New Latin Grammar

361. Latin Verse. Latin Poetry was essentially different in character from English. In our own language, poetry is based upon _accent_, and poetical form consists essentially in...

15. Grammatical gender is determined not by sex, but by the general signification of the word, or the ending of its Nominative Singular. By grammatical gender, nouns denoting th...

e. But neque (for nēve) is sometimes used in a second Purpose Clause when ut stands in the first, and, after the Augustan era, even when the first clause is introduced by nē.

2. In imitation of Greek usage many perfect passive participles are used by the poets as indirect middles, i.e. the subject is viewed as acting not upon itself, but as doing som...

a. Note that before the ending -sī a Dental Mute (t, d) is lost; a Guttural Mute (c, g) unites with s to form x; while the Labial b is changed to p.

NOTE.--The Dative of Reference, unlike the Dative of Indirect Object, does not modify the verb, but rather the sentence as a whole. It is often used where, according to the Engl...

Active. Passive. _Sing_. 1. -ō; -m; -ī (Perf. Ind.); -r. 2. -s; -stī (Perf Ind.); -rīs, -re; -tō or wanting (Impv.); -re, -tor (Impv.). 3. -t; -tō (Impv.); -tur; -tor (Impv.). _...

concursū tōtīus civitātis dēfēnsī sunt, ut frīgidissimōs quoque ōrātōrēs populī studia excitāre potuerint, _they were defended before a gathering of all the citizens, so that th...

a. _The Sanskrit_, spoken in ancient India. Of this there were several stages, the oldest of which is the Vedic, or language of the Vedic Hymns. These Hymns are the oldest liter...

4. Sometimes an Intransitive Verb takes an Accusative of Result which is of kindred etymology with the Verb. This is called a COGNATE ACCUSATIVE, and is usually modified by an A...

2. The Genitive suī is regularly employed, like meī and tuī, as an Objective Genitive, _e.g._ oblītus suī, _forgetful of himself_; but it occasionally occurs--particularly in po...

2. With the Romans, who regularly employed only capitals, I served both as vowel and consonant; so also V. For us, however, it is more convenient to distinguish the vowel and co...

4. A noun or pronoun stands in the Ablative Absolute construction only when it denotes a different person or thing from any in the clause in which it stands. Exceptions to this...

5. The Latin avoids the use of prepositional phrases as modifiers of a Noun. In English we say: '_The war against Carthage_'; '_a journey through Gaul_'; '_cities on the sea_';...

2. FREQUENTATIVES OR INTENSIVES. These denote _a repeated or energetic action_. They are formed from the Participial Stem, and end in -tō or -sō. Those derived from verbs of the...

ut ad senem senex dē senectūte, sīc hōc librō ad amīcum amīcissimus dē amīcitiā scrīpsī, _as I, an old man, wrote to an old man, on old age, so in this book, as a fond friend, I...

2. a) -que is an enclitic, and is appended always to the second of two words connected. Where it connects phrases or clauses, it is appended to the first word of the second clau...

2. Neuter Plural Adjectives thus used are confined mainly to the Nominative and Accusative cases. Such forms as magnōrum, omnium; magnīs, omnibus, would ordinarily lead to ambig...

a. An was not originally confined to double questions, but introduced single questions, having the force of -ne, nōnne, or num. Traces of this use survive in classical Latin; as,--

140. Adverbs denote manner, place, time, or degree Most adverbs are in origin case-forms which have become stereotyped by usage. The common adverbial terminations have already b...

349. But for the sake of emphasis the normal arrangement is often abandoned, and the emphatic word is put at the beginning, less frequently at the end of the sentence; as,--

Agreement of Verbs § 254 Voices § 256 Tenses -- Of the Indicative § 257 -- Of the Subjunctive § 266 -- Of the Infinitive § 270 Moods -- In Independent Sentences § 271 -- -- Voli...

Gender of Nouns § 13 Number § 16 Cases § 17 The Five Declensions § 18 First Declension § 20 Second Declension § 23 Third Declension § 28 Fourth Declension § 48 Fifth Declension...

11. Of these eight parts of speech the first four are capable of Inflection, i.e. of undergoing change of form to express modifications of meaning. In case of Nouns, Adjectives,...

Verb Stems § 97 The Four Conjugations § 98 Conjugation of _Sum_ § 100 First Conjugation § 101 Second Conjugation § 103 Third Conjugation § 105 Fourth Conjugation § 107 Verbs in...