Part 7

_Nom._ =oas= =okaat= (rule =27=) _Part._ =oasta= =okaita= _Gen._ =okaan= =oasten=, =okaiden=, =okaitten= _In._ =okaassa= =okaissa= _Ill._ =okaasen= =okaisin=, _or_ =okaihin= _Ess._ =oasna=, =okaina= =okaana=

=Vapaa=, _free_, =koree=, _beautiful_ (for =korea=).

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =vapaa= =vapaat= _Part._ =vapaata= =vapaita= _Gen._ =vapaan= =vapaiden=, =vapaitten= _In._ =vapaassa= =vapaissa= _Il._ =vapaasen= =vapaisin=, =vapaihin= _Ess._ =vapaana= =vapaina=

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =koree= =koreet= _Part._ =koreeta= =koreita= _Gen._ =koreen= =koreiden=, =koreitten= _In._ =koreessa= =koreissa= _Il._ =koreesen= =koreisin=, =koreihin= _Ess._ =koreena= =koreina=

Participles whose nominative ends in =nut= or =nyt= (that is past active participles), like =oppinut=, =lyönyt=, form the genitive, inessive, etc., from a root ending in =nehe=, contracted =nee=; but the nominative and partitive sing., and one form of the essive sing. and genitive plur. are formed from a root ending in =ute=, =yte=, which loses its final vowel.

_Sing._ _Plur._

_Nom._ =oppinut= =oppineet= _Part._ =oppinutta= =oppineita= _Gen._ =oppineen= =oppinutten=, =oppineiden= _In._ =oppineessa= =oppineissa= _El._ =oppineesta= =oppineista= _Il._ =oppineesen= =oppineisin= _Ad._ =oppineella= =oppineilla= _Abl._ =oppineelta= =oppineilta= _All._ =oppineelle= =oppineille= _Abes._ =oppineetta= =oppineitta= _Prol._ =oppineetse= =oppineitse= _Transl._ =oppineeksi= =oppineiksi= _Ess._ =oppineena= =oppineina= _or_ =oppinunna= _Com._ (=oppineene=) =oppineine= _Instr._ (=oppineen=) =oppinein=

So also =lyönyt=, partitive =lyönyttä=, genitive =lyöneen=, inessive =lyöneessä=, essive =lyöneenä=, _or_ =lyönynnä=; plur. nominative =lyöneet=, partitive =lyöneitä=, genitive =lyönytten= _or_ =lyöneiden=, etc.

_Compound Nouns._

Finnish, especially the modern literary dialect, abounds in compound nouns, in which the last word of the compound is defined by that which precedes it, so that the first word is practically an adjective. Thus in =pääkaupunki=, _a capital_, =kaupunki= means a town, and the word =pää=, _a head_, describes what sort of town is intended. So also =rautatie=, _a railway_, from =rauta=, _iron_, and =tie=, _a road_; =tullihuone=, _a custom house_; =puutarha=, _a garden_ (=puu=, _a tree_, =tarha=, _an enclosure_), =kirkkotarha=, _a churchyard_ (=kirkko=, _church_, =tarha=, _enclosure_). Sometimes the first word is an adjective, as =omatunto=, _conscience_, from =oma=, _own_, and =tunto=, _feeling_. This is written as one word, because =omatunto= conveys a different meaning from the separate words =oma= and =tunto=.

When a compound is made up of more than two words, all but the last may be regarded as a single word qualifying the last, and then be decomposed in their turn. For instance in =ylioppilaskirjasto=, _University students’ library_, =kirjasto=, _library_, is qualified by =ylioppilas=, describing what kind of a library is meant, and in this word =ylioppilas=, =oppilas=, _student_, is particularised by the addition of =yli=. Similarly =isänmaanrakkaus=, _patriotism_, is composed of =isänmaa=, _fatherland_, and =rakkaus=, _love_, and =isänmaa= again is composed of =isä=, _father_, and =maa=, _land_.

Generally the first word of a compound is used in the nominative case. =Sairashuone=, _a hospital_ (stem =sairaha=). Frequently, however, it is in the genitive, this case being either (_a_) descriptive, as in =maantie=, _highroad_, literally _road of the land_: =talonpoika=, _peasant_, literally _son of a farm_; (_b_) subjective, that is to say, if the compound were developed into a phrase the word in the genitive would become the subject, as =kuunvalo=, _moonlight_; (_c_) objective, that is to say, if the compound were developed into a phrase the word in the genitive would become the object, =hatuntekijä=, _a hatmaker_.

More rarely other cases are used, as =toimeentulo=, _subsistence_, =kuntoonpano=, _arrangement_, _accomplishment_.

As a rule, only the last word of a compound is declined, the preceding member remaining unaffected by inflection. But if the first member is an adjective, then both parts of the word receive inflections, e.g. =vierasmies=, _a stranger_, forms the genitive =vieraanmiehen=, inessive =vieraassamiehessä=, etc. But =vierasmiehen= is not wrong.

THE ADJECTIVE.

Adjectives are declined exactly like substantives, and like them have no gender.

Besides declension they are susceptible of inflections indicating the comparative and superlative degrees.

I. The Comparative is formed by adding to the root of the positive =-mpa= or =-mpä=. =Huono=, _bad_, =huonompa=, _worse_; =paksu=, _fat_, =paksumpa=, _fatter_. Root, =iloise=, _gay_ (nominative of positive =iloinen=), comparative =iloisempa=.

If a dissyllabic root end in =a= or =ä=, that vowel becomes =e= before the termination =mpa=. =Vanha=, _old_, =vanhempa= (=13=).

It is important to note that the suffix =-mpa= is added to the root, and not to the nominative of the positive.

The stem thus formed is declined with the usual suffixes, after the models given above: =mpa= in the nominative sing. becomes =mpi=, and in the cases where the syllable is closed =mma=.

II. The Superlative is formed by adding to the root of the positive the suffix =impa=. Before this suffix the vowels =a=, =ä=, =e=, =i= are rejected, and =aa=, =ää=, =ee=, become =ai=, =äi=, =ei=. Thus =iso=, _great_, =isoimpa=: =huono=, _bad_, =huonoimpa=; but =köyhä=, =köyhimpä=, =valkea=, =valkeimpa=, etc.

The root thus obtained is declined after the third declension. Notice the difference in the declension of comparatives and superlatives. In the comparative the final =a= becomes =i= in the nominative sing., in the superlative it is lost and =mp= becomes =n= by rule =2=.

Comparative stem =suurempa=. Superlative stem =suurimpa=.

_Sing._

_Nom._ =suurempi= =suurin= _Gen._ =suuremman= =suurimman= _Part._ =suurempaa= (=ta=) =suurimpaa=, =suurinta= _Ill._ =suurempaan= =suurimpaan= _Ess._ =suurempana= =suurimpana=, =suurinna= etc. etc.

_Plur._

_Nom._ =suuremmat= =suurimmat= _Gen._ [=suurempaen=] =suurempain= =suurinten=, =suurimpain= =suurimpien= _Part._ =suurempia= =suurimpia= etc. etc.

Examples of the formation of the comparative and superlative.

_Positive._ _Comparative._ _Superlative._

=vanha=, _old_ =vanhempi= (=11=) =vanhin= =raaka=, _raw_ =raaempi= (=28=, =9=) =raain= (=28=) =vapaa=, _free_ =vapaampi= =vapain= =ihava=, _fat_ =lihavampi= =lihavin= =köyhä=, _poor_ =köyhempi= (=11=) =köyhin= =terävä=, _sharp_ =terävämpi= =terävin= =suruinen=, _sorrowful_ =suruisempi= =suruisin= =lyhyt=, _short_ =lyhyempi= =lyhyin= =aulis=, _liberal_ =auliimpi= =auliin= =paksu=, _fat_ =paksumpi= =paksuin= =mieto=, _mild_ =miedompi= (=32=) =miedoin= =rikas=, _rich_ =rikkaampi= =rikkain= =kaunis=, _beautiful_ =kauniimpi= =kauniin=, =kaunein= =oppinut=, _learned_ =oppineempi= =oppinein=

The following words are irregular, the comparative and superlative being formed from different roots to the positive.

_Positive._ _Comparative._ _Superlative._

=hyvä=, _good_ =parempi= =paras=, =parhain= (root =paraa=) =paljo=, _much_ =enempi= =enin= =pitkä=, _long_ =pitempi= =pisin= (as if from root =pitä=) =moni=, _many_ =useampi= =usein=

=Molemmat=, _both_, is an isolated comparative form.

The following adjectives are not declined or compared, but remain invariable in all cases.—=Aika=, _strong_; =aimo=, _good_; =kelpo=, _worthy_; =eri=, _different_; =koko=, _all_; =ensi=, _next_; =viime=, _last_; =pikku=, _little_. =Kaikki=, _all_, is not usually changed in the nominative plural, but otherwise is declined.

FORMATION OF SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES.

Some substantives and adjectives are primitive—that is to say, they consist of roots which cannot be further analysed, and to which the case suffixes are directly attached. But a great number of words are not mere roots, but roots with additional syllables which modify the meaning of the original root.

The following are the principal syllables so added to roots to form nouns and adjectives.

SUBSTANTIVES.

I. The following suffixes are used to form substantives from verbs.

=-ja.= A factitive suffix, that is to say, denoting the doer of the action denoted by the root. =Luoja=, _the creator_ (=luo=, _to create_). =Kalastaja=, _a fisherman_. When a root ends in =e= this letter is generally changed to =i= before the suffix =-ja=. =Teke=, _to make_, =tekijä=, _a maker_; =luke=, _to read_, =lukija=, _a reader_. This suffix is also found in the forms =-jame= (nominative =-jan= or =-jain=), =-jaise= (=-jainen=), =-jaa=.

=-ri= has the same meaning as =-ja=: =mylläri=, _a miller_, =juomari=, _a drunkard_, =petturi=, _a deceiver_. (This is really a foreign termination from the Swedish =-re=.)

=-ma= (the termination of the third infinitive) expresses an action or the result of an action. =Sanoma=, _report_ (“a speaking”), =elämä=, _life_, =kuolema=, _death_.

=-mise= (nominative =minen=, the termination of the fourth infinitive) expresses a continuous action, or an action in an abstract sense. =Laulaminen=, _singing_, =eläminen=, _living_.

=-nto=, =-nta= (chiefly poetical), =-nti= (added to monosyllabic roots) express an action or a state arising from an action. =Luonto=, _nature_ (from =luo=, _to create_), =uskonto=, _religion_ (“believing,” from =uskoa=, _to believe_), =tuonti=, _bringing to_, or _importation_, =vienti=, _bringing away from_, or _exportation_, =laulanta=, _singing_.

=o= (=ö=) and =u= (=y=) (before which the last vowel of the root is rejected) form abstract nouns denoting action. =Muisto=, _memory_, =makso=, _payment_, =tulo=, _arrival_, =lähtö=, _departure_, =luku=, _reading_, =itku=, _weeping_, =maksu=, _payment_.

=-okse= or =-ukse= (nominative =-os= or =-us=) also form abstract nouns expressing an action, and are specially added to trisyllabic verbs ending in =-ta=. =Valmistus=, _preparation_, =harjoitus=, _practice_, =vastaus=, _answer_. The same suffix is sometimes found in combination with =-ma= (=-ma + ukse= = =mukse=) =juopumus=, _drunkenness_.

=-io= has the same meaning. =Huomio=, _attention_, =palkkio=, _a reward_.

=-ee= (original stem =ehe=, closed form =eʻ=) expresses action or the product of action: =puhe=, _conversation_, =kanne=, _accusation_.

=-ime= (nominative =-in=) expresses the instrument with which an action is performed. =Avain=, _a key_ (‘the opener’), =uistin=, _a fishhook_, =viskain=, _anything used to throw things away_, e.g. _a bucket_; =viskin= is also found.

II. The following suffixes are used to form derivative nouns from other nouns.

=-se=, =-ise= (nominative =-nen=, =-inen=) are used to form family names, like the Russian terminations =-овъ=, =-евъ=, =Peltonen=, =Koskinen=, =Karhunen=, etc.

=-ttare= (nominative =-tar=) is a similar affix for feminine names. =Karhutar=, =Ilmatar= (_daughter of the air_), =Manalatar= (_daughter of death_).

=-laise= (nominative =-lainen=) is used to form designations of nationality. =Suomalainen=, _a Finn_; =Ruotsalainen=, _a Swede_; =Venäläinen=, _a Russian_; =Englantilainen=, _an Englishman_.

The following suffixes are used to form diminutives—

=-se= (nominative =-nen=), or =ise= (nominative =-inen=). =Kirjanen=, =emonen=, =poikanen=.

=-lo.= =Purtilo=, =kotelo=.

=-ue=, =ye= (originally =ute=, =yte=; nominative =-ut=, =-yt=). =Poiut=, =kuuhut=, =päivyt=, =päähyt=.

=-kka=, =-kaise= (nominative =kainen=). =-kkee= (original form =-kkehe=, nominative =keʻ=). =Annikka=, =mullikka=, =lapsukainen=, =silmäke=.

The following terminations have a local significance—

=-kko= or =-ikko= indicates a place where anything is found in a quantity; =rapakko=, _a muddy place_; =kivikko=, _a heap of stones_; =koivikko=, _a birchwood_; =kuusikko=, _firwood_.

=-la=, added to the name of a person, expresses the place where that person lives; =pappila=, _a priest’s house_; =setälä=, _uncle’s house_; =tuonela=, _the house of death_.

=-nko= or =-nte= is used to form local substantives. =Alanko=, _a low-lying place_ (=Alankomaat=, _the Netherlands_), =ylänkö=, _a height_; =tasanko=, _a plane_.

Suffixes denoting a collection of objects are—

=-sto=, generally used of inanimate objects; =kirjasto=, _a library_; =laivasto=, _a fleet_; =hongisto=, _pinewood_.

=-uee= (original form =uehe=, nominative =-ueʻ=), generally used of animate objects; =matkue=, =laivue=, =seurue=.

III. Names of abstract qualities are formed from adjectives with the suffix =-ute=, =-yte= (nominative =-us=, =-ys=). Before this suffix =a=, =ä=, =e= are changed to =u= or =y=, and form a long vowel; =hyvyys=, _virtue_ (=hyvä=); =rakkaus= (from stem =rakkaa=); =arkuus=, _cowardice_; =turhuus=, _vanity_. If a root ends in =i= or =ii= this vowel generally becomes =e= in dissyllabic roots, and =u= in polysyllabic. =Kalleus=, but =naapuruus=, =kumppanuus=.

ADJECTIVAL TERMINATIONS.

The commonest adjectival suffix is =-ise= (nominative =-inen=), which is added usually to nouns. =Aamu=, _morning_, =aamuinen=, _early_; =kulta=, _gold_; =kultainen=, _golden_. This suffix is sometimes added to cases, especially the essive; =yksinäinen=, =ominainen=, =luonteinen=. Similarly the very common suffix =-llise= (nominative =-llinen=) is the result of adding =ise= to the adessive or allative—=maallinen=, =rahallinen=, =vihollinen=.

=-ttoma= (nominative =ton=) is a caritive suffix signifying without or deprived of (cf. the English _-less_); =isätön=, _fatherless_; =rahaton=, _moneyless_. It is frequently added to the third infinitive of verbs, e.g. =kuolematon=, _immortal_.

=-kkaha= (nominative =-kkas=) is the exact contrary of this last suffix, and signifies progressing or provided with; =rahakas=, _having much money_; =voimakas=, _strong_.

=-isa= and =-va= have much the same meaning as =-kkaha=; =kuuluisa=, _glorious_; =kalaisa=, _rich in fish_; =lihava=, _fat_; =terävä=, _sharp_.

=-se=, =-kaise=, and =-hka=, =-hko= are used to form adjectival diminutives; =lyhykäinen=, _short_ (Russian =коротенькій=), =pitkähkö=, _longish_.

The suffix =-mainen= forms adjectives meaning like, or rather; English _-ish_; =lapsimainen=, _childish_; =poikamainen=, _boyish_; =hyvämäinen=, _pretty good_.

THE NUMERALS.

The following are the numerals, cardinal and ordinal, given in the nominative sing.

_Card._ _Ord._

1. =yksi= =ensimäinen= _or_ =ensiímmäinen= 2. =kaksi= =toinen= 3. =kolme= =kolmas= 4. =neljä= =neljäs= 5. =viisi= =viides= 6. =kuusi= =kuudes= 7. =seitsemän= =seitsemäs= 8. =kahdeksan= =kahdeksas= 9. =yhdeksän= =yhdeksäs= 10. =kymmenen= =kymmenes=

The numbers from 11 to 20 are formed by adding =toista=, that is the partitive of =toinen=, to the corresponding number below 10.

11. =yksitoista= =yhdestoista= 12. =kaksitoista= =kahdestoista= 13. =kolmetoista= =kolmastoista= 14. =neljätoista= =neljästoista= 15. =viisitoista= =viidestoista= 16. =kuusitoista= =kuudestoista= 17. =seitsemäntoista= =seitsemästoista= 18. =kahdeksantoista= =kahdeksastoista= 19. =yhdeksäntoista= =yhdeksästoista= 20. =kaksikymmentä= =kahdeskymmenes=

(that is, two tens).

The numbers between twenty and thirty are formed analogously to those between 10 and 20, that is to say, the numbers up to one, two, three, etc., are prefixed to the partitive case of =kolmas=.

21. =yksikolmatta= =yhdeskolmatta= 22. =kaksikolmatta= =kahdeskolmatta= 23. =kolmekolmatta= =kolmaskolmatta= 24. =neljäkolmatta= =neljäskolmatta= 25. =viisikolmatta= =viideskolmatta= etc., till 30. =kolmekymmentä= =kolmaskymmenes=

and then as before the numerals up to ten prefixed to the partitive of =neljäs=, _fourth_, e.g.

36. =kuusineljättä= =kuudesneljättä= 37. =seitsemänneljättä= =seitsemäsneljättä= 38. =kahdeksanneljättä= =kahdeksasneljättä= 39. =yhdeksänneljättä= =yhdeksäsneljättä= 40. =neljäkymmentä= =neljäskymmenes= 41. =yksiviidettä= =yhdesviidettä=

and so on till

50. =viisikymmentä= =viideskymmenes= 51. =yksikuudetta= =yhdeskuudetta= etc. etc. 60. =kuusikymmentä= =kuudeskymmenes= 65. =viisiseitsemättä= =viidesseitsemättä= 70. =seitsemänkymmentä= =seitsemäskymmenes= 75. =viisikahdeksatta= =viideskahdeksatta= 80. =kahdeksankymmentä= =kahdeksaskymmenes= 85. =viisiyhdeksättä= =viidesyhdeksättä= 90. =yhdeksänkymmentä= =yhdeksäskymmenes= 100. =sata= =sadas= 200. =kaksi sataa= =kahdes sadas= 300. =kolme sataa= =kolmas sadas= 400. =neljä sataa= =neljäs sadas= 500. =viisi sataa= =viides sadas= 600. =kuusisataa= =kuudes sadas= 700. =seitsemän sataa= =seitsemäs sadas= 800. =kahdeksan sataa= =kahdeksas sadas= 900. =yhdeksan sataa= =yhdeksäs sadas= 1000. =tuhat= =tuhannes= 2000. =kaksi tuhatta= =kahdestuhannes= etc. etc. 1,000,000. =miljona= =miljonas= 2,000,000. =kaksimiljonaa= =kahdesmiljonas=

The numbers between the hundreds are formed simply by placing the required number after =sata=, e.g.

101 =satayksi=, =satayhdes=; 221 =kaksi sataa yksikolmatta=, and similarly 4872 will be =neljätuhatta kahdeksan sataa kaksikahdeksatta=.

The Finnish system of numbers, though apparently difficult to understand, is really very simple when the principle is once grasped. Starting with the ten simple numbers, all the numbers up to a hundred which are multiples of ten are expressed in the form two tens, three tens, etc., =kaksikymmentä=, =kolmekymmentä=. The word =kymmenen= is put in the partitive, because, as will be seen in the syntax, a number requires this case after it. The interval between 10 and 20 is regarded as a set of ten, and 11 is 1 _of the second set of ten_[8] (the first set being from 1 to 10), similarly from 20 to 30 is the third set of ten, and 27 is 7 _of the third set of ten_. Accordingly these intermediate numbers are expressed by a unit followed by the partitive case of an ordinal number, =viisiyhdeksättä=, _five of the ninth_ (set of ten), that is, 85. An exactly similar way of calculating can be traced in the Russian method of computing time, e.g. ten minutes past six is represented by

Десять минуть седьмаго. Ten minutes of the seventh (hour).

The system of numeration just explained is at present giving way to another form borrowed from Russian and Swedish, where the numbers above twenty are formed exactly as in ordinary European languages. 21 is =kaksikymmentä yksi=, 37 =kolmekymmentä seitsemän=, 74 =seitsemänkymmentä neljä=, and so on with all the others. Though the older method is still employed in the interior of Finland, the other is almost universally employed where the Finns come much into contact with strangers, which is not wonderful, for such forms as =yksikolmatta=, though more primitive in Finnish than =kaksikymmentä yksi=, and agreeable to the genius of the language, are difficult for foreigners to understand, without a good deal of explanation.

The numbers up to ten are declined exactly like substantives.

=Yksi= has its root =yhte=. Partitive =yhte=, genitive =yhden= (=31=), inessive =yhdessä=, etc., essive =yhtenä=.

=Kaksi=, root =kahte=, partitive =kahta=, genitive =kahden= (=31=), inessive =kahdessa=, etc., essive =kahtena=.

=Kolme=, root and nominative (N.B.—Nominative is not =kolm_i_=) =kolmea=, genitive =kolmen=, =kolmessa=, etc.

=Neljä=, partitive =neljää=, genitive =neljän=, etc.

=Viisi=, root =viite=, partitive =viittä=, genitive =viiden= (=31=), inessive =viidessä=, etc., essive =viitenä=.

=Kuusi=, root =kuute=, partitive =kuutta=, genitive =kuuden= (=31=), etc.

=Seitsemän=, partitive =seitsentä=, =seitsemää=, genitive =seitsemän=, inessive =seitsemässä=.

=Kahdeksan=, partitive =kahdeksaa=, genitive =kahdeksan=, inessive =kahdeksassa=.

=Yhdeksän=, partitive =yhdeksää=, genitive =yhdeksän=, inessive =yhdeksässä=.

=Kymmenän=, =kymmenen=, partitive =kymmenää=, =kymmentä=; genitive =kymmenän=, =kymmenen=; inessive =kymmenässä=, =kymmenessä=.

The ordinals are also declined exactly as substantives.

=Ensimäinen=, root =ensimäise=, partitive =ensimäistä=, genitive =ensimäisen=, etc.

=Toinen=, root =toise=, partitive =toista=, genitive =toisen=, etc.

=Kolmas=, root =kolmante=, partitive =kolmatta=, genitive =kolmannen= (=30=).

=Neljäs=, =neljänte=, partitive =neljättä=, genitive =neljännen=.

=Viides=, =viidente=, partitive, =viidettä=, genitive =viidennen=.

=Kuudes=, root =kuudente=, partitive =kuudetta=, genitive =kuudennen=.

=Seitsemäs=, root =seitsemänte=, partitive =seitsemättä=, genitive =seitsemännen=.

=Kahdeksan=, root =kahdeksante=, partitive =kahdeksatta=, genitive =kahdeksannen=.

=Yhdeksän=, root =yhdeksänte=, partitive =yhdeksättä=, genitive =yhdeksännen=.

In the composite forms =ensimäinen= and =toinen= are replaced by =yhdes= and =kahdes=.

=Sata= is declined like any other noun in =a=; =tuhat= comes from the stem =tuhante=, and makes genitive sing. =tuhannen=, genitive plur. =tuhansien=, partitive sing. =tuhatta=, partitive plur. =tuhansia=.

In both ordinal and cardinal numbers expressing any multiple of ten, e.g. 70, 120, 2000, all the words forming the expression are declined quite regularly except the nominative of cardinals, where the partitive is employed in the second number, e.g. =Viisi sataa= 500 (here the word =sataa= is in the partitive), partitive =viittä sataa=, genitive =viiden sadan=, inessive =viidessä sadassa=, etc.

=Kuudes-Tuhannes=, 6000th. Partitive =kuudetta tuhatta=, genitive =kuudennen tuhannenen=.