are used as postpositions with the genitive.

_a._ =Puolessa=, _at_ or _near_. =Turun puolessa=, _round Turku_ (_Åbo_). =Pohjan=, =idän puolessa=, _in the North_, _in the East._

_b._ =Puolesta=, _from the side of_ or _for_, _on behalf of_. =Puhua itsensä puolesta=, _to speak for oneself_. =Se tapahtukoon minun puotestani=, _it can be done as far as I am concerned_. =Sen puolesta, että....=, _for this reason, that...._ =Hän nousi maansa puolesta=, _he rose up for his fatherland_.

_c._ =Puolella=, _on the side of_. =Tuuli on idän puolella=, _the wind is in the East_. =Olla kuninkaan puolella=, _to be on the king’s side_. N.B. =toisella puolella= followed by partitive. =Toisella puolella järveä=, _on the other side of the lake_.

_d._ =Puolelta=, _from the side of_, _from_. =Tuli syttyi tuulen puolelta=, _the fire burnt in the side when the wind blew_.

_e._ =Puolelle=, _to the side of_, _to_. =Mennä wihollisten puolelle=, _to go over to the enemy_.

_f._ =Puoleen=, _to the side of_, _to_. =Katsoa jonkun puoleen=, _to look towards a person_. =Kenenkä puoleen minun olisi käännyttävä?= _to whom shall I turn?_

(17) =Pää=, _the head_ or _extremity_, forms postpositions with the genitive.

_a._ =Päässä=

_b._ =Päästä=

_c._ =Päähän=

are used to express a distance or limit in space. =Kuula menee kahden virstan päähän=, _the bullet carries two miles_. =Suomen raja on jonkun penikulman päässä Pietarista=, _the Finnish frontier is some miles from Petersburg_. =Minä tunsin tulijan viiden kymmenen sylen päästä=, _I recognised the new comer from several yards’ distance_. =Vihollinen on virstan päässä=, _the enemy is a mile off_. =Päästä= is also used of time. =Viikon päästä=, _after a week_.

_d._ =Päällä=

_e._ =Päältä=

_f._ =Päälle=

express respectively rest on, motion from above or into the space above an object. =Olla veden päällä=, _to float_. =Tuuli on meren päältä=, _the wind comes from the sea_. =Lentää katon päälle=, _to fly on to the roof_. =On sadekaapu palttoon päällä=, _there is a cape on the great coat_.

(18) =Rinta=, _breast_ or _side_, forms postpositions with the genitive.

_a._ =Rinnalla=

_b._ =Rinnalle=

expressing rest by, or motion to the side of. =Poika istuu isänsä rinnalla=, _the boy sits by his father’s side_. =Laskea joku jonkun rinnalle=, _to put some one by some one else_, i.e. _to compare_. =Älä pyri hänen rinnallensa=, _strive not to be like him_.

=Jos arvossa mä oisin= =Ja rikkahitten rinnalla.=—_Popular song._

(19) =Seka=, _a mixture_ or _collection_, forms postpositions with the genitive.

_a._ =seassa=

_b._ =seasta=

_c._ =sekaan=

=Kiiltää kulta rikkojenkin seasta=, _gold glitters in what one throws away_. =Panna wettä wiinin sekaan=, _to mix water with wine_. =Ihmisten seassa=, _among men_. =Seassamme=, _between us_.

(20) =Sisä=, _the interior_, is used as a postposition in all the local cases.

_a._ =Sisässä=

_b._ =Sisästä=

_c._ =Sisään=

_d._ =Sisällä=

_e._ =Sisältä=

_f._ =Sisälle=

=Oletko ollut tämän huoneen sisässä=, _have you been in this room?_ =Kärme tuli puun sisästä=, _the snake came out of the tree_. =Onko kirkon sisällä paljo väkeä=, _are there many people in the church?_

(21) =Taka=, meaning _the space behind anything_, forms postpositions with the genitive.

_a._ =Takaa= (partitive), _from behind_ or _after_. =Hän tuli oven takaa=, _he came from behind the door_. =Iso honka näkyy koivujen takaa=, _there is a great fir behind the beeches_. =Wuoden takaa=, _after a year_. It means also _according to_. =Woimansa takaa=, _according to one’s power; with all one’s might_.

_b._ =Takana= (essive), _behind_. =Käydä jonkun takana=, _to go behind_ or _follow any one_. =Seisoa seinän takana=, _to stand behind the wall_. =Rahat on takanani=, _the money is in my keeping_. =Olla turvan takana=, _to be under the protection of_.

_c._ Translative—=taaksi=, =taakse=, =taa=, _back_, _backwards_, or _across_. =Katsoa taaksensa=, _to look backwards_. =Lähteä meren taaksi= (_or_ =taa=), _to go across the sea_. =Aurinko laskeutuu vuorten taa=, _the sun sets behind the mountains_.

(22) =Sisäpuoli=, _interior_, is used in the adessive, ablative, and allative.

_a._ =Sisäpuolella Suomalaiset kanssaheimot eivät asu kaikki suomen rajain sisäpuolella=, _all the Finnish tribes do not live within the Finnish frontier_.

_b._ =Kuuluiko ääni huoneen sisäpuolelta?= _was the voice heard within the room?_

_c._ =Paimen ajoi lampaat aitauksen sisäpuolelle=, _the shepherd drove the sheep into the sheepfold_.

(23) =Tykö=, _nearness_, forms postpositions with the genitive which have exactly the same meaning as the corresponding cases of =luo=. =Tyköä=, _from_; =työ=, _to_ (e.g. =minä tulen miehen työ=); =tykönä=, _at_ or _with_. The form =työ= is due to the fact that a termination, probably that of the translative, has been lost. It is only used dialectically.

(24) =Ulkopuoli= (cf. =sisäpuoli=), _the exterior_, is used in the adessive, allative, and ablative as either a preposition with the partitive or a postposition with the genitive. =Kaupungin ulkopuolella= or =ulkopuolella kaupunkia=, _outside the town_. Similarly are employed the other cases to express motion to or from the outside of anything.

(25) =Vasta=, _the place opposite anything_.

_a._ =Vastassa=, postposition with the genitive, means _opposite_, _facing_. =Hänen vastassansa=, _opposite him_. =Toistensa vastassa olevat kaupungit=, _the cities lie facing each other_.

_b._ =Vastaan=, postposition with the genitive, has the same meaning with the idea of motion towards added, which however seems to disappear in many metaphorical uses. =Mennä isän vastaan=, _to meet one’s father_. =Minä en ole sitä vastaan=, _I am not against that_. =Tehdä käskyä vastaan=, _to disobey a command_. =Sitä vastaan=, _on the other hand_.

_c._ =Vastoin= (instructive plural) is a preposition with the partitive, meaning _against_ or _contrary to_. =Vastoin virtaa, tuulta=, _against the river, the wind_. =Vastoin tahtoani=, _against my wish_. =Älkää pakoittako tyttäriänne vastoin mieltä=, _do not compel your daughters against their will_. =Vastoin lakia=, _against the law._

_d._ =Vasten=[17] (instructive singular from a form =vasti=), preposition or postposition with the partitive, is used in much the same sense as =vastoin=, but means also (1) _about, towards_. E.g. =älä lyö poikaa vasten silmiä=, _don’t hit the boy about the eyes_. =Hän sai vasten silmänsä=, _he got one in the eye_; (2) as a postposition with the genitive it means _for_, _on account of_. =Moni tekee työtä ainoastansa omaa hyötyänsä vasten=, _many work only for their own profit_. But =varten= is better in this sense.

_e._ =Vastapäätä= is used in the meaning of _opposite_ or _vis-à-vis_, as a preposition with the partitive. =Kirkko on rakennettu vastapäätä raastupaa=, _the church is opposite the court-house_.

(26) =Väli=, _the midst_, forms postpositions with the genitive. All the local cases are used: =Välissä=, =välistä=, =väliin=, =välillä=, =välille=, =välitse=. =Kirkon ja pappilan välillä on maantie=, _there is a road between the church and the parsonage_. =Kansan välitse=, _through the midst of the people_. =Sano hänelle suoraan silmien väliin=, _tell him to his face_.

(27) =Yli=, meaning the place above anything, is used in various forms as a preposition or a postposition with the genitive.

_a._ =Yli= (1) as a preposition with the genitive expresses existence above an object; e.g. =Pilvet liitävät yli meren, yli maan=, _the clouds glide over land and sea_. =Yli päämme on kirkas taivas=, _the bright heaven is above us_. We also find expressions like =kello on yli viiden=, _it is after five o’clock_. It also expresses metaphorically pre-eminence. =Hän on kunnioitettava yli muiden=, _he is more honourable than the rest_. It is used metaphorically in such expressions as =yli wuoden=, _more than a year_; =maata yli aikansa=, _to sleep too long_. =Yli sen mitä ennen on maksettu=, _what has been paid in addition to previous payments_.

(2) =Yli= is also used as a postposition with the genitive, and as such expresses motion over a thing, so that the object moving remains temporally above it. =Matto on levitetty koko lattian yli=, _the carpet is spread over all the floor_. =Hän tuli wähän yli puoliwäliin matkaa=, _he came a little over half way_. =Hän katseli olan yli=, _he looked over his shoulders_.

_b._ =Ylitse= (prolative) expresses motion over and across an object. =Purjehtia meren ylitse=, _to sail across the sea_. =Kun pääsisi tämän raskaan ajan ylitse=, _when one has got over these hard times_.

_c._ =Yllä=

_d._ =Yltä=

_e._ =Ylle=

literally expressing rest on, and motion from or to the space above an object, are used as postpositions with the genitive to express the wearing, putting on or taking off of clothes. =Pojan yllä on uusi takki=, _the boy has a new coat on_. =Hänellä on waatteet yllänsä=, _he has clothes on_. =Riisua waatteet yltänsä=, _to take off one’s clothes_. =Panna, pukea yllensä=; _to put on clothes_. Cf. =oli loassa yltä päältä= (adverb), _to be dirty from head to foot_.

(28) =Ympäri=, the space surrounding, gives the following forms.

_a._ =Ympäri= is used as a postposition with the genitive. =Laiva purjehti maan ympäri=, _the ship sailed round the land_. It is also used as a preposition with the genitive or partitive in much the same sense. =Riittikö oma leipä ympäri vuoden?= _is your own corn enough for the year?_

_b._ =Ympärillä=

_c._ =Ympäriltä=

_d._ =Ympärille=

are postpositions with the genitive expressing rest in, motion from or to the space round an object. =Kuori on puun ympärillä=, _the tree has bark round it_. =Panna sontaa puun ympärille=, _to manure a tree_. =Metsät ovat kadonneet kaupungin ympäriltä=, _the forests have been cut down round the town_. =Miksi on kääre sormesi ympärillä?= _why have you a bandage on your finger?_ =Ota huivi kaulan ymperiltä=, _take the handkerchief from round your neck_.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES.

As has been explained, the negative in Finnish only exists in combination with the personal pronouns as a negative verb, and there is no word corresponding to _no_ or _not_. This peculiarity naturally makes the structure of negative sentences different from that of other languages.

(1) The answer ‘no’ to a question must be rendered by the proper person of the negative verb, with or without the root of the verb negative. To the question =Tuletteko?= _are you coming?_ the negative answer is =en tule= _or_ =en=, if one person is referred to, but =emme tule= _or_ =emme=, if more than one. Similarly, to =tulevatko lapset?= _are the children coming?_ the negative reply must be =eivät tule= _or_ =eivät=.

(2) If a sentence contains such words as _never_, _no one_, _nothing_, _nowhere_, etc., they are expressed by using the proper person of the negative verb, with the proper case of the interrogative pronoun or the interrogative adverb, which receive the termination =kaan= _or_ =kään=, sometimes shortened into =aan= _or_ =ään=. =Emme ole nähneet ketäkään= _or_ =ketään=, _we have seen no one_. =Missä olette käyneet? En missäkään=, _where have you been? Nowhere_. =Onko hän koska ollut Helsingissä? Ei koskaan= (_or_ =Ei milloinkaan=) _has he ever been to Helsingfors? No, never_.

(3) It is clear that as the negative is always joined to a personal pronoun, sentences where it qualifies an infinitive in most languages (for instance, _it would be better not to go_) cannot by any means be rendered literally in Finnish. Such sentences are turned quite differently, the chief device being to use the abessive of inf. III; for instance, _I advise you not to go_, =minä kehoitan teitä, älkää menkö=, _or_ =olemaan menemättä=. =Olisi parempi olla kirjoittamatta=, _it would be better not to write_. _The house is not sold_, =talo on myömättä= (but =ei ole myöty= is also possible). _The present is not given_, =lahja on antamatta= (_or_ =ei ole annettu=). _You need not go_, =ei sinun pidä mennä= (where =ei= negatives =pidä= not =mennä=), _or_ =sinun pitää olla menemättä=. _You will have to go away and not see your sister_, =teidän pitää matkustaa pois sisartanne näkemättä=.

Sentences are occasionally found where =ei= apparently negatives an infinitive. E.g. S. John vii. 34, =Teidän pitää minua etsimän ja ei löytämän=, _ye shall seek me and not find me_. But this construction is really elliptical for =ja ei pidä löytämän=.

Nevertheless this use of the negative verb with an infinitive or participle is occasionally found, even in the Kalevala; e.g. xxviii. 262, =Sie vanno valat ikuiset ... ei sotia käyäksesi=, _swear eternal oaths ... that thou willst not go to war_. And immediately afterwards, =Vannon mie valat vakaiset En kesänä ensimmäisnä ... Saa’a suurihin sotihin=, _I swear firm oaths that in the first summer ... I will not go to war_. Here =käyäksesi= and =saa’a= (for =käydäksesi= and =saada=) are infinitives constructed with =ei= and =en=. In the first passage =et= would have seemed more natural. So again in xliii. 237, =Sanoit et käyväsi sotoa=, _thou saidst thou wouldst not go to war_. As these constructions do not seem capable of being explained by the principles of Finnish syntax, they are probably due to the influence of foreign languages.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.

If an interrogative sentence does not contain an interrogative pronoun or adverb, its character is marked by adding the particle =ko= or =kö= to some word in the sentence. Thus one says =menettekö kotiin?= _are you going home?_ But in such sentences as =mihin menette?= or =kuka menee?= it is unnecessary to use =ko=, as the sentence already contains a word which makes its interrogative character clear. It will be noticed that this use of =ko= is exactly similar to that of =ли= in Russian.

The termination =ko=, =kö= is added to the word on which the chief interrogative stress is laid.

=Tiedättekö mihin hän on lähtenyt?= _do you know where he is gone?_ =Isäkö sen sanoi?= _was it the father who said so?_ =Meritsekö aiotte matkustaa?= _are you thinking of going by sea?_

In a negative question the termination =kö= is always attached to the negative verb. =Ettekö ole nähneet häntä?= _have you not seen him?_ =Eikö jo lakkaa satamasta?= _hasn’t it stopped raining yet?_

In a disjunctive question the particle =ko=, =kö= is attached to the first alternative which is connected with the second by the word =vai=. =Poikako se on vai tyttö?= _is that a boy or a girl?_

But if there are two verbs in the sentence =ko= or =kö= is added to each. =Onko hän vielä kotona vai läksikö?= _is he still at home or has he started?_

In such a sentence as, _Are you coming or not?_ one can say either =Tuletteko vai ette?= or, =tuletteko vai ettekö tule?=

The manner of giving a negative reply has been described above. Though there are two words, =ja= and =niin= (instr. plural of =se=), which can be used for ‘yes,’ the usual way of giving an affirmative reply is, to repeat the word which in the question has =ko= attached to it. =Tuliko pappi?= _has the priest come?_ =Tuli=, _yes_.

OTHER SENTENCES.