Part 6

The _third_ has the partitive in =ta= or =tä=, after a consonant.

_The First Declension._

This declension includes all words ending in a long vowel or a diphthong.

It has the following characteristics:—

(1) The partitive sing. has the suffix =ta= or =tä=, after a long vowel or diphthong.

(2) The nominative sing. is the same as the root.

(3) No change of consonants takes place in the root.

(4) The genitive plur. is found ending in =-iden= or =-itten=, before which the last vowel of the root is rejected by rule =3= or =4=.

(5) Monosyllabic roots form the illative in =h—n=, the last vowel of the root being between the two consonants: =täi=, =täihin=; =jää=, =jäähän=. But dissyllables ending in a long vowel, e.g. =harmaa=, =ehtoo=, have the illative sing. in =-sen= and the illative plur. in =-sin= or =-hin=. Sing. =harmaasen=, plur. =harmaisin= or =harmaihin=.

Example of a noun of first declension with a hard vowel. Puu, _a tree_:—

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =puu= =puut= _Part._ =puuta= =puita= _Gen._ =puun= =puiden= _or_ =puitten= _In._ =puussa= =puissa= _El._ =puusta= =puista= _Il._ =puuhun= =puihin= _Ad._ =puulla= =puilla= _Abl._ =puulta= =puilta= _All._ =puulle= =puille= _Abes._ =puutta= =puitta= _Prol._ [=puutse=] =puitse= _Transl._ =puuksi= =puiksi= _Ess._ =puuna= =puina= _Com._ (=puune=) =puine= _Instr._ (=puun=) =puin=

There is nothing to be remarked on the declension of this word, except that in the plur. the diphthong =uu= is shortened to =u= before the vowel =i=; =puissa=, etc., and not =puuissa=.

The declension of a noun with a soft vowel, e.g. =työ=, _work_, is exactly analogous, except that the suffixes have the soft forms =-ssä=, =-stä=, etc.

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =työ= =työt= _Part._ =työtä= =töitä= _Gen._ =työn= =töitten=, _or_ =töiden= _In._ =työssä= =töissä= _El._ =työstä= =töistä= _Il._ =työhön= =töihin= _Ad._ =työllä= =töillä= _Abl._ =työltä= =töiltä= _All._ =työlle= =töille= _Abes._ =työttä= =töittä= _Prol._ [=työtse=] =töitse= _Transl._ =työksi= =töiksi= _Ess._ =työnä= =töinä= _Com._ [=työne=] =töine= _Instr._ [=työn=] =töin=

According to rule =4= before the =i= of the plural the vowel =y= is rejected from the diphthong =yö=. So =suo=, =yö=, =tie= form in the plural =soissa=, =öillä=, =tein=.

_The Second Declension._

The second declension has the following characteristics:—

(1) The partitive sing. ends in =-a= or =-ä= (=-ta=, =-tä=) after a short vowel. (Polysyllables have often =-ta=, =-tä=.)

(2) The nominative has the same number of vowels as the root, and generally preserves those vowels unaltered except that the final =a= or =ä= of comparatives and final =e= become =i=.

(3) The illative sing. ends in the last vowel of the root doubled with =n= suffixed; =kirkkoon=, not =kirkohon=.

(4) The genitive plur. generally ends in =-jen= or =-en=, as described above. In the ordinary language this =-en= is further weakened to =-in= after the vowel of the root, unless that vowel is itself =i=.

(5) Hard consonants at the beginning of the last syllable are of course softened by rules =24-35=, when the syllable becomes closed.

This declension comprises—

A. Roots ending in the vowels =o=, =ö=, =u=, =y=, which never change.

Example:—=Aurinko=, _the sun_.

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =aurinko= =auringot= _Part._ =aurinkoa= =aurinkoja=, =auringoita= _Gen._ =auringon= =aurinkoen=, =aurinkoin= =aurinkojen= _or_ =auringoiden= _In._ =auringossa= =auringoissa= _El._ =auringosta= =auringoista= _Il._ =aurinkoon= =aurinkoihin= _Ad._ =auringolla= =auringoilla= _Abl._ =auringolta= =auringoilta= _All._ =auringolle= =auringoille= _Abes._ =auringotta= =auringoitta= _Prol._ [=auringotse=] =auringoitse= _Transl._ =auringoksi= =auringoiksi= _Ess._ =aurinkona= =aurinkoina= _Com._ [=aurinkone=] =aurinkoine= _Instr._ [=auringon=] =auringoin=

Here in the majority of cases the =k= is weakened to =g=, because the syllable which it commences becomes closed containing a single vowel or a diphthong formed by that vowel with the =i= of the plural; but the =k= remains in such places as the illative, where the syllables remain open. The original form of the genitive plur. would be =aurinkoiten=. This is weakened to =auringoiden=. Then the =d= dropping out we have =aurinkojen=, =aurinkoen=, _or_ =aurinkoin=.

=Luettu= (past participle), meaning _read_, is thus declined:—

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =luettu= =luetut= _Part._ =luettua= =luettuja= _or_ =luetulta= _Gen._ =luetun= =luetuitten=, =luituiden= =luettujen= _or_ =luettuin= _In._ =luetussa= =luetuissa= _El._ =luetusta= =luetuista= _Il._ =luettuun= =luettuihin= _Ad._ =luetulla= =luetuilla= _Abl._ =luetulta= =luetuilta= _All._ =luetulle= =luetuille= _Abes._ =luetutta= =luetuitta= _Prol._ —— —— _Transl._ =luetuksi= =luetuiksi= _Ess._ =luettuna= =luettuina= _Com._ —— —— _Instr._ —— ——

Here =tt= is weakened to =t= when the syllable becomes closed (rule =30=), and the partitive and genitive plur. either take or reject =t=.

The declension of words with soft vowels is precisely similar, except that the suffixes have soft vowels. =Eläimistö=, _animal kingdom_, =lyöty=, _struck_.

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =eläimistö= =eläimistöt= _Part._ =eläimistöä= =eläimistöjä= _Gen._ =eläimistön= =eläimistöjen= =eläimistöen= =eläimistöin= _In._ =eläimistössä= =eläimistöissä= _El._ =eläimistöstä= =eläimistöistä= _Il._ =eläimistöön= =eläimistöihin= _Ad._ =eläimistöllä= =eläimistöillä= _Abl._ =eläimistöltä= =eläimistöiltä= _All._ =eläimistölle= =eläimistöille= _Abes._ =eläimistöttä= =eläimistöittä= _Transl._ =eläimistöksi= =eläimistöiksi= _Ess._ =eläimistönä= =eläimistöinä=

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =lyöty= =lyödyt= _Part._ =lyötyä= =lyötyjä= _Gen._ =lyödyn= =lyötyjen= =lyötyen= =lyötyin= _In._ =lyödyssä= =lyödyissä= _El._ =lyödystä= =lyödyistä= _Il._ =lyötyyn= =lyötyihin= _Ad._ =lyödyllä= =lyödyillä= _Abl._ =lyödyltä= =lyödyiltä= _All._ =lyödylle= =lyödyille= _Abes._ =lyödyttä= =lyödyittä= _Transl._ =lyödyksi= =lyödyiksi= _Ess._ =lyötynä= =lyötyinä=

Here the =t= of =lyöty= is weakened when the syllable is closed, but the =t= of =eläimistö= remains, being preceded by =s= and consequently unchangeable.

B. All roots ending in =a=, =ä=, except superlatives for adjectives, e.g. =pata=, _a pot_. In this declension the final =a= frequently becomes =o= in the plural by rule =7=. Dissyllabic words reject =t= in the partitive both sing. and plur., and in the genitive plur.; but polysyllabic words optionally preserve it in these cases.

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =pata= =padat= _Part._ =pataa= =patoja= _Gen._ =padan= =patojen=, [=pataen=] =patain= _In._ =padassa= =padoissa= _El._ =padasta= =padoista= _Il._ =pataan= =patoihin= _Ad._ =padalla= =padoilla= _Abl._ =padalta= =padoilta= _All._ =padalle= =padoille= _Abes._ =padatta= =padoitta= _Prol._ [=padatse=] =padoitse= _Transl._ =padaksi= =padoiksi= _Ess._ =patana= =patoina= _Com._ [=patane=] =patoine= _Instr._ [=padan=] =padoin=

Such words as =sota=, _war_, =korva=, _the ear_, do not change the final =a= to =o= in the plural.

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =sota= =sodat= (=30=) _Part._ =sotaa= =sotia= _Gen._ =sodan= =sotain= _or_ =sotien= _In._ =sodassa= =sodissa= _Il._ =sotaan= =sotiin= etc. etc.

Polysyllabic nouns are declined as follows:—

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =korkea= =korkeat= _Part._ =korkeata= =korkeita= =korkeaa= =korkeoita= _Gen._ =korkean= =korkeiden= (=-eoiden=) =korkeitten= (=-eoitten=) _In._ =korkeassa= =korkeissa= _Il._ =korkeaan= =korkeihin= etc. etc.

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =harakka= =harakat= (=25=) _Part._ =harakkata= =harakoita= =harakkaa= =harakkoja= _Gen._ =harakan= =harakoiden= =harakoitten=, =harakkojen= _In._ =harakassa= =harakoissa= _Ill._ =harakkaan= =harakkoihin= etc. etc.

Similarly, =Isäntä=, _a father of a family_, makes =isäntää=, =isännän= (=t= becoming =n= by rule =31=), =isännässä=. This word in the plur. loses its final vowel, and does not change it to =o=. =Isännät=, =isäntiä=, =isäntien= (=-äin=), =isännissä=, etc.

Comparatives whose root ends in =-mpa=, =-mpä=, change the final vowel to =i= in the nominative sing.; e.g. =parempa=, _better_. Nominative =parempi=, partitive =parempaa= _or_ =parempata=, genitive =paremman= (by rule =34=), inessive =paremmassa=, etc. Plur. nominative =paremmat=, partitive =parempia=, genitive =parempien=, =parempaen=, _or_ =parempain=, inessive =paremmissa=, illative =parempiin=, etc. All comparatives reject the final =a= before the =i= of the plural.

C. All roots ending in =-i=. The root of the plural ends in the diphthong =ei= or short =i=, e.g. =kaupunki=, _a town_.

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =kaupunki= =kaupungit= _Part._ =kaupunkia= =kaupunkeja= _or_ =kaupungeita= [_rarely_ _or_ =kaupunkia= =kaupunkita=] _Gen._ =kaupungin= =kaupungeiden=, =kaupunkein=, _or_ =kaupunkien= _In._ =kaupungissa= =kaupungeissa= _El._ =kaupungista= =kaupungeista= _Il._ =kaupunkiin= =kaupunkeihin= _Ad._ =kaupungilla= =kaupungeilla= _Abl._ =kaupungilta= =kaupungeilta= _All._ =kaupungille= =kaupungeille= _Abes._ =kaupungitta= =kaupungeitta= _Prol._ =kaupungitse= =kaupungeitse= _Transl._ =kaupungiksi= =kaupungeiksi= _Ess._ =kaupunkina= =kaupunkeina= _Com._ [=kaupunkine=] =kaupunkeine= _Instr._ [=kaupungin=] =kaupungein=

Here =k= becomes =g= when the syllable is closed, and =ii= in the plur. =ei= (=26= and =21=).

D. Dissyllables ending in the vowel =e=, preceded by =k=, =p=, =v=, a doubled consonant, or two consonants of which the last is =h=, =j=, or =m=; that is to say, roots like =reke=, =nukke=, =hanhe=, =kolme=, =pilve=, etc.

A few words coming under none of these heads also belong to this declension.

_a._ With a few exceptions the final =e= becomes =i= in the nominative sing.

_b._ The plur. stem ends in simple =i= (=14=), but in speaking =ei= is sometimes used in order to distinguish the sing. and plur.

=Läpe=, _a hole_.

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =läpi= =lävet= _Part._ =läpeä= =läpiä= _Gen._ =läven= =läpien= =läpein= _In._ =lävessä= =lävissä= _El._ =lävestä= =lävistä= _Il._ =läpeen= =läpiin= _Ad._ =lävellä= =lävillä= _Abl._ =läveltä= =läviltä= _All._ =lävelle= =läville= _Abes._ =lävettä= =lävittä= _Prol._ (=lävetse=) =lävitse= _Transl._ =läveksi= =läpiksi= _Ess._ =läpenä= =läpinä= _Com._ (=läpene=) =läpine= _Instr._ (=läven=) =lävin=

=P= is weakened to =v= in the closed syllables (=35=).

=Reke=, _a sledge_.

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =reki= =reet= _Part._ =rekeä= =rekiä= _Gen._ =reen= =rekien=, _or_ =rekein= _In._ =reessä= =reissä= _Ill._ =rekeen= =rekiin= _Ess._ =rekenä= =rekinä= etc. etc.

=K= is dropped by rule =28=. Notice that the word takes the soft terminations.

_The Third Declension._

The third declension has the following characteristics:—

(1) The partitive sing. ends in =ta= or =tä= _after a consonant_.

(2) The nominative sing. is never the same as the root.

(3) The root is closed in the partitive sing. and first form of the genitive plur., and sometimes in the nominative and essive sing.

The nouns belonging to this declension may be classed under two divisions.

_First Division._

This comprises all words belonging to this declension which have the illative sing. ending in a doubled vowel and =n=.

To this class belong—

I. Dissyllabic roots ending in =e= preceded by =h=, =l=, =n=, =r=, =s=, =t=, =lt=, =nt=, or =rt=, and all roots ending in =-hte=, =-kse=, =-pse=, =-tse=.

E.g. =Vete=, _water_.

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =vesi= =vedet= _Part._ =vettä= =vesiä= _Gen._ =veden= =vetten= _or_ =vesien= _In._ =vedessä= =vesissä= _El._ =vedestä= =vesistä= _Il._ =veteen= =vesiin= _Ad._ =vedellä= =vesillä= _Abl._ =vedeltä= =vesiltä= _All._ =vedelle= =vesille= _Abes._ =vedettä= =vesittä= _Prol._ [=vedetse=] =vesitse= _Transl._ =vedeksi= =vesiksi= _Ess._ =vetenä= =vesinä= _Com._ (=vetene=) =vesine= _Instr._ (=veden=) =vesin=

In the nominative sing. =te= becomes =si= by rule =37=. The partitive sing. and first genitive plur. are formed from the closed root. In the majority of the cases of the sing. =vete= becomes =vede= when the root is closed by the addition of a suffix, while in the plur. =te + i= becomes =ti=, which changes to =si= by the rule above quoted.

The stem =miehe=, _man_, forms the nominative =mies=, partitive =miestä=, genitive =miehen=, inessive =miehessä=, etc. Plur. =miehet=, genitive =miesten=, partitive =miehiä=, inessive =miehissä=, etc.

=Toise=, _second_.

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =toinen= =toiset= _Part._ =toista= =toisia= _Gen._ =toisen= =toisten=, _or_ =toisien= _In._ =toisessa= =toisissa= _El._ =toisesta= =toisista= _Ill._ =toiseen= =toisiin= _Ad._ =toisella= =toisilla= _Abl._ =toiselta= =toisilta= _All._ =toiselle= =toisille= _Abes._ =toisetta= =toisitta= _Prol._ [=toisetse=] =toisitse= _Transl._ =toiseksi= =toisiksi= _Ess._ =toisena=, _or_ =toisina= =toisna= _Com._ (=toisene=) =toisine= _Instr._ (=toisen=) =toisin=

Roots ending in =se= change this termination in the nominative to =nen=. Thus =kirjase=, _a little book_, =venäläise=, _Russian_, =iloise=, _glad_, =vihollise=, _hostile_, form in the nominative =kirjanen=, =venäläinen=, =iloinen=, =vihollinen=. In all such words the partitive sing. and first genitive plur. are formed from the closed root and the essive sing. has two forms.

II. All words of more than one syllable ending in =-e=.

E.g. Root:—=Kolmante=, _third_.

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =kolmas= =kolmannet= _Part._ =kolmatta= =kolmansia= _Gen._ =kolmannen= =kolmansien= _In._ =kolmannessa= =kolmansissa= _El._ =kolmannesta= =kolmansista= _Il._ =kolmanteen= =kolmansiin= _Ad._ =kolmannella= =kolmansilla= _Abl._ =kolmannelta= =kolmansilta= _All._ =kolmannelle= =kolmansille= _Abes._ =kolmannetta= =kolmansitta= _Prol._ [=kolmannetse=] =kolmansitse= _Transl._ =kolmanneksi= =kolmansiksi= _Ess._ =kolmantena= =kolmansina= _Com._ [=kolmantene=] =kolmansine= _Instr._ [=kolmannen=] =kolmansin=

Here (1) the =e= is rejected in the nominative (rule =16=), and =kolmant= becomes =kolmas= (=24= and =37=). (2) The partitive also is formed from the shortened root (=kolmant=), and =kolmantta= becomes =kolmatta=. (3) The cases of the singular and nominative plural, where the last syllable of the root is closed, change =nt= to =nn= (rule =31=). (4) The essive sing. in the form taken from the full root preserves the root entire, =kolmanna= is not used. All the cases of the plural which take =-i= reject the final =e= before that letter, and change =nt= to =ns= (rule =37=).

Similarly =kannukse=, _a spur_, makes in the nominative =kannus= (rules =16= and =24=). The root remains unaltered in the genitive, etc., =kannuksen=, while the partitive is =kannusta= for =kannuksta=. Similarly in the plural we have =kannukset=, genitive =kannuksien= _or_ =kannusten=, partitive =kannuksia=.

=Kalleute=, _dearness_, makes in the nominative sing. =kalleus= (=24= and =37=), partitive =kalleut-ta=, illative =kalleuteen=, genitive =kalleuden=, etc.; plur. nominative =kalleudet=, first genitive =kalleutten=, but the second genitive is =kalleuksien=, and all the remaining cases are of the same type (partitive =kalleuksia=, illative =kalleuksiin=, etc.), being formed exactly as if the root was =kalleukse=.

Adjectives like =lyhyte=, _short_, =ohute=, _thin_, drop the =t= altogether between two vowels. E.g. nominative sing. =lyhyt=, partitive =lyhyttä=. But the genitive =lyhyte-n= becomes =lyhyen=, the illative =lyhyteen=, =lyhyeen=, etc.; plur. =lyhyet=, genitive =lyhyitten=, =lyhytten=, partitive =lyhyitä= (or =lyhyviä= for =lyhyiä=).

III. All superlatives in =-mpa= or =-mpä=, and all negative adjectives in =-ttoma=.

The termination =-mpa= is shortened to =n= (=24= and =46=) in the nominative, partitive, and genitive plur. (first form), and of course becomes =-mma= when the last syllable is closed in the other cases (=34=); =-ttoma= becomes =-ton= in the nominative sing., partitive sing., and first form of genitive plur. (=46=).

E.g. =suurimpa=, _very large_:—

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =suurin= =suurimmat= _Part._ =suurimpata=, =suurimpia= =suurinta= _Gen._ =suurimman= =suurimpain=, =suurinten=, _or_ =suurimpien= _In._ =suurimmassa= =suurimmissa= _El._ =suurimmasta= =suurimmista= _Il._ =suurimpaan= =suurimpiin= _Ad._ =suurimmalla= =suurimmilla= _Abl._ =suurimmalta= =suurimmilta= _All._ =suurimmalle= =suurimmille= _Abes._ =suurimmatta= =suurimmitta= _Prol._ [=suurimmatse=] =suurimmitse= _Transl._ =suurimmaksi= =suurimmiksi= _Ess._ =suurimpana=, =suurimpina= _or_ =suurinna= _Com._ [=suurimpane=] =suurimpine= _Instr._ [=suurimman=] =suurimmin=

In the plural the final =a= is lost before the =i= (=9=).

So also =viattoma=, _guiltless_ (the termination =-ttoma= corresponds to the English termination _-less_, or the prefixes _un-_, _in-_). In Nom. =viaton=, =a= being lost, =m= becomes =n=, and the syllable being thus closed =tt= becomes =t=. Partitive from the same shortened root =viatonta=. Genitive, etc. =viattoman=, etc., nominative plur. =viattomat=, genitive =viatonten=, =viattomain= _or_ =viattomien=, partitive =viattomia=, etc.

_Second Division._

(1) The illative sing. ends in =-sen=, the illative plur. in =sin=, or =hin=.

(2) The shortened form of the root is always employed in the nominative sing., which ends in =s=, =t=, or the aspiration.

(3) The plural is formed from the shortened root, and the stem ends in a long diphthong of which the last letter is =i=.

(4) The partitive plur. after this diphthong has the termination =-ta=, =-tä=.

(5) The second genitive plur. ends in =-den= (=-tten=).

This class is composed of what are called contracted nouns (rule =47=).

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =uros= =uroot= _Part._ =urosta= =uroita= _Gen._ =uroon= =urosten=, =uroiden=, =uroitten= _In._ =uroossa= =uroissa= _El._ =uroosta= =uroista= _Il._ =uroosen= =uroihin=, =uroisin= _Ad._ =uroolla= =uroilla= _Abl._ =uroolta= =uroilta= _All._ =uroolle= =uroille= _Abes._ =urootta= =uroitta= _Transl._ =urooksi= =uroiksi= _Prol._ [=urootse=] =uroitse= _Ess._ =uroona= =uroina= _or_ =urosna= _Com._ [=uroone=] =uroine= _Instr._ [=uroon=] =uroin=

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =vieras= =vieraat= _Part._ =vierasta= =vieraita= _Gen._ =vieraan= =vierasten=, =vieraiden=, =vieraitten= _In._ =vieraassa= =vieraissa= _El._ =vieraasta= =vieraista= _Il._ =vieraasen= =vierailun=, =vieraisin= _Ad._ =vieraalla= =vierailla= _Abl._ =vieraalta= =vierailta= _All._ =vieraalle= =vieraille= _Abes._ =vieraatta= =vieraitta= _Transl._ =vieraaksi= =vieraiksi= _Prol._ [=vieraatse=] =vieraitse= _Ess._ =vieraana= =vieraina= _or_ =vierasna= _Com._ [=vieraane=] =vieraine= _Instr._ [=vieraan=] =vierain=

In poetry we also find a declension: =uros=, =vieras=, genitive =urohon=, =vierahan=, etc., illative =urohosen=, =vierahasen=, plur. =urohot=, =vierahat=, =urohissa=, =vierahissa=, etc., so that it is clear the roots are =uroso=, =vierasa=, being weakened.

Analogously are declined such words as =terve=, _healthy_, =kevät=, _spring_.

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =terve= =terveet= _Part._ =tervettä= =terveitä= _Gen._ =terveen= =tervetten=, =terveiden= _Il._ =terveesen= =terveisin= _or_ =terveihin=

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =kevät= =keväät= _Part._ =kevättä= =keväitä= _Gen._ =kevään= =kevätten=, =keväiden= _Il._ =kevääsen= =keväisin=, _or_ =keväihin=

Stems =ikehe=, _a yoke_, =okaha=, _point_ or _prickle_.

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =ies= _or_ =ikeet= =ijes= _Part._ =iesta=, _or_ =ikeitä= =ijestä= _Gen._ =ikeen= =iesten=, =ikeiden=, =ikeitten= _In._ =ikeessä= =ikeissä= _Il._ =ikeesen= =ikeisin=, _or_ =ikeihin= _Ess._ =iesnä=, =ikeinä= =ikeenä=

_Sing._ _Plur._