Part 20

Causal, temporal and consecutative sentences offer no special peculiarities, being introduced by the conjunctions given in the accidence and having the verb in the indicative mood. The particle =että= is generally combined with the negative verb: =etten=, =ettet=, =ettei=, etc.

Concessive sentences, introduced by =vaikka=, =vaikkapa=, _or_ =jos kohta=, have the verb in either the indicative or the conditional. =Hän oli niin köyhä ettei ollut mitä syödä=, _he was so poor that he had nothing to eat_. =Vaikka näin häntä usein, kun olin Pietarissa= (_or_ =Pietarissa olessani=), =emme kuitenkaan ole tutut=, _though I often saw him when I was at Petersburg, we were not well acquainted_. =Vaikka hän vannoisi en sittekään uskoisi=, _though he should swear I would not believe him_.

The first member of a conditional sentence is introduced by =jos=, or, if negative, by =jollen=, =ellen= (=jollet=, =jollei=, etc., =ellet=, =ellei=, etc.). The second is often introduced by =niin=. In such sentences as _if I go, he will come_, where the realization of the condition is considered as certain, the indicative is used—=Jos menen niin hän tulee=. But where the realization is doubtful the conditional present is employed, and where it is no longer possible the conditional past. _If I were to go, he would come_, =jos menisin, niin hän tulisi=. _If I had gone, he would have come_, =jos minä olisin mennyt, niin hän olisi tullut=.

Final sentences are introduced by =että= _or_ =jotta=, or in the negative form by =etten=, =ettet=, =ettei=, etc. The verb is in the conditional. As has been described above (pp. 192 and 198) final sentences can also be rendered by infinitives and participles. =Ilmoittakaat minulle että minäkin tulisin ja kumartaisin häntä= (S. Matt. ii. 8), _tell me, that I may come and worship him_. =Hän kävelee ettei vilustuisi=, _he walks that he may not catch cold_.

ORATIO OBLIQUA.

A sentence in oratio obliqua can be rendered by the participial constructions above described, or by a sentence beginning with =että=, _that_. In this latter case the sentence is constructed exactly as in English.

=Hän sanoi ettei se ole varma, mutta että koettaisi tiedustaa tarkemmin=, _he said it was not certain, but that he would endeavour to obtain more accurate information_. =Minä kysyin häneltä oliko hän kuullut että ystäväni oli kuollut ja pyysin että hän kirjoittaisi=, _I asked him if he had heard that my friend was dead, and begged him to write_.

The word =muka= is often used to denote that a statement rests not on the authority of the speaker but of some one else.

=Hän ei tahtonut viipyä: oli muka kovin väsyksissä=, _he did not want to wait, saying he was very tired_. =Luulevat hänen veljensä tulevan: hän oli muka kirjoittanut jollekulle=, _people think his brother is coming: it is said he has written to some one_. =Hän eroitti palvelijansa se kun oli muka varas=, _he dismissed his servant because he was a thief_ (according to his master’s statement).

ON THE DIALECT OF THE KALEVALA.

There are two main dialects of Finnish, the Western, which has produced the modern literary language, and the Eastern, in which the Kalevala is written. There are also many others of which perhaps the most important is that called the Savolaks dialect, which is hardly a literary language, though in the ‘Lönrötin Albumi,’ p. 286, there is a story called ‘Keisarin tuttu’ written in it. It appears to be characterized by a great fondness for the sound of =i=, which is added to other vowels; e.g. =tiällä= for =täällä=, =hiän= for =hän=. On the other hand =i= is often apparently shortened to a semivowel, merely modifying the previous consonant; e.g. =olj= for =oli=. The letter =d= does not occur, but is represented by =j= or =v=, =meijänni= for =meidänkin=, =käyvä= for =käydä=. The dialect would seem to be generally characterized by a soft and rather thick utterance. =Olen= becomes =oun= and =olette=, =outta=. =V= is frequently doubled; e.g. =hyvvee päivee=, and =o= is often used for =a=; e.g. =mokomoo= for =mokomaa=. So also we have forms like =soatanoo= for =saatanee=, =pankoo= for =pankaa=. The root of verbs has the letter =k= added in the negative and imperative forms: =en annak=, =annak=.

On the Eastern frontier of Finland and in the adjoining parts of the Russian Government of Olonetz is spoken a dialect called Karelian, which in its present form is much corrupted by the influence of Russia. The Kalevala, however, which was mostly collected in this part of the world, is written in a pure Finnish dialect, which has come to be accepted as the ordinary language of poetical composition.

The chief peculiarities of the dialect of the Kalevala are as follows[18]:—

I. The letter =d= does not exist. =T= disappears altogether in the cases where in the ordinary dialect it is softened to =d=. For instance—=saa’a= (=saada=), =pöyän= (=pöydän=), =tieän= (=tiedän=), =tahon= (=tahdon=), =kahen= (=kahden=), =yhen= (=yhden=), =puhas= (=puhdas=), =ouoille= (=oudoille=), =eellä=, =eessä= (=edellä=, =edessä=), =sio= (=sido=).

II. Similarly the letter =k= is dropped altogether when in literary Finnish it either becomes =j= or remains unchanged.

(1) =lk=, =rk= in a closed syllable become simple =l= and =r=, not =lj=, =rj=: e.g. =jälen= for =jäljen= (=jälki=), =kulen= for =kuljen=.

(2) =sk= and =tk=, which are not subject to softening in ordinary Finnish, become =s= and =t= in closed syllables: =kosen= for =kosken=, =kaselle= for =kaskelle=, =itettävä= for =itkettävä=.

III. =rt=, =lt= are not assimilated in the infinitive of verbs of conj. 3: =kuulta=, =surten= for =kuulla=, =surren=.

IV. The pronominal affixes do not always prevent consonants being softened as in ordinary Finnish: =ajansa= for =aikansa=, =iäni= for =ikäni=.

V. Where long vowels and diphthongs are the result of contraction, the Kalevala employs dissyllabic forms. These contracted forms in ordinary Finnish may be divided into two classes.

(_a_) The long vowel is the result of the omission of =h= (representing an original =s= or other consonant) between the two component vowels. In such cases the Kalevala always employs the fuller and more primitive forms with =h=. So we have =vierahan= for the literary =vieraan=, =kotihin= for =kotiin=, =käyähän= for =käydään= (=d= omitted).

(_b_) But there are a number of cases where the long vowels =aa= and =ää= in ordinary literary Finnish are not the result of the omission of =h=. Under these circumstances the Kalevala has =oa= instead of =aa= and =eä= instead of =ää=. Thus the partitive singular of =kala= is formed by suffixing =a=—that is =kala-a=. In ordinary Finnish this gives =kalaa= (dissyllabic), but in the Kalevala we find =kaloa=. This form may be compared with the partitive plural, =kaloja=, where =a= becomes =o= in ordinary Finnish. It is to be noted however that the change to =oa= occurs in the Kalevala even when the vowel of the first syllable is =a=—=oroa= for =oraa=.

The instances of this change fall under three categories:

(1) Partitive cases of nouns and adjectives: =aikoa= for =aikaa=, =ilmoa= for =ilmaa=, =luutoa= for =luutaa=, =päiveä= for =päivää=, =tereä= for =terää=.

(2) The first infinitive of verbs: =ajoa= for =ajaa=, =eleä= for =elää=, =lenteä= for =lentää=, =piteä= for =pitää=.

(3) Contracted verbs of class 3: =arvoan= for =arvaan=, =lupoan= for =lupaan=, =lepeämättä= for =lepäämättä=.

VI. The plural (except the nom.) is sometimes formed with the suffix =-loi=, before the case suffix. This form is used chiefly in words ending in =o=, =ö=, =u=, =y=, =i=, and =e=; e.g. =rekilöitä=, =ristilöitä=, =lukkoloita=, =mahtiloita=.

VII. The style of the Kalevala is characterized by the frequent use of derivative forms from nouns ending in =o=, =nen= (_or_ =onen=), =yt= (or =ut=), and =kainen=. These forms have a diminutive or endearing significance. They are mostly quite incapable of translation into English, but correspond to the Russian diminutives. E.g. from =emä= are formed =emo=, =emonen=, and =emyt=; from =isä=, =iso=, =isonen=, and =isyt=; from =kaunis=, =kauno=, =kaunokainen= _or_ =kaunukainen=; from =kesä=, =kesonen= and =kesyt=; from =meri=, =meronen= and =meryt=; from =neiti=, =neitinen=, =neito=, =neitonen=, =neiyt=, and =neityinen=; from =puu=, =puuhut=; from =päivä=, =päivönen= and =päivyt=; from =veli=, =velo=, =vello=, =veljyt=, =veijo=, =veito=, =veitonen=, =veikko=, and =veikkonen=.

We also find a great quantity of derivative verbs ending in =ella=, =skella=, =ahta=, =alta=, etc., in which the exact force of the syllable added is often obscure.

VIII. In verbs the 3rd person sing. of the present is formed with the suffix =vi=, a weakening of the original =pi= used in monosyllables. E.g. =tekevi=, =ajattelevi=, =sanovi=, =ajavi=, =kaatelevi=. But in monosyllables =pi= is always used, =uipi=, =saapi=.

IX. Some verbal stems ending in =a= or =ä= reject this vowel before =t=, =k=, =n=, and are conjugated as if they belonged to the third class. Thus =löytää= forms the past participle =löynnyt= for =löytänyt=: =tietää= forms concessive =tiennen= and past part. =tiennyt=. So =seista=, =seiskaamme=, =seissut= from =seiso=.

X. In the formation of the passive many verbs ending in =ta=, =tä= reject this syllable and also the consonant =n=, if it precedes. =Löytää= makes the passive stem =löyttä= instead of =löydettä=: =rakentaa=, =raketta= for =rakennetta=: =kuumentaa=, =kuumetta= for =kuumennetta=.

XI. The conjugation of the reflexive verbs (as already mentioned) offers a mass of forms unknown to literary Finnish, which sometimes also occur in verbs which are not strictly reflexive.

The chief terminations found in these verbs are:—

_Indicative present._

Sing. 1. =me= _or_ =ime=—=luome=, =kaivaime=. 2. =tet=, =itet=, _or_ =te=—=pistätet=. 3. =kse=, =ikse=, _or_ =ksen=—=astuikse=, =istuikse=, =astuiksen=, =katseleikse=.

_Imperfect._

Sing. 1. =ime=—=annoime=, =siirrime=, =siirräime=. 2. =ihet= _or_ =ihit=—=astelihet=, =suorihet=. 3. =ihe= _or_ =iin=—=ajoihe=, =loihe=, =vetihe=, =pistihe=, =rikkoihe=, =heittiin=.

The termination =ime= is also found in the 1st pers. sing. of the conditional and =ihe= in the 3rd sing. of the concessive and conditional. The 2nd sing. of the Imper. often ends in =te= or =ite=—=veäite= (=vedä itsesi=), =laskeite=, =paneite=. The inf. of such verbs generally ends in =itä=; e.g. =vetäitä=. Rarely are found such forms as =kuolkosi=, =kaotkosi= for =kuollos=, etc.

XII. The negative verb frequently follows instead of preceding the root which it negatives; e.g. =oisi en paljo pitänyt, maha et lausua lapiksi=.

XIII. The style of the Kalevala is characterized by a general absence of conjunctions and connecting particles, but on the other hand abounds in syllables used merely to give emphasis or quite pleonastically. Such are the suffixes =pa=, =pä=, =han=, =hän=, =kana=. The word =on= is used in the same way; e.g. =juop’ on vanha Wäinämöinen.= =Tuop’ on Pohjolan emäntä sanan virkkoi.= =Enpä anna tyttöäni.=

XIV. A number of other differences from the literary dialect occur, some of which may be classified as follows:—

(1) Contracted essives, where the ordinary language prefers the full form: =lasna= for =lapsena=; =nuorra= for =nuorena=; =suurra= for =suurena=.

(2) In pronouns =ma=, =mä=, or =mie= for =minä=; =sa=, =sä=, =sie= for =sinä=; =milma=, =silma= for =minua=, =sinua=; =miusta= for =minusta=; =siulle= for =sinulle=, =ka= _or_ =ken= for =kuka=, =mi= for =mikä=.

(3) From the verb =olla= are found =oo= for =ole=; =oisi= for =olisi=; =lie=, =liet= for =lienee=, =lienet=; =liekkö= for =lieneekö=.

(4) The imperf. ends in =ti= where in ordinary Finnish it is softened to =si=: =kynti=, =löyti=, =kaati=, =pyyti= for =kynsi=, =löysi=, =kaasi=, =pyysi=.

XV. The syntax of the Kalevala is marked by extreme simplicity in its main features. This is natural in popular poetry, and, besides, the system of versification (short lines of eight syllables generally containing a complete sentence) and the tendency to parallelism and repetition, were all unfavourable to the growth of long and involved phrases. On the other hand, the sentences of the Kalevala are often difficult to understand on account of their irregularity. Not only are the boldest inversions and omissions permitted (e.g. =Emo tuosta itkemähän= for =rupesi itkemähän=), but words are frequently strung together in so loose a manner that, though the thought is plain, it is almost impossible to analyse the sentence grammatically. For instance, xl. 401, =Anna luoja, suo Jumala, Anna onni ollaksemme, Hyvin ain’ eleäksemme, kunnialla kuollaksemme=. This clearly means, _grant that we may be prosperous, live well and die gloriously_, but it is almost impossible to explain it grammatically. Such a tendency to be more careful of the general sense than of the separate words and their correct relation to one another, is very natural in a poem whose authors were ignorant of grammar and had probably no written literature before them. It is accompanied in the Kalevala by a habit of repeating the same idea under numerous synonyms for the sake of emphasis and of creating new words for the sake of parallelism or alliteration, which have sometimes a meaning and bear testimony to the flexibility and fecundity of the language, but sometimes are absolutely unmeaning. Thus in Kal. xi. 55 we have =Enkä lähe Inkerelle, Penkerelle, pänkerelle=. Here =pänkerelle= means nothing at all, but is simply a kind of repetition of =penkerelle=. Similarly Kal. xlviii. 100, =Ihveniä, ahvenia, Tuimenia, taimenia=. =Ihveniä= and =Tuimenia= are meaningless words.

SELECTIONS FROM FINNISH LITERATURE

N.B. When a _rule_ is cited by a number, this refers to the numbered phonetic rules from page 6 to page 18.

PYHÄN JOHANNEKSEN EVANGELIUMI.

1. Alussa[1] oli[2] Sana[3] ja[4] se[5] Sana[3] oli[2] Jumalan[6] tykönä[7] ja[4] Jumala[6] oli[2] se[5] Sana[3].

2. Tämä[8] oli[2] alussa[1] Jumalan[6] tykönä[7].

3. Kaikki[9] ovat[10] sen[11] kautta[12] tehdyt[13] ja[4] ilman[14] sitä[15] ei[16] ole[16] mitään[17] tehty[16] joka[18] tehty[13] on[19].

4. Hänessä[20] oli[2] elämä[21] ja[4] elämä[21] oli[2] ihmisten[22] valkeus[23].

5. Ja[4] se[5] valkeus[23] pimeydessä[24] paistaa[25] jota[26] ei[27] pimeys[24] käsittänyt[27].

6. Yksi[28] mies[29] oli[30] lähetetty[30] Jumalalta[31] jonka[32] nimi[33] oli[2] Johannes[34].

7. Se[35] tuli[36] siitä[37] valkeudesta[38] todistamaan[39] että[40] kaikki[9] uskoisivat[41] hänen[42] kauttansa[43].

8. Ei[44] hän[45] ollut[44] se[5] valkeus[23] mutta[46] hän[45] oli[30] lähetetty[30] valkeudesta[38] todistamaan[39].

9. Se[35] oli[2] totinen[47] valkeus[23] joka[18] valistaa[48] kaikki[9] ihmiset[49] jotka[50] maailmaan[51] tulevat[52].

10. Se[35] oli[2] maailmassa[53] ja[4] maailma[54] on[19] hänen[42] kauttansa[43] tehty[13] jä[4] ei[55] maailma[54] häntä[56] tuntenut[55].

11. Hän[45] tuli[36] omillensa[57] ja[4] ei[58] hänen[42] omansa[60] häntä[56] ottaneet[58] vastaan[59].

12. Mutta[46] niille[61] jotka[50] hänen[42] ottivat[62] vastaan[59], antoi[63] hän[45] voiman[64] Jumalan[6] lapsiksi[65] tulla[66] jotka[50] uskovat[67] hänen[42] nimensä[68] päälle[69];

13. Jotka[50] ei[70] verestä[71] eikä[70] lihan[72] tahdosta[73] ei[70] myös[74] miehen[75] tahdosta[73] mutta[46] Jumalalta[76] syntyneet[77] ovat[77].

14. Ja[4] sana[3] tuli[78] lihaksi[79] ja[4] asui[80] meidän[81] seassamme[82] (ja[4] me[83] näimme[84] hänen[42] kunniansa[85] niinkuin[86] ainoan[87] Pojan[88] kunnian[89] Isästä[90]) täynnä[91] armoa[92] ja[4] totuutta[93].

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO ST. JOHN, I. 1-14.

1. In-the-beginning was the-Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.

2. That was in-the-beginning with God.

3. All were made through Him, and without Him was not anything made which was made.

4. In-Him was life, and the-life was the-light of-men.

5. And that light shineth in-the-darkness, which the-darkness comprehended not.

6. A man was sent from-God whose name was John.

7. He came to-bear-witness of-that light, that all might-believe through Him.

8. He was not that light, but He was sent to-bear-witness of-the-light.

9. That was the-true light which lighteth all men who come into-the-world.

10. He was in-the-world, and the-world was made by Him, and the-world knew Him not.

11. He came to-His-own, and His own received Him not.

12. But to-them who received Him, He gave power to-become the-children of-God, who believe on His name,

13. Who were not born of-blood, not of-the-will of-the-flesh, also not of-the-will of-men, but of God.

14. And the-word became flesh, and dwelt in-our-midst (and we saw his glory, as the-glory of-the-only Son of-the Father) full of-grace and of-truth.

[Note 1: Inessive sing. of =alku=, formed with suffix =u= (p. 45); verb =alkaa=, _to begin_; =alkussa= becomes =alussa= by rule 27.]

[Note 2: 3rd pers. sing. imperf. of =olla=, _to be_ (p. 72).]

[Note 3: Nom. sing. identical with stem; cf. verb =sanoa=, _to speak_.]

[Note 4: Conjunction borrowed from the Swedish, _and_.]

[Note 5: Nominative of demonstr. pron. (p. 59) used almost like article (p. 166).]

[Note 6: =Jumala=, gen. =Jumalan=, _God_.]

[Note 7: Essive sing. of =tykö=; postposition governing =Jumalan= (p. 215).]

[Note 8: Nominative sing. of demonstr. pron. (p. 58).]

[Note 9: Nominative plur. without term. (pp. 61 and 170).]

[Note 10: 3rd pers. plur. pres. of =olla= (p. 72).]

[Note 11: Gen. sing. of demonstr. =se= (p. 59).]

[Note 12: =Kautta=, postposition governing gen. =sen= (p. 204).]

[Note 13: =tehty=, past part. pass. of root =teke= (rule 41); nominative plur. =tehdyt= (rule 32). Here the participle is used in combination with =ovat= to form perf. passive (p. 74).]

[Note 14: Preposition governing the partitive =sitä= (p. 203).]

[Note 15: Partitive sing. of demonstr. pron. =se=.]

[Note 16: =ei ole tehty=, negative perf. passive of root =teke= (p. 74).]

[Note 17: Partitive sing. of =mikä= with suffix =an= (pp. 61 and 219). For explanation of use of partitive here _v._ p. 183.]

[Note 18: Nom. sing, of rel. pron.]

[Note 19: 3rd pers. sing. pres. of =olla=.]

[Note 20: Iness. sing. of personal pron. =hän=.]

[Note 21: Nom. sing. formed from root =elä= with suffix =mä= (p. 45).]

[Note 22: Gen. plur. of =ihminen= declined like =toinen= (p. 35).]

[Note 23: Stem =valkeute= (nominative =-us=, p. 36) formed by adding affix =ute= to root =valke= (cf. =valkea=, _white_ or _fire_, and =valjeta=).]

[Note 24: Stem =pimeyte=, nominative =pimeys=; substantive formed from =pimeä=, _dark_, analogous to =valkeus=, but with soft termination; =pimeydessä= is inessive sing.]

[Note 25: 3rd pers. sing. pres. of root =paista=.]

[Note 26: =Jota=, part. sing. of relative pron. object of negative verb (p. 127).]

[Note 27: 3rd sing. negative imperf. (p. 70) of verbal root =käsitä=, _to grasp_ or _understand_ (exact equivalent of comprehendere).]

[Note 28: =Yksi=, _one_, here used as the indefinite article, p. 51.]

[Note 29: Nominative sing. of stem =miehe=, _man_.]

[Note 30: Plupf. passive of =lähettää=, _to send_; pres. passive =lähetetään=, past part. =-etty= (p. 67).]

[Note 31: Ablative sing. of =Jumala=, _God_.]

[Note 32: Genitive sing. of relative pron. =joka=.]

[Note 33: Nominative sing. of stem =nime=.]

[Note 34: Nominative sing. of stem =Johannekse= (p. 36).]

[Note 35: Dem. pron. used as pers. pron. (p. 166).]

[Note 36: 3rd sing. imperf. of root =tule=, p. 95.]

[Note 37: Elative sing. of pron. =se=.]

[Note 38: Elative sing. of nominative =valkeus=, for use of case, _v._ p. 144.]

[Note 39: Illative of 3rd infin. of verbal stem =todista=, 1st infin. =todistaa=, for constr. _v._ p. 194.]

[Note 40: Particle used here with conditional, _v._ for constr. p. 179.]

[Note 41: 3rd pers. plur. conditional of =uskoa=, _to believe_.]

[Note 42: =hänen=, gen. sing. of 3rd pers. pron. depending upon]

[Note 43: the postposition =kautta= with the affix of the 3rd person. Notice that throughout this extract (vv. 10, 12, 14) the genitive of the pers. pron. is used as well as the suffix, _v._ p. 164.]

[Note 44: 3rd sing. impf. negative of =olla=.]

[Note 45: Nominative sing. 3rd pers. pron.]

[Note 46: conjunction _but_.]

[Note 47: Nom. sing. of stem =totise= (p. 35) formed with adjectival ending =ise= from stem =tote=, nom. =tosi=.]

[Note 48: 3rd sing. pres. of root =valista= (1st inf. =-taa=), _to light_.]

[Note 49: Acc. plur. of stem =ihmise=, nom. sing. =ihminen=, _man_.]

[Note 50: Nom. plur. of rel. pron. =joka=.]

[Note 51: =maailmaan=, illative sing. of =maailma=, _universe_ (=maa=, =ilma=), denoting motion into after =tulevat=.]

[Note 52: 3rd plur. pres. of root =tule= (1st inf. =tulla=) _to come_ (p. 95).]

[Note 53: Inessive sing.]

[Note 54: Nom. sing.]

[Note 55: 3rd pers. sing. imperf. negative of =tuntea=.]

[Note 56: Partitive sing. of 3rd pers. pron. after negative verb (p. 127).]

[Note 57: Allative plur. of =oma=, _own_, with the suffix of the 3rd pers. =om-i-lle-nsa=.]

[Note 58: Negative imperf. of =ottaa=, _to take_.]

[Note 59: Illative sing. of =vasta=, meaning literally, _what is opposite_. The combination =ottaa vastaan=, is used to mean _receive_.]

[Note 60: Nom. plur. of =oma= with suff. of 3rd pers. pron. (p. 57). As =omansa= is subject to the verb, the latter should strictly be =eivät ottaneet=, but _v._ page 123.]

[Note 61: Allative plur. of demons. pron. =se=, nom. plur. =ne=.]

[Note 62: 3rd pers. plur. imperf. of =ottaa=, _to take_.]

[Note 63: 3rd pers. sing. imperf. of =antaa=, _to give_, pres. =annan=. For difference of form in =otti=, =antoi= _v._ page 85.]

[Note 64: Acc. sing. of =voima=, _power_, formed with suffix =ma= from root =voi= (1st inf. =voida=), _to be able_.]

[Note 65: Transl. plur. of =lapse=, _a child_, _v._ p. 158.]

[Note 66: 1st inf. from root =tule=, _to come_, here used as auxiliary meaning _to become_ or _enter on a state_, and taking the translative case.]

[Note 67: 3rd pers. plur. pres. of =uskoa=, _to believe_.]

[Note 68: Genitive sing. of =nimi= (stem =nime=) with pronom. affix of 3rd pers.]

[Note 69: Allative sing. of =pää=, _a head_, governing the genitive =nimensä=. The local cases of =pää= are used in a variety of metaphorical expressions.]

[Note 70: =Eikä= is the negative verb with the adverbial suffix =kä=, _and_; as in verse 11, the singular of the negative verb is used for the plur.; =syntyneet= must be understood with the negative.]

[Note 71: Elative sing. of =veri= (stem =vere=), _blood_, for use _v._ p. 143.]

[Note 72: Genitive sing. of =liha=, _flesh_, depending on =tahdosta=.]

[Note 73: Elative sing. of =tahto=, _will_, used as a nominal and verbal stem (=tahtoa=, _to wish_).]

[Note 74: Particle, _also_, connected with =myötä= and =myöten=.]

[Note 75: Genitive sing. of =mies= (stem =miehe=), _man_, depending on =tahdosta=.]

[Note 76: Elative sing. of =Jumala=, _God_.]

[Note 77: 3rd pers. plur. of the perf. of =syntyä=, _to be born_, composed of auxiliary and nom. plur. of partitive =syntynyt=, _v._ p. 73.]

[Note 78: For form _v._ No. 36. Here used as auxiliary _became_ and followed by translative, _v._ Nos. 65 and 66 above.]

[Note 79: Translat. sing. of =liha=, _flesh_.]

[Note 80: 3rd pers. sing. imperf. of =asua=, _to dwell_.]

[Note 81: Genitive plur. of 1st pers. pron. depending on postposition =seassamme=.]

[Note 82: Postposition in inessive following genitive and taking possessive affix of 1st pers. plur., _v._ p. 214.]

[Note 83: Nom. plur. of 1st pers. pron.]

[Note 84: 1st pers. plur. imperf. of root =näke= (inf. =nähdä=, _v._ p. 108), =näke-i-mme= becomes =näimme= by rules 14 and 28.]

[Note 85: Acc. sing. of =kunnia=, _glory_, with the pron. affix of 3rd pers.]

[Note 86: _So as_, compound adverb formed of =niin=, instr. plur. of =se= and =kuin=, instr. plur. of root =ku= (nom. =kuka=).]