Part 24

[Note 326: 2nd sing. imperf. of =katkaista=, _to break_ or _sever_, stem =katkaise=.]

[Note 327: Nominative sing. _a fish_, direct object of =katkaise= (p. 128).]

[Note 328: = =kahdeksi=, trans. of =kaksi=, _two_ (for case, _v._ p. 158).]

[Note 329: Nominative sing. adj. _merry_.]

[Note 330: Adj. formed from stem =vere=, _blood_, with suffix =va= (p. 48), _vigorous_ or _youthful_.]

[Note 331: Ablative sing. of =vyö=, _a girdle_, with affix of 3rd pers.]

[Note 332: Acc. sing. of compound subst. with first member (=luu=, _bone_) in gen. and second noun of agency, formed from =purra=, _to bite_.]

[Note 333: Ablative sing. of =puoli=, _side_, with affix of 3rd pers.]

[Note 334: Part. sing. of =meryt= (stem =merye=), dimin. of =meri=, _sea_.]

[Note 335: Preposition governing =laian=, though generally a postposition.]

[Note 336: 3rd sing. pres. of =laskettaa= (trans. form of =laskea=), _to smite_.]

[Note 337: 3rd sing. imperf. of =vierähtää=, deriv. verb (p. 112) from =vierrä=, _to roll down_.]

[Note 338: Instr. plur. of =koura=, _palm of the hand_.]

[Note 339: 3rd pers. imperf. of =kohahtaa=, onomatopoeic verb representing noise of bubbling water.]

[Note 340: Elative sing. of =se=, used adverbially, _then_.]

[Note 341: =seppo= or =seppä=, nominative sing. _a smith_.]

[Note 342: The magic smith of Kalevala and forger of the Sampo; after many trials he married the maiden of Pohja (xix.), and the marriage is described in xx-xxv., but in xxxiii. she is killed. Ilmarinen then forged himself a wife of gold and silver (xxxvii.), who did not prove entirely satisfactory in all respects.]

[Note 343: 3rd sing. imperf. of =tarttua=, _to stick_ or _cling to_.]

[Note 344: Illative sing. of =tukka=, _hair_.]

[Note 345: Part. sing. of =uros=, used as genitive. This use (which is hardly found in prose) is chiefly used of things which form part of something else.]

[Note 346: 3rd sing. of =nostaltaa=, deriv. verb from =nostaa=, _to raise_.]

[Note 347: Nominative sing. _all_ (p. 170).]

[Note 348: 2nd part. passive of =kyhätä=, _to form_; this word and =pantu= are followed by translatives to indicate the end for which a thing is made (p. 159).]

[Note 349: Trans. sing. of =lisä=, _an addition_.]

[Note 350: Allative sing. of =sataluku=, _hundred number_ (=luvulle= is now the usual orthography, p. 14).]

[Note 351: Allative sing. of =tuhat= (stem =tuhante=), _a thousand_.]

[Note 352: Trans. sing. of =täyte= (stem =täyttehe=), _a complement_ or _supplement_ (=täysi=, _full_).]

[Note 353: Elative sing. of =tuppi=, _sheath_, with affix of 3rd person.]

[Note 354: Accusative sing. of =tuima=, _fierce_.]

[Note 355: Adessive (p. 152) of =joka=, here used in sense _and with it_.]

[Note 356: = =kolhaisti= or =kolkkaisti=, 3rd sing. imperf. of =kalhaista=, _to strike_ or _split_.]

[Note 357: 3rd sing. imperf. of =läimähyttää= (deriv. of =läimätä=), _to smite_.]

[Note 358: Trans. sing. of =murska=, _a fragment_ (p. 158). N.B. The word is not in the plural and is almost adverbial, _piecemeal_.]

[Note 359: 3rd sing. imperf. of =mureta=, _to break_ (stem =murene=, p. 94 F and 107).]

[Note 360: = =tietänyt= (p. 226, ix), 2nd part. act. of =tietää=, _to perceive_ or _know_, with adv. affix =kana=.]

[Note 361: _v._ p. 141, vii.]

[Note 362: Part. sing. of =puoli=, _half_ (p. 34); for use of part. _v._ p. 122.]

[Note 363: Part. sing. of =kolmannes= (stem =-ekse=), _a third part_.]

[Note 364: Adv. _when_, used with =kun= to mean _as soon as_.]

[Note 365: Nominative sing. (stem =tarpehe=), _need_.]

[Note 366: = =vaaditaan=, passive of =vaatia=, _to demand_.]

[Note 367: Adv. _then_.]

[Note 368: Inessive sing. of =melkeä=, _moderate_ (? Russian =мелкій=); for use of inessive _v._ p. 140, iii. The expression seems ironical, _is in a very moderate state_.]

[Note 369: Nominative sing. _business_, _duty_, _capacity_; cf. for use here =ei ole hänellä tointa=.]

[Note 370: Adessive of =toisia=, _another place_; cf. =muualla=, and our expression _to be all abroad_.]

[Note 371: 3rd sing. imperf. of =vedältää=, deriv. verb from =vetää=.]

[Note 372: 3rd sing. imperf. of =työntää=, _to thrust_ or _smite_.]

[Note 373: 3rd sing. imperf. of =langetella=, deriv. verb from =langettaa=, which is the causative form of =langeta=, _to fall_.]

[Note 374: Compound of =kala=, _fish_, and =hauki=, _pike_. The usual form would be =haukikala= (cf. =valaskala=, _a whale_).]

[Note 375: 3rd sing. imperf. reflexive (p. 227) of =luottaa=, _to send through_ or _drive_, a factitive form from =luoda=, one of whose meanings is _to cast_ (_v._ No. 496).]

[Note 376: Illative sing. of =luja=, _firm_.]

[Note 377: Illative plur. of =kitanen= (stem =-se=, diminutive of =kita=), _the gills of a fish_.]

[Note 378: 3rd sing. imperf. reflex. of =kiinnittää=, _to fix_, derived from =kiinni=.]

[Note 379: 3rd sing. imperf. of =katketa=, _to break_ or _fall asunder_; cf. 326.]

[Note 380: = =pyrstö=, nominative sing. _a tail_.]

[Note 381: Illative sing. of =pohja=, _bottom_ or _shore_.]

[Note 382: 3rd sing. imperf. of =pudota= (like =luvata=), _to fall_.]

[Note 383: 3rd sing. imperf. of =kavahtaa=, _to leap forth_ or _fall_.]

[Note 384: Illative sing. of =karvas= (cf. =oas=, p. 40), _a small boat_.]

[Note 385: 3rd sing. imperf. of =ottaa=, here used intransitively, _to start_ or _begin_.]

[Note 386: 1st sing. of stem =juokse= (cf. =syökse=, p. 107), _to run_ or _speed_.]

[Note 387: Elative sing. of =puutos=, _a hindrance_ (=puuttaa=, _to hold_ or _fasten_).]

[Note 388: 3rd sing. imperf. act. of =luottaa=, _v._ 375.]

[Note 389: Allative sing. of =luotonen=, dimin. of =luoto=, _island_ or _shore_.]

[Note 390: 3rd sing. imperf. of =ravahuttaa=, fact. form of =ravahtaa=, which is itself a deriv. of =ravata=, _to move quickly_; cf. =ravakka=, _quick_.]

[Note 391: Illative sing. of =rantanen=, dimin. of =ranta=, _shore_.]

[Note 392: Part. sing. (p. 127) of =pääpala=, compound of =pää=, _head_, and =pala=, _a piece_.]

[Note 393: Int. pron. (p. 60).]

[Note 394: Elative plur. of =sulho=, _a young man_; for use of case, _v._ p. 143, viii.]

[Note 395: Illative of 3rd infin. of =halkoa= (=halki=), _to cleave_. The verb on which the infinitive depends is omitted, but some such words as ‘let him come’ must be understood.]

[Note 396: Instr. plur. of =vipla= (or =viipale=), _a strip_. For the nom. =hauki=, _v._ p. 128, iii (2).]

[Note 397: Illative of 3rd infin. of =viiltää= (fact. of =viillä=), _to split open_.]

[Note 398: Illative 3rd infin. of =pahkoa=, _to cleave_.]

[Note 399: 3rd plur. pres. of =puhua=, _to speak_ (original meaning _to blow_).]

[Note 400: Ablative plur. of =laitanen= (stem =-se=), dimin. of =laita=, _shore_.]

[Note 401: Genitive of =saaja=, noun of agency, from =saada=, _to take_ (p. 45).]

[Note 402: Nominative plur. of =sulin=, superlative of =sula=, _flowing_, _active_, or _dexterous_.]

[Note 403: Genitive sing. of =pyytäjä= from =pyytää=, _to catch_; cf. No. 401.]

[Note 404: Nominative plur. of =pyhin=, superl. of =pyhä=, _holy_.]

[Note 405: Accusative sing. of =veitsi=, _knife_.]

[Note 406: Elative sing. of =huotra=, _a sheath_, with affix of 3rd person.]

[Note 407: Ablative sing. of =kylki=, _side_, with affix of 3rd person.]

[Note 408: Accusative sing. of =kylmä=, _cold_.]

[Note 409: 3rd sing. pres. of =halkaista= (=halki=), _to split_.]

[Note 410: 3rd sing. pres. of No. 398.]

[Note 411: Nominative sing. superl. of =nuori=, _young_.]

[Note 412: Elative plur. of =neitonen= (stem =-se=), dimin. of =neito=, _woman_.]

[Note 413: Illative of 3rd infin. of =keittää=, _to cook_; _v._ No. 395.]

[Note 414: Trans. plur. (p. 158) of =murkinainen=, adj. of =murkina=, _the midday meal_.]

[Note 415: Trans. plur. of =muru=, _fragment_.]

[Note 416: Trans. plur. of =kalainen=, adj. formed from =kala=, _fish_.]

[Note 417: Trans. plur. of =lounas=, _midday meal_.]

[Note 418: Instr. sing. of =kilpa=, _strife_ or _rivalry_.]

[Note 419: =kymmen=, _ten_, with affix =ki=.]

[Note 420: Pres. passive of =keittää=.]

[Note 421: = =murkinoidaan=, pres. passive of =murkinoita= from =murkina=, _breakfast_.]

[Note 422: Essive plur. from =muru=, _a bit_.]

[Note 423: 3rd sing. imperf. of =jäädä=, _to remain_, with affix =pä=, followed by allative (p. 156).]

[Note 424: Part. plur. of =luu=, _bone_.]

[Note 425: Allative of =kallio=, _rock_.]

[Note 426: Elat. sing. of pron. =tuo=, with suffix =ki=.]

[Note 427: Elat. plur. of same.]

[Note 428: Elative plur. (p. 143, ix) of =hammas= (stem =hampaha=), _tooth_.]

[Note 429: Elative of =leveä=, _broad_.]

[Note 430: Elative of =leuka-luu=, _jaw-bone_.]

[Note 431: Inessive of =paja=, _a smithy_.]

[Note 432: Essive of =luo= (p. 210), here prepos. with genitive.]

[Note 433: Genitive of 1st part. act. of =taitaa=, _to be able_ or _skilful_.]

[Note 434: Genitive of =takoja=, _forger_, from =takoa=, _to forge_.]

[Note 435: Genitive of =mahtava=, _powerful_.]

[Note 436: Elative of =tyhjä=, _void_ or _emptiness_.]

[Note 437: = =mitään=, _v._ p. 219 and 122.]

[Note 438: Elative sing. of =ruotta=, _mouth_ (_of a fish_); =ruota= or =ruoto= is the usual form.]

[Note 439: Part. sing. of =kalu=, _an instrument_ (p. 122).]

[Note 440: Dimin. of =kantelo= = =kantele=, _a kind of harp with five strings_.]

[Note 441: = =osaajaa=, part. of =osaaja=, noun of agency, from =osata=, _to know_ or _be skilful_.]

[Note 442: Genitive sing. of =soitto=, _a musical instrument_.]

[Note 443: Part. of =laatija=, noun of agency from =laatia=, _to make_. The part. is used because the sentence is practically negative.]

[Note 444: 3rd sing. imperf. reflex. of =luoda=, _to create_ or _make_.]

[Note 445: Translative (p. 158, iii) of =tekijä=, noun of agency, from =tehdä=, _to make_.]

[Note 446: 3rd sing. imperf. reflex. of =teennellä=, deriv. of =tehdä= (stem =teke=), _to make_.]

[Note 447: 3rd sing. imperf. of =suorittaa= (from =suora=), _to prepare_.]

[Note 448: Accusative sing. of =ilo=, _joy_.]

[Note 449: Accusative sing. of =ikuinen=, from =ikä=, _life_.]

[Note 450: Elative sing. of =kuka=, meaning here _from what_ (p. 144, ix).]

[Note 451: Nominative sing., _the body_ or _frame_ (_of the harp_).]

[Note 452: Part. sing. of =kantele= (stem =-lehe=), _harp_; for use of part. _v._ No. 345.]

[Note 453: Genitive sing. of =suuri=, _great_.]

[Note 454: Nominatives plur. of =kieli=, _tongue_ or _string_, and =naula=, _a nail_.]

[Note 455: Elative plur. of =hivus= = =hius= (stem =hiukse=), _hair_.]

[Note 456: = =Hiiden=, genitive sing. of =Hiisi=, _the genius of evil_.]

[Note 457: Genitive sing. of =ruuna=, poetical word for _a horse_.]

[Note 458: Essive sing. of 2nd part. passive (= =suoritettuna=) of =suorittaa=.]

[Note 459: Essive sing. of =valmis=, _ready_ (stem =valmihi=).]

[Note 460: Compound word; first member in genitive, second adj. formed from =evä=, _a fin_.]

FINNISH POPULAR SONG.

Hyvästi[461] kultaseni[462], hyvästi kultani, Mun[86] lähteä[1] nyt[463] täytyy[464] pois[465] kotimaaltan[466]. Mun[86] täytyvi[464] nyt[463] mennä[294] merille[295] kulkemaan[240]! Ja sinua en tieä[466a] jos[102] näen[466b] millonkaan[467]. Lahella[468] laiva[469] pieni[470] minua outtelee[471]; 5 Se mulla[472] kotimaani[466] ja tuttavani[473] lie[285]. Se kotimaani[466] mulla[472] ja tuuli[474] kultani[462], Ja aalto[99] armnhani[475] tahikka[476] surmani[60]. Jo[12] ennen[477] monta[478] miestä[164] se meri[295] petteli[479], Ja monen[478] kullan[462] silmät[480] vesille[481] jätteli[482]. 10 Vaan[483] ellös[484] mua[472] surko[484], jos[102] ehkä[485] kuolisin[486]; Sä[487] suotta[488] kaottaisit[489] ikäsi[490] kaunihin[491]. Kun[50] kuulet[492] kuolleheksi[493], tee[494] risti[495] rantahan[391], Ja aallon[99] luomat[496] luuni[497] ne peitä[498] santahan[499]. Ja ota[385] pieni[470] ruusu[500] ja laita[156] kasvamaan[501], 15 Käy[7] sitte[502] kesäilloin[503] välistä[504] katsomaan[193]. Kun[71] ruusu[500] kaunihisti[491] kesällä[503] kukostaa[505], Se rakkauteni[506] kuvan[507] eteesi[508] muovostaa[509]. Hyvästi[461] vielä[107] kerta[108], hyvästi ystävä[510]! Ei[512] suremaan[511] nyt[463] auta[512], vaan[483] täytyy[404] lähteä. 20

Farewell, dear love, farewell, my love, Now must I set forth from home. Now I must go to wander on the seas And know not if I shall ever see thee. A little ship awaits me in the bay: 5 It will be my home and friend. It will be my home and the wind my love, And the wave my darling or my death. That sea has lured many men ere now, And filled many a lover’s eyes with tears. 10 But grieve not for me, if perchance I die: Thou wouldst waste thy fair life in vain. If thou hearest I am dead, place a cross on the shore, And my bones cast up by the wave, hide them in the sand. And take a little rose and set it to grow, 15 Then go sometimes on summer evenings to look at it. When the rose flowers gaily in the summer It will form a picture of my love for thee. Farewell once more, farewell, friend, It is no good grieving: I must start. 20

[Note 461: Adv. of =hyvä=, _good_ (p. 117), used to mean _good-bye_.]

[Note 462: Dimin. of =kulta=, _gold_ or _darling_, with affix of 1st person.]

[Note 463: Adv. _now_.]

[Note 464: Impers. verb _it is necessary_, followed by 1st infin. (p. 187); =täytyy= and =täytyvi= are identical (p. 226, viii).]

[Note 465: Adv. _away_, also used in inessive =poissa=.]

[Note 466: Compound of =koti=, _home_, and =maa=, _land_; _v._ No. 65.]

[Note 466a: = =tiedä=, negative form of =tietää=, _to know_.]

[Note 466b: 1st pers. sing. of =nähdä= (p. 108).]

[Note 467: = =milloinkaan= (_v._ pp. 117, 169).]

[Note 468: = =lahdella=, adessive sing. of =lahti=, _bay_.]

[Note 469: Nominative sing. a _ship_.]

[Note 470: Nominative sing. _little_.]

[Note 471: = =odottelee=, 3rd sing. pres. of =odotella=, deriv. from =odottaa=, _to wait_.]

[Note 472: = =minulla=; cf. =mua= = =minua=.]

[Note 473: 1st part. passive for =tunnettava=, from =tuntea=, _to know_. Here used as substantive with affix of 1st pers., _friend_.]

[Note 474: Nominative sing. _wind_.]

[Note 475: Nominative with suffix of 1st pers. from stem =armaha= (nom. =armas=), _dear_.]

[Note 476: = =taikka=, _or_.]

[Note 477: Adv. (gen. of =ensi=), _before_.]

[Note 478: Part. sing. of =moni=, _many_, taking a partitive after it (p. 171, iv.).]

[Note 479: 3rd sing. imperf. of =petellä=, deriv. verb from =pettää=, _to deceive_.]

[Note 480: Accusative plur. of =silmä=, _eye_.]

[Note 481: Allative plur. of =vesi=, _water_.]

[Note 482: 3rd sing. imperf. of =jätellä=, derived from =jättää=. For the use of this verb with the illative or allative, _v._ p. 156. The sentence means literally _has abandoned the eyes of many a lover to waters_; i.e. has filled with tears.]

[Note 483: Conj. _but_.]

[Note 484: 2nd sing. negative opt. of =surra= (like =tulla=).]

[Note 485: Adv. _perhaps_.]

[Note 486: 1st sing. conditional of =kuolla=, _to die_ (like =tulla=).]

[Note 487: = =sinä=.]

[Note 488: Part. sing. of =suosi=, _pleasure_ (not used); used adverbially to mean _for mere pleasure_, _without serious cause_; hence _in vain_, _uselessly_.]

[Note 489: 2nd sing. conditional of =kadottaa=, _to loose_, trans. form of =kadota=, _to fall_.]

[Note 490: Accusative sing. of =ikä=, _life_, with suffix of 2nd pers. N.B. =k= is not weakened.]

[Note 491: Accusative sing. of =kaunis=, _beautiful_, stem =kaunihi=; the adv. is used in l. 17.]

[Note 492: 2nd sing. pres. of =kuulla= (like =tulla=), _to hear_.]

[Note 493: Translative sing. of 2nd part. act. of =kuolla= (_v._ 486). For use _v._ p. 201.]

[Note 494: 2nd sing. imperf. of =tehdä=, followed by illative; _v._ p. 156 ad. in.]

[Note 495: Nominative sing. _cross_, obj. of =tee= (p. 128, iii).]

[Note 496: Accusative plur. of 3rd infin. of =luoda=, used as a past part. (p. 191). For =luoda=, meaning _to cast_, _v._ No. 375.]

[Note 497: Accusative plur. of =luu=, _bone_, with affix of 1st pers. sing.]

[Note 498: 2nd sing. imperf. of =peittää=, _to hide_.]

[Note 499: Illative sing. (p. 156) of =santa=, _sand_.]

[Note 500: Nom. sing. _rose_, object of =ota= (p. 128).]

[Note 501: Illative of 3rd infin. of =kasvaa=, _to grow_ (p. 192).]

[Note 502: Adv. _then_ (p. 117).]

[Note 503: Compound of =kesä=, _summer_, and =ilta=, _evening_, instr. plur. (p. 161, iii).]

[Note 504: Elative sing. of =väli=, _interval_; here adverbial, _now and then_.]

[Note 505: 3rd sing. pres. of =kukostaa=, _to flower_, from =kukka=, _a flower_ (p. 114).]

[Note 506: Genitive sing. with affix of 1st pers.; from =rakkaus= (stem =rakkaute=), _love_.]

[Note 507: Accusative sing. of =kuva=, _picture_.]

[Note 508: Illative sing. of =esi=, with affix of 2nd pers. (p. 146).]

[Note 509: = =muodostaa=, =v= being a dialectical variant for =d=; 3rd sing. pres. (with future signif.) of =muodostaa=, deriv. verb from =muoto=, _form_.]

[Note 510: Nominative sing. (p. 134, v), _friend_; Lönnrot suggests it is for =ysättävä=, derived from =yskä=, _bosom_.]

[Note 511: Illative of 3rd infin.; cf. No. 484.]

[Note 512: Negative pres. of =auttaa=, _to help_ or _avail_.]

FOOTNOTES

[1] This applies not only to case or personal suffixes, but to any formative element.

[2] Kalevala. 3 painos. 1887. Johdanto. p. XV.

[3] The following sketch of Esthonian is taken mainly from Wiedemann’s ‘Grammatik der Estnischen Sprache.’ Petersburg, 1875.

[4] Donner’s ‘Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Finnish-Ugrischen Sprachen’ also contains many comparisons with Samoyede.

[5] But =suola=, _salt_, and =puola=, _bilberry_, change the final =a= into =o= to distinguish them from =suoli=, _an intestine_, and =puoli=, _half_.

[6] It is noticeable that this rule does not apply in the rare case of a monosyllabic root ending in a short open vowel becoming closed. =Ku=, the root of the pronoun =kuka=, forms =kun= not =gun=.

[7] In the Kalevala dialect =t= always disappears instead of becoming =d=, and some traces of this remain in ordinary Finnish, (_a_) In the declensions of such roots as =lyhyte=, short: gen. =lyhyen=, and in some contracted substantives. (_b_) In the loss of =t= in the syllable =ta= used to form infinitives and partitives.

[8] In the Bible and old Finnish are found such forms as =kaksitoistakymmentä=.

[9] This suffix frequently loses its vowel and becomes simple s.

[10] The closing of the root and omission or weakening of =t= in the first and second forms of the infinitive is no doubt due to the extremely frequent use of the forms with suffixes. Thus =saadakseni= from =saata= is grammatically correct, as is also =lukeakseni= from =luketa=, according to the euphonic rules of the Kalevala or Old Karelian dialect. Such forms as =saada= are probably not nominatives, but shortened translatives.

[11] The first infinitive is occasionally found in the Bible, e.g. Psalm xliv. 12 =Sinä annat meitä syötää niinkuin lampaita=.

[12] The participle is =nousnut= _or_ =noussut=.

[13] These forms are ably discussed by Mr. Setälä, in vol. II of the Journal de la Société Finne-Ugrienne, p. 29 ff. He endeavours to prove [and it seems to me with success] that =k= is a suffix of the present tense, and =se= a pronominal affix.

[14] Cf. =kaikkialla=, =toisialla=, =kuusialla=. Some consider these forms as compounds of the pronominal stem with the word =ala=, so that =muualla= stands for =muu + ala + lla=.

[15] It is noticeable that peasants frequently use the passive with the pronoun of the first person plural, as if it were a personal form. =Jokohan mekin tuo lehmä myötäisiin?= _Shall we not sell this cow too?_

[16] Analogy has no doubt played a great part in the development of these constructions, but they clearly have their origin in the use of the participle as a substantive, just like the infinitive. Compare =Minä toivon saada rahoja= with =Minä luulen saavani rahoja= and =Miehet nayttävät tulevan= with =Miehet taitavat tulla=. Compare such Turkish constructions as ‎‏كلديكمى بلدكز‏‎ geldiyimi bildiniz, _you knew I had come_.

[17] =Vasiten= or =vaseten= occurs in dialects.

[18] I should say that in this account I am deeply indebted to the Finnish introduction to the edition of the Kalevala, published in 1887 at Helsingfors.

[19] The word seems to imply low-lying marshy places.

[20] This is apparently a reference to some kind of costume in which a corpse was dressed.

[21] This passage seems a little confused. Wäinämöinen was building a boat by means of magic spells, of whose efficacy so much is said in the Kalevala. During this process he lost (apparently forgot) three words which were necessary. The language in 350 ff. is metaphorical: the sledge of his song was broken, i.e. the spells did not run smoothly.

[22] It would seem that this is not the same personage as the ‘dwarfish daughter of Tuoni’ (also called Tuonetar in 263). But who this new character is, is not explained.

[23] This rather obscure remark appears to be a taunt. ‘Every body is a man, in the sense of adding to the male population. But one wants a good deal more to really deserve the name.’