Part 16

_One’s own lands are more pleasant and one’s own forests sweeter_ (than those of others).

_Interrogative Pronouns._

(1) =Kuka= is a substantive. The nominative singular and plural means _who?_ and is only used of persons. The remaining cases =kussa=, =kusta=, =kuhun= _or_ =kunne=, =kuin=, =kun=, etc., are mostly used as particles. =Kuka luulisi häntä niin viekkaaksi?= _Who would have thought him so clever?_ =Kutka tuolta tulevat?= _Who come from there?_

(2) =Ken= is identical in meaning with =kuka=, being also a substantive and only used of persons. The nominative is rarely used, but the oblique cases supply those of =kuka=. =Kenen kirja tämä on?= _Whose book is this?_ =Kenellähän olisi rahaa?= _Who is likely to have any money?_

(3) =Mikä= has two uses: (1) when applied to persons it is always used adjectively. =Mikä mies tuo on?= _what man is that?_ =Mi sinä olet miehiäsi?= (Kal. ii. 134.) _what manner of man art thou?_ (2) When applied to things it can be used either adjectively or substantively. It will be noticed that this is exactly similar to the use of _what_ in English. =Mikä on nimesi?= _what is your name?_ =Mitä maksoitte?= _what did you pay?_ =Millä kadulla asutte?= _what street do you live in?_

(4) =Kumpi= is either a substantive or an adjective, and means _which of two_. =Kumpi teistä= (_or_ =teitä=) =tulee?= _Which of you is coming?_ =Kumpaa viiniä paremmin rakastatte, punaistako vain valkoista?= _Which wine do you prefer, red or white?_ =Hän saapui Turkuun, jossa kaupungissa viipyi kaksi viikkoa=, _He arrived at Åbo, in which town he remained two weeks_.

_Relative Pronouns._

=Joka=, _who_ or _which_, is a substantive, and sometimes an adjective. =Joka myllyyn menee se tomuun tulee=, _he who goes to the mill gets dusty_ (proverb). =Poika, jolle annoitte kirjan, on veljeni=, _the boy to whom you gave the book is my brother_.

=Jompi=, _which of two_, is not frequently used: =Ota näistä kirjoista jomman tahdot=, _take which of these books you like_. =Pata kattilata soimaa: musta kylki kummallakin=, _the pot abuses the kettle; but both are black_. =Kuka=, =kumpi=, and =mikä=, are also used as relatives. =En tiedä kuka se on=, _I do not know what is_. =Jos tietäisin mitä tahdotte, niin antaisin=, _if I knew what you wanted I would give it you_. N.B. The word =kuin=, meaning _as_, is sometimes used as a relative pronoun.

_Indefinite Pronouns._

I. One kind of indefinite pronoun is formed by the union of the relative and interrogative in their shortened form. =Joku=, _some one_, _some one or other_; =jompikumpi=, _one or other of two_. =Joku kolkuttaa=, _some one is knocking_. =Tuli joitakuita miehiä=, _some men came_. =Sano jommalle kummalle=, _tell one or other of them_.

II. The relative and interrogative pronouns when combined with the suffix =kin=—=jokin=, =kukin=, =mikin=, =kumpikin= _or_ =kumpainenkin=—are used as indefinite pronouns in affirmative sentences. The same pronouns combined with =kaan=—=kukaan=, =kenkään=, =mikään=, =kumpikaan=—are used only in negative phrases or dubitative questions, and then mean, _no one_, _none_, _nothing_, and _neither_. =Menköön jokin hänen jälkeen=, _let some one go after him_. =Ei kukaan tiedä mihin hän meni=, _no one knows where he went_. =Oletteko kuulleet jotakin uutta?= _have you heard something new?_ =En mitäkään=, _nothing_. =Ei johtunut kenenkään mieleen=, _no one remembered_ (_it came into nobody’s mind_). =Kelpaako näistä kumpikaan?= _will either of these do?_

Under many circumstances the interogative and relative pronouns are used as indefinite.

(1) In sentences meaning ‘some do one thing, some another.’ Cf. the use of =кто= in Russian. =Mikä itkee, mikä nauraa=, _one weeps and another laughs_. =Kuka uskoo, kuka ei=, _some believe, and some don’t_. =Ketä nälättää, ketä janottaa=, _one is hungry, and another thirsty_.

(2) When two interrogatives or relatives are combined together and one takes the suffix =kin= in such expressions as =vieraita tuli mikä mistäkin=, _strangers come some from one side some from another_ (Lat. _alii aliunde_). =Haastelivat minkän mitäkin=, _they talked of different subjects_. =Tekivät tuttavuutta kuka kunkin kanssa=, _they made acquaintances one with another_.

(3) Interrogatives and relatives are turned into indefinite pronouns by the addition of the words =hyvänsä=, =tahtonsa=, =tahansa=, =ikänänsä=, =ikinä=, corresponding to the Latin _cumque_, _libet_, _vis_, and such English expressions as _who you like_, _who you will_, or _ever_. =Sen taitaa kuka hyvänsä tehdä=, _anyone can do that_; =missä ikänänsä olette=, _wherever you are_; =tulkoon kuka tahtonsa= _or_ =tahansa=, _whoever comes_; =kuka ikinä sen löytää=, _whoever finds it_.

(4) The use of the simple interrogative for the indefinite pronoun is peculiarly frequent in phrases beginning with =vaikka=. =Tulkoon vaikka kuka=, _come who may_. =Maksoi vaikka mitä=, _whatever it cost_. =Oli hän waikka kuka=, _whoever he may be_. Cf. =vaikka koska=, _whenever_; =vaikka missä=, _wherever_.

_Various Pronominal Adjectives._

I. =Eräs=, =muutama= and =muudan= _or_ =muuan=, all mean _some_, _a certain_. =Eräänä aamuna=, _one morning_. =Muutamia miehiä astui huoneesen=, _several men came into the room_. =Oli kerran muudan ukko=, _there was once an old man_.

II. =Itse.= This word, which means _self_, is used as a reflexive pronoun, as described above, p. 166. It is also used simply for emphasis. =Minä itse=, _I myself_; =hän on itse hyvyys=, _he is goodness itself_. When =itse= is used with a substantive it can either precede, in which case it is not declined and takes no pronominal suffix, or else follow, in which case it is put in the same case as the substantive and has a suffix. =Itse asiassa se ei mitään tee=, _as a matter of fact that makes no difference_. =Kuulin kerran, ukon itsensä puhuvan=, _I once heard the old man himself say_.

When =itse= is used with postpositions it often remains unchanged while the postposition takes the pronominal suffix. =Itse puolestani olen tyytyväinen=, _for my part I am content_. =Hän on itse kauttansa rikastunut=, _he has grown rich by his own exertions_ (_through himself_). =En siitä huolisi itse tähteni=, _I should not trouble about it on my own account_.

III. =Kaikki=, _all, every_, is the Latin _omnis_. =Koko=, _all_ or _the whole_, is _totus_. This latter word is properly a substantive meaning collection, and it is not declined when used as an adjective. =Kaikki= is declined, but its accusative singular is either =kaikki= _or_ =kaiken=. The nominative and accusative plural are also generally =kaikki=, but =kaiket= is used in the sense of =koko=. N.B. =Hän on minulle kaikki kaikessa=, _he is all in all to me_.

IV. =Moni= is generally used in the singular, =moni mies=, _many a man_. When it is used as the subject of a sentence, the partitive =monta= is generally employed. =Monta miestä, monta mieltä=, _many men, many opinions_ (proverb).

The plural =monet= has generally the sense of various. =Monet venäjän kansat elävät kalastuksella=, _many races in Russia live by fishing_.

V. The word =toinen=, _another_ or _second_, is used with the pronominal suffixes as a reciprocal pronoun. In this case either the oblique case may be used alone with the suffix, or the nominative, without the suffix be added. =He rakastavat toisiansa=, _they love one another_, or =He rakastavat toinen toisiansa=.

=Muu= means _other_ or _another_, whereas =toinen= usually means _the other_, or at any rate refers to a definite person. Thus =Näistä miehestä toinen on venäläinen, toinen saksalainen=, _one of these men is a Russian, the other a German_. =Se ei ole kukaan muu kuin kuningas itse=, _this is no other than the king himself_. =Ovatko toiset tulleet?= _are the others come?_ =Onko ketään muita tullut?= _Has anyone else come?_

The adverbial forms =muualla=, =muualta=, =muualle= seem derived from a stem =muuka=, which is not found in the nominative. =Miehet ovat muualta tulleet=, _the men have come from another country_.[14]

VI. The indeclinable adjective =joka= has much the same meaning as =jokainen=, namely _each_ or _every_. =Joka vuosi=, _every year_. =Se nähdään joka aika=, _that is always seen_. =Annoin rahaa joka miehelle=, _I gave every man some money_. =Joka toinen, kolmas, neljäs=, etc., _every second, third, fourth_, etc. =Joka toisena päivänä=, _every other day._

NUMBERS.

The use of the numbers presents some peculiarities.

A. =Yksi=, _one_, is an adjective which agrees with the substantive it qualifies. =Hän aina puhuu yhtä asiaa=, _he always talks on one subject_. =Olla yhdessä neuvossa=, _to be concerned in a plan_.

B. The other numbers require that the word they qualify should be in the partitive singular, _if the number is in the nominative_. Under these circumstances the verb is the singular. =Kolme poikaa on talossa=, _three boys are in the house_. =Viisi tuhatta miestä=, _5000 men_. =Seitsemän kalaa=, _seven fishes_.

But with words that have no singular, both the numeral and substantive are put in the nominative. =Yhdet, kahdet häät=, _one, two marriages_. =Viidet sakset=, _five pairs of scissors_. =Kahdeksat sukat=, _eight pairs of stockings_.

C. If the numeral is in an oblique case, then the substantive is put in the same case also, _but in the singular_. =Viidelle pojalle=, _to five boys_. =Kolmelle kymmenelle miehelle=, _to thirty-six men_.

But in the Kalevala, one finds such expressions as =löyti kuusia jyviä=, =Seitsemiä siemeniä=.

D. If the number and substantive have a pronoun or adjective agreeing with them, this latter is put in the plural and in the same case as the number. But the substantive obeys the preceding rules, if the attribute is in the nominative plural, the verb is also in the plural. =Nämät viisi poikaa tulivat kotia=, _these five boys come home_. =Anna leipää näille viidelle pojalle=, _give some bread to these five boys_.

N.B. In all the numbers except =yksi= the accusative is the same as the nominative. =Näin kaksi miestä=, _I saw two men_. =Ampui viisi lintuja=; _he shot five birds_; but =Näin yhden miehen=, _I saw one man_.

_Expression of a date._

I. To express the year the word =vuosi= is employed, and a cardinal number after it. If =vuosi= is used in the local or in the essive case this number is not inflected. =Vuonna tuhatta= (_or_ =tuhat=) =kahdeksan sataa kahdeksankymmentä yhdeksän=, _in the year 1889_.

But if the genitive of =vuosi= is used, then the number is also put in the genitive. =Vuoden tuhatta kahdeksan sataa kahdeksankymmentä viiden sato=, _the harvest of 1885_.

II. The day of the month is expressed in two ways.

(1) First comes the name of the month in the genitive, then an ordinal number in the essive, and the word =päivänä=. =Maaliskuun kolmantena päivänä=, _March 3_.

(2) Or the numeral and =päivänä= come first, and are followed by the name of the month in the partitive. =Kolmantena päivänä Maaliskuuta.=

III. The hour expressed by the word =kello=, which remains under all circumstances invariable, followed by a cardinal numeral which can be inflected. =Kello on kuusi=, _it is six o’clock_. =Nousen kello neljältä=, _I get up at five o’clock_.

The half hours are expressed in much the same way as in German or Russian. _Half past four_, =puoli viisi=; _half past five_, =puoli kuusi=; _half past six_, =puoli seitsemän=, etc. _A quarter past five_ is expressed by =se on neljänneksen yli viisi= (_five plus a quarter_), and _a quarter to six_ by =se on neljännestä vailla kuusi= (_six minus a quarter_).

The names of the days of the week and months are as follows:—

_Sunday_ =Sunnuntai=. _Monday_ =Maanantai=. _Tuesday_ =Tiitai=. _Wednesday_ =Keskiviikko=. _Thursday_ =Torstai=. _Friday_ =Perjantai=. _Saturday_ =Lauantai=.

_January_ =Tammikuu=. _February_ =Helmikuu=. _March_ =Maaliskuu=. _April_ =Huhtikuu=. _May_ =Toukokuu=. _June_ =Kesäkuu=. _July_ =Heinäkuu=. _August_ =Elokuu=. _September_ =Syyskuu=. _October_ =Lokakuu=. _November_ =Marraskuu=. _December_ =Joulukuu=.

THE VERB.

The moods and tenses of the Finite verb in Finnish are very simple.

The present and imperfect with the compound tenses called perfect and pluperfect form the entire indicative mood.

I. The present indicates—

(1) An habitual action, or an action which is going on at the present time. =Joka päivä hän lukee sanomalehden alusta loppuun saakka=, _every day he reads the newspaper through from one end to the other_. =Mihin menette? Menemme metsään=, _where are you going? we are going to the wood_. When it is desired to emphasise the fact that some one is engaged in an action at the present time, such phrases as =he ovat kalastamassa=, _they are fishing_, may be used (_v._ p. 191).

(2) A future action, as we say ‘he comes to-morrow.’ Some distinction is made between these two uses by the fact that while a verb representing an action as going on always takes an object in the partitive, a verb which represents an action as to be completed in the future takes an object in the genitive. =Kirjoitan kirjettä=, _I am writing a letter_; =huomenna kirjoitan kirjeen=, _I shall write a letter to-morrow_. =Kun saan tietää missä asuu, niin menen hänen luo=, _when I know where he lives I shall go and see him_.

(3) In a few expressions the present indicative is used in a concessive sense. =Maksaa mitä maksaa=, _cost what it may_. =Sano mitä sanot=, _say what you will_.

II. The imperfect is used in two senses:—

(1) It denotes an action in past time, either habitual or isolated, either continuous or momentary; it thus corresponds to several past tenses in other languages. =Seuraavana päivänä tuli nuori rouva aamiais-pöytään, kun muut olivat lopettaneet=, _next day the young lady came down to breakfast when the rest had finished_. =Tapasitko sisartani?= _did you meet my sister?_ =En tavannut=, _I did not meet her_. =Joka päivä lähti hän kävelemään pääkadulle=, _every day he took a walk in the principal street_. =Lohi loimahti merehen=, _the salmon jumped into the sea_. =Itki yötä kaksi kolme=, _he wept two or three nights_.

(2) It is also used like the present in a concessive sense, but much more frequently than that tense. =Kävi miten kävi, asiaan on ryhtyttävä=, _come what may, the business must be begun_. =Oli kumpi hyvänsä=, _whichever of the two it is_. Cf. such expressions as =kuka niitä kaikkia muisti? Lempo niitä ymmärsi=.

It is noticeable that in the narrative portions of the Kalevala and other poems the present and imperfect are used almost indifferently (_v._ extracts at end of book). Perhaps the sound of the terminations =pi= and =vi=, which, like the imperfect, end in =i=, made the confusion easier.

III. The perfect corresponds pretty nearly to the tense formed with the auxiliary _have_ in English. =Olemme maanneet vähän aikaa niin lähdemme järvelle koko yöksi=, _we have slept a little and are going out on the lake for the whole night_. =Oletteko ennen kuulleet sitä laulua?= _have you heard that song before?_ =En ole nähnyt häntä moneen aikaan=, _I have not seen him for a long time_.

IV. The pluperfect expresses an action finished in past time, and may be rendered by _had_ in English. =Kun hän sen sanonut oli, meni hän taas ulos=, _when he had said this he went out again_. =Oliko hän ehkä saanut tiedon asiasta?= _had he by any chance heard of the matter?_

It will be observed that there is no real future tense in Finnish. Its want is supplied in several ways.

A. By the present tense as described above.

B. By a periphrastic conjugation consisting of the present participle and the present or imperfect of =olla=. This corresponds to the Russian future with =буду=, and denotes a future action the time of which is not specified. =Ennenkuin päivät tulevat koskas olet sanova....=, _before the days come in which thou shalt say...._ (Eccl. xii. 1). =Hän on vapahtava kansansa heidän synneistänsä=, _He shall save His people from their sins_.

C. By the concessive. This tense is frequently used to imply something probable or doubtful in the future. =Ostanevat kaupungista kirjat ja tuonevat ne jo huomenna kotia=, _they will probably buy new books and bring them home to-morrow_. =Tappaneeko hän itsensä?= (S. John viii. 22) _will he kill himself?_

D. By the conditional, especially in conditional sentences. =Tulisin huomenna, jos ehtisin=, _I shall come to-morrow, if I have time_. =Isäntä ei palkitsisi sinua ennenkuin olisit työsi lopettanut=, _your master will not pay you before you finish your work_.

E. Various periphrases are used, particularly when there is any idea of necessity or obligation in the future. The following examples taken from the translation of the Bible will show this. =Minä saan nähdä hänen, mutta en nyt=, _I shall see him, but not now_ (Num. xxiv. 17, but the passage continues =minä katselen häntä waan en lästä=). =Teidän pitää minua etsimän=, _ye shall seek me_ (S. John vii. 34). =Sillä ei sitä pidä unhotettaman heidän siemenensä suussa=, _for it shall not be forgotten out of the mouths of their seed_ (Deut. xxxi. 21). =Autuaat ovat siviät sillä he saavat maan periä=, _blessed are the meek for they shall inherit the earth_ (S. Matt. v. 5).

_The Concessive._

This mood represents an action as possible, and is particularly used in questions, or in sentences introduced by such particles as =ehkä=, which imply a doubt or question.

It has two tenses.

I. The present, implying a potential action in the present or future. =Lieneekö totta mitä sanotaan?= _is it likely that what people say is true?_ =Hän sen parhaiten tietänee=, _he probably knows best_. =Jos et tuostana totelle=, _if thou willst not obey that_. =Osannet palkan ottaa, osaa työkin tehdä=, _wouldst thou know how to receive the reward, learn how to do the work_. =Sureneeko Jumala härkiä?= _doth God care for oxen?_ =Ei suattane sinua Saaren suurehen sukuhun=, _they are not likely to tolerate your alliance with the great family of the island_ (Kal. xi. 71).

II. The past, implying a potential action in past time. =Hän lienee luullut minua toiseksi=, _he probably thought I was some one else_. =Ei liene sinua luotu Ison tammen taittajaksi= (Kal. ii. 145), _thou art probably not created to break the mighty oak_. =Lieneekö hän arvanuut ketä puhutteli?= _did he know with whom he spoke?_

_The Conditional._

The conditional mood has two tenses, the present and past, which denote an action dependent on certain conditions in present or past time.

It is used:—

(1) In conditional, comparative, and concessive sentences, both in the protasis and apodosis. When used in the sentence introduced by =jos=, or some similar particle, the present implies that the condition is not yet realised, and the past that it has not been. But this distinction is not always observed, the present being used of a condition not realized in the past. =Jos menisitte tässä myrskyssä järvelle niin hukkuisitte=, _if you were to go on the lake in this storm you would be drowned_. =Parempi olisi ollut Ilman impenä eleä=, _it would have been better to live as the virgin of the air_ (Kal. i. 161). =Jos varani myöntäisivät niin matkustaisin ulkomaille=, _if my means allowed me I should go abroad_. =Kukapa ... käkiä kukutteleisi, Lintusia laulattaisi, Jos minä menisin muunne, Saisin marja muille maille. Jos tämä kana katoisi, Tämä hanhi hairahtaisi=, etc. (Kal. x. 441 ff.).

The word =jos= is sometimes omitted and replaced by the interrogative suffix =-ko= after the verb. Kal. xi. 95:—=Nauraisitko Saaren naiset, Pitäisit pyhäiset piiat, Niin siitä tora tulisi, Sota suuri lankeaisi=, _were you to seduce the maidens of the island a quarrel would come of it and a great war fall on us_.

(2) In final sentences to express the object of an action. =Ilmoittakaat minulle että minäkin tulisin ja kummartaisin häntä= (S. Matt. ii. 8), _bring me word that I may come and worship him also_. =Kirjoitan hänelle että hän toimittaisi sen asian=, _I am writing to him that he may undertake the affair_. =Olkaa hiljaa, lapset, että saisin rauhassa työskennellä=, _be quiet, children, that I may work in peace_. =Ava suusi suuremmaksi ... pääsisin mahasta maalle= (Kal. xvii. 583), _open thy mouth ... that I may come forth from thy stomach_.

(3) In temporal and relative sentences when the temporal particle or relative involves some idea of purpose, capacity, etc. =En tahtonut ruveta kirjoittamaan ennenkuin saisin varman tiedon asiasta=, _I did not wish to write before I received certain news of the affair_. =Päätin lakkauttaa kauppaliikkeeni kunnes ajat paranisivat=, _I determined to close my business till the times should be better_. =Sen mä mieheksi sanoisin, Urohoksi arveleisin, Joka jouseni vetäisi, Kiveräni kiinnittäisi.= (Kal. xxvi. 357). N.B. The conditional is used only if the principal verb is in a past tense or conditional.

(4) In Oratio Obliqua.

_a._ After verbs of wishing, asking, commanding, etc. =Käske että palvelija valjastaisi hevosen=, _tell the servant to get the horse harnessed_. =Tahdotko että se heti tehtäisiin?= _do you wish it to be done at once?_

_b._ To represent the imperative in the Oratio recta. =Isäntä sanoi että rengit menisivät pellolle=, _the master told the servants to go to the fields_. =Hän viitasi että he vaikenisivat=, _he motioned to them to be silent_.

(5) As a polite form of statement, request, or question, from which, as mentioned above, it often comes to be used as a future. =Minä luulisin että hän ostaisi talonne=, _I should think he would buy your house_. =Voisitteko kertoa minulle?= _can you tell me?_ =Tahtoisin puhua kanssanne=, _I should like to talk to you_. =Näyttäisitte minulle=, _please show me_. =Enkö saisi ...?= _can I have ...?_ =Menisitte noutamaan yhdet hyyryvaunut=, _please go and call a cab_.

(6) To express a wish with such particles as =jos=, =jospa=, =kunhan=, etc. =Jospa hän tulisi!= _if he would only come!_ =Jospa olisin tietänyt!= _had I only known!_ =Kunhan tuttuni tulisi!= _if my friend would but come!_

_Imperative and Optative._

Though these moods are given as two in the Accidence on account of the slight difference in their form, they may be treated as one syntactically, as they supply one another’s deficiencies, the imperative being only used in the 2nd sing. and 1st and 2nd persons plur., and the optative only in the 2nd sing. and the 3rd person singular and plural. In poetry a 2nd pers. plur. optative ending in =otte= is occasionally found. There is no difference between the meaning of the two in 2nd person singular.

The imperative expresses:—

I. A command or request. =Lähe nyt kanssa laulamahan=, _come to sing with me_ (Kal. i. 14). =Toki tullos toinen kerta=, _come again_ (Kal. v. 137). =Käy pian välehen jou’u=, _go quickly and finish the business_ (Kal. l. 211). =Ellös menkö poikaseni Parempikin itseäsi=, _aspire not, my son, to those that are better than thyself_ (Kal. xi. 69).

II. A condition. =Sano mitä sanot, en siitä kuitenkaan välitä=, _you may say what you like, but I don’t care_. =Teen minä sen vaikka hän kieltäköönkin=, _I shall do it, even though he forbid it_.

_The Passive._

The passive, as has already been mentioned in the Accidence, is impersonal. =Käytetään= means _there is a using_, or _one uses, people use_. The clearest proof of the real character of the form is to be found in the fact that the verb substantive =olla=, _to be_, has a so-called passive.

Examples:—=Niin kohta kun ollaan tultu=, _as soon as people come_. =Ennen oltiin terveempiä=, _people were healthier formerly_. =Siihen oltaneen tyytyväisiä=, _this will probably prove satisfactory_ (_people will be satisfied with this_). =Järvellä oltaessa tuuli kovasti=, _while they were on the lake, the wind blew violently_.