Chapter 36
PROSODY.
360. Prosody treats of metres and versification.
361. Latin Verse. Latin Poetry was essentially different in character from English. In our own language, poetry is based upon _accent_, and poetical form consists essentially in a certain succession of _accented_ and _unaccented_ syllables. Latin poetry, on the other hand, was based not upon accent, but upon _quantity_, so that with the Romans poetical form consisted in a certain succession of _long and short syllables_, i.e. of long and short intervals of time.
This fundamental difference in the character of English and Latin poetry is a natural result of the difference in character of the two languages. English is a strongly accented language, in which quantity is relatively subordinate. Latin, on the other hand, was a quantitative language, in which accent was relatively subordinate.
QUANTITY OF VOWELS AND SYLLABLES
GENERAL PRINCIPLES.
362. The general principles for the quantity of vowels and syllables have been given above in § 5. The following peculiarities are to be noted here:--
1. A vowel is usually short when followed by another vowel (§ 5, A, 2), but the following exceptions occur:--
a) In the Genitive termination -īus (except alterĭus); as, illīus, tōtīus. Yet the i may be short in poetry; as, illĭus, tōtĭus.
b) In the Genitive and Dative Singular of the Fifth Declension; as, diēī, aciēī. But fidĕī, rĕī, spĕī (§ 52, 1).
c) In fīō, excepting fit and forms where i is followed by er. Thus: fīēbam, fīat, fīunt; but fĭerī, fĭerem.
d) In a few other words, especially words derived from the Greek; as, dīus, Aenēās, Dārīus, hērōes, etc.
2. A diphthong is usually long (§ 5, B, 2), but the preposition prae in composition is often shortened before a vowel; as, prăĕacūtus.
3. A syllable containing a short vowel followed by two consonants (§ 5, B, 2) is long, even when one of the consonants is in the following word; as, terret populum. Occasionally the syllable is long when both consonants are in the following word; as, prō segete spīcās.
4. Compounds of jaciō, though written inicit, adicit, etc., have the first syllable long, as though written inj-, adj-.
5. Before j, ă and ĕ made a long syllable, e.g. in major, pejor, ejus, ejusdem, Pompejus, rejēcit, etc. These were pronounced, mai-jor, pei-jor, ei-jus, Pompei-jus, rei-jēcit, etc. So also sometimes before i, e.g. Pompe-ī, pronounced Pompei-ī; re-iciō, pronounced rei-iciō.
Quantity of Final Syllables.
_A. Final Syllables ending in a Vowel._
363. 1. Final a is mostly short, but is long:--
a) In the Ablative Singular of the First Declension; as, portā.
b) In the Imperative; as, laudā.
c) In indeclinable words (except ită, quiă); as, trīgintā, contrā, posteā, intereā, etc.
2. Final e is usually short, but is long:--
a) In the Ablative Singular of the Fifth Declension; as, diē, rē; hence hodiē, quārē. Here belongs also famē (§ 59, 2, b).
b) In the Imperative of the Second Conjugation; as, monē, habē, etc.; yet occasionally cavĕ, valĕ.
c) In Adverbs derived from Adjectives of the Second Declension, along with ferē and fermē. Benĕ, malĕ, temerĕ, saepĕ have ĕ.
d) In ē, dē, mē, tē, sē, nē (_not_, _lest_), nē (_verily_).
3. Final i is usually long, but is short in nisĭ and quasĭ. Mihi, tibi, sibi, ibi, ubi, have regularly ĭ, but sometimes ī; yet always ibīdem, ibīque, ubīque.
4. Final o is regularly long, but is short:--
a) In egŏ, duŏ, modŏ (_only_), citŏ.
b) Rarely in the First Person Singular of the Verb, and in Nominatives of the Third Declension; as, amŏ, leŏ.
c) In a few compounds beginning with the Preposition pro, especially before f; as prŏfundere, prŏficīscī, prŏfugere.
5. Final u is always long.
_B. Final Syllables ending in a Consonant._
364. 1. Final syllables ending in any other consonant than s are short. The following words, however, have a long vowel: sāl, sōl, Lār, pār, vēr, fūr, dīc, dūc, ēn, nōn, quīn, sīn, sīc, cūr. Also the adverbs hīc, illīc, istīc.[60]
2. Final syllables in -as are long; as, terrās, amās.
3. Final syllables in -es are regularly long, but are short:--
a) In the Nominative and Vocative Singular of dental stems (§ 33) of the Third Declension which have a short penult in the Genitive; as, segĕs (segetis), obsĕs (obsidis), mīlĕs, dīvĕs. But a few have -ēs; viz. pēs, ariēs, abiēs, pariēs.
b) In ēs (_thou art_), penēs.
4. Final -os is usually long, but short in ŏs (ossis), compŏs, impŏs.
5. Final -is is usually short, but is long:--
a) In Plurals; as, portīs, hortīs, nōbīs, vōbīs, nūbīs (Acc.).
b) In the Second Person Singular Perfect Subjunctive Active; as, amāverīs, monuerīs, audīverīs, etc. Yet occasional exceptions occur.
c) In the Second Person Singular Present Indicative Active of the Fourth Conjugation; as, audīs.
d) In vīs, _force_; īs, _thou goest_; fīs; sīs; velīs; nōlīs; vīs, _thou wilt_ (māvīs, quamvīs, quīvīs, etc.).
6. Final -us is usually short, but is long:--
a) In the Genitive Singular and in the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative Plural of the Fourth Declension; as, frūctūs.
_b_) In the Nominative and Vocative Singular of those nouns of the Third Declension in which the u belongs to the stem; as, palūs (-ūdis), servitūs (-ūtis), tellūs (-ūris).
365. Greek Nouns retain in Latin their original quantity; as, Aenēā, epitomē, Dēlos, Pallas, Simoīs, Salamīs, Dīdūs, Paridī, āēr, aethēr, crātēr, hērōăs. Yet Greek nouns in -ωρ (-ōr) regularly shorten the vowel of the final syllable; as, rhētŏr, Hectŏr.
VERSE-STRUCTURE.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES.
366. 1. The metrical unit in versification is a short syllable, technically called a mora ( v ). A long syllable ( _ ) is regarded as equivalent to two morae.
2. A Foot is a group of syllables. The following are the most important kinds of fundamental feet:--
FEET OF THREE MORAE. FEET OF FOUR MORAE. _ v Trochee. _ v v Dactyl. v _ Iambus. v v _ Anapaest.
3. A Verse is a succession of feet.
4. The different kinds of verses are named Trochaic, Iambic, Dactylic, Anapaestic, according to the foot which forms the basis of their structure.
5. Ictus. In every fundamental foot the long syllable naturally receives the greater prominence. This prominence is called ictus.[61] It is denoted thus: _/ v v ; _/ v .
6. Thesis and Arsis. The syllable which receives the ictus is called the thesis; the rest of the foot is called the arsis.
7. Elision. Final syllables ending in a vowel, a diphthong, or -m are regularly elided before a word beginning with a vowel or h. In reading, we omit the elided syllable entirely. This may be indicated as follows: corpor^e in ūnō; mult^um ill^e et; mōnstr^um horrendum; caus^ae īrārum.
a. Omission of elision is called Hiátus. It occurs especially before and after monosyllabic interjections; as, Ō et praesidium.
8. The ending of a word within a foot is called a Caesúra (_cutting_) Every verse usually has one prominent caesura. The ending of a word and foot together within the verse is called a diaeresis.
9. Verses are distinguished as Catalectic or Acatalectic. A Catalectic verse is one in which the last foot is not complete, but lacks one or more syllables; an Acatalectic verse has its last foot complete.
10. At the end of a verse a slight pause occurred. Hence the final syllable may be either long or short (syllaba anceps), and may terminate in a vowel or m, even though the next verse begins with a vowel.
11. Iambic, Trochaic, and Anapaestic verses are further designated as dimeter, trimeter, tetrameter, according to _the number of dipodies_ (pairs of feet) which they contain. Dactylic verses are measured _by single feet_, and are designated as tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, accordingly.
SPECIAL PECULIARITIES.
367. 1. Synizésis (synaéresis). Two successive vowels in the interior of a word are often united into a long syllable; as,--
aur{eī}s, d{ei}nde, ant{eī}re, d{ee}sse.
2. Diástole. A syllable usually short is sometimes long; as,--
vidēt, audīt.
3. Sýstole. A syllable usually long is sometimes short; as,--
stetĕrunt.
a. Diastole and Systole are not mere arbitrary processes. They usually represent an earlier pronunciation which had passed out of vogue in the ordinary speech.
4. After a consonant, i and u sometimes become j and v. The preceding syllable then becomes long; as,--
abjete for abiete; genva for genua.
5. Sometimes v becomes u; as,--
silua for silva; dissoluō for dissolvō.
6. Sometimes a verse has an extra syllable. Such a verse is called an Hypérmeter. The extra syllable ends in a vowel or -m, and is united with the initial vowel or h of the next verse by Synaphéia. Thus:--
... ignār^ī hominumque locōrum^que errāmus.
7. Tmesis (cutting). Compound words are occasionally separated into their elements; as,--
quō mē cumque rapit tempestās, for quōcumque, etc.
8. Sýncope. A short vowel is sometimes dropped between two consonants; as,--
repostus for repositus
THE DACTYLIC HEXAMETER.
368. 1. The Dactylic Hexameter, or Heroic Verse, consists theoretically of six dactyls. But in all the feet except the fifth, a spondee ( _ _ ) may take the place of the dactyl. The sixth foot may be either a spondee or a trochee, since the final syllable of a verse may be either long or short (syllaba anceps). The following represents the scheme of the verse:--
_/ vv (or _) ; _/ vv (or _) ; _/ vv (or _) ; _/ vv (or _) ; _/ vv ; _/ v (or _).
2. Sometimes we find a spondee in the fifth foot. Such verses are called Spondaic. A dactyl usually stands in the fourth place, and the fifth and sixth feet are generally made up of a quadrisyllable; as,--
armātum^que aurō circumspicit Ōrīōna.
cāra deum subolēs, magnum Jovis incrēmentum.
3. Caesura.
a) The favorite position of the caesura in the Dactylic Hexameter is after the thesis of the third foot; as,--
arma virumque canō || Trōjae quī prīmus ab ōrĭs.
b) Less frequently the caesura occurs after the thesis of the fourth foot, usually accompanied by another in the second foot; as,--
inde torō || pater Aenēās || sīc ōrsus ab alt^ō est.
c) Sometimes the caesura occurs between the two short syllables of the third foot; as,--
Ō passī graviōra || dabit deus hīs quoque fīnem.
This caesura is called Feminine, as opposed to the caesura after a long syllable, which is called Masculine (as under a and b)
d) A pause sometimes occurs at the end of the fourth foot. This is called the Bucolic Diaeresis, as it was borrowed by the Romans from the Bucolic poetry of the Greeks. Thus:--
sōlstitium pecorī dēfendite; || jam venit aestās.
DACTYLIC PENTAMETER.
369. 1. The Dactylic Pentameter consists of two parts, each of which contains two dactyls, followed by a long syllable. Spondees may take the place of the dactyls in the first part, but not in the second. The long syllable at the close of the first half of the verse always ends a word. The scheme is the following:--
_/ vv (or _) _/ vv (or _) _/ || _/ vv _/ vv v (or _).
2. The Pentameter is never used alone, but only in connection with the Hexameter. The two arranged alternately form the so-called Elegiac Distich. Thus:--
Vergilium vīdī tantum, neo amāra Tibullō Tempus amīcitiae fāta dedēre meae.
IAMBIC MEASURES.
370. 1. The most important Iambic verse is the Iambic Trimeter (§ 366, 11), called also Senarius. This is an acatalectic verse. It consists of six Iambi. Its pure form is:--
v _ v _ v _ v _ v _ v _ Beātus ille quī procul negōtiīs.
The Caesura usually occurs in the third foot; less frequently in the fourth.
2. In place of the Iambus, a Tribrach ( v v v ) may stand in any foot but the last. In the odd feet (first, third, and fifth) may stand a Spondee, Dactyl, or Anapaest, though the last two are less frequent. Sometimes a Proceleusmatic ( v v v v ) occurs.
3. In the Latin comic writers, Plautus and Terence, great freedom is permitted, and the various equivalents of the Iambus, viz. the Dactyl, Anapaest, Spondee, Tribrach, Proceleusmatic, are freely admitted in any foot except the last.
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SUPPLEMENTS TO THE GRAMMAR.
I. JULIAN CALENDAR.
371. 1. The names of the Roman months are: Jānuārius, Februārius, Mārtius, Aprīlis, Majus, Jūnius, Jūlius (Quīntīlis[62] prior to 46 B.C.), Augustus (Sextīlis[62] before the Empire), September, Octōber, November, December. These words are properly Adjectives in agreement with mēnsis understood.
2. Dates were reckoned from three points in the month:--
a) The Calends, the first of the month.
b) The Nones, usually the fifth of the month, but the seventh in March, May, July, and October.
c) The Ides, usually the thirteenth of the month, but the fifteenth in March, May, July, and October.
3. From these points dates were reckoned backward; consequently all days after the Ides of any month were reckoned as so many days before the Calends of the month next following.
4. The day before the Calends, Nones, or Ides of any month is designated as prīdiē Kalendās, Nōnās, Īdūs. The second day before was designated as diē tertiō ante Kalendās, Nōnās, etc. Similarly the third day before was designated as diē quārtō, and so on. These designations are arithmetically inaccurate, but the Romans reckoned both ends of the series. The Roman numeral indicating the date is therefore always larger by one than the actual number of days before Nones, Ides, or Calends.
5. In indicating dates, the name of the month is added in the form of an Adjective agreeing with Kalendās, Nōnās, Īdūs. Various forms of expression occur, of which that given under d) is most common:--
===================================================================== Days |March,May,July|January, August| April,June, | of the| October. | December | September, | February month.| | | November | ------+--------------+---------------+---------------+--------------- 1 |KALENDĪS |KALENDĪS |KALENDĪS |KALENDĪS 2 |VI Nōnās |IV Nōnās |IV Nōnās |IV Nōnās 3 |V " |III " |III " |III " 4 |IV " |Prīdiē Nōnās |Prīdiē Nōnās |Prīdiē Nōnās 5 |III " |NŌNĪS |NŌNĪS |NŌNĪS 6 |Prīdiē Nōnās |VIII Īdūs |VIII Īdūs |VIII Īdūs 7 |NŌNĪS |VII " |VII " |VII " 8 |VIII Īdūs |VI " |VI " |VI " 9 |VII " |V " |V " |V " 10 |VI " |IV " |IV " |IV " 11 |V " |III " |III " |III " 12 |IV " |Pr. Īdūs |Pr. Īdūs |Pr. Īdūs 13 |III " |ĪDIBUS |ĪDIBUS |ĪDIBUS 14 |Pr. Īdūs |XIX Kalend. |XVIII Kalend.|XVI Kalend. 15 |ĪDIBUS |XVIII " |XVII " |XV " 16 |XVII Kalend. |XVII " |XVI " |XIV " 17 |XVI " |XVI " |XV " |XIII " 18 |XV " |XV " |XIV " |XII " 19 |XIV " |XIV " |XIII " |XI " 20 |XIII " |XIII " |XII " |X " 21 |XII " |XII " |XI " |IX " 22 |XI " |XI " |X " |VIII " 23 |X " |X " |IX " |VII " 24 |IX " |IX " |VIII " |VI " 25 |VIII " |VIII " |VII " |V (bis VI)" 26 |VII " |VII " |VI " |IV (V) " 27 |VI " |VI " |V " |III (IV) " 28 |V " |V " |IV " |Pr.Kal.(III K.) 29 |IV " |IV " |III " |(Prīd. Kal.) 30 |III " |III " |Pr. Kalend. |(Enclosed forms are 31 |Pr. Kalend. |Pr. Kalend. | |for leap-year.) ===================================================================== * * * * *
II. PROPER NAMES.
373. 1. The name of a Roman citizen regularly consisted of three parts: the praenōmen (or given name), the nōmen (name of the _gens_ or clan), and the cognōmen (family name). Such a typical name is exemplied by Mārcus Tullius Cicerō, in which Mārcus is the praenōmen, Tullius the nōmen, and Cicerō the cognōmen. Sometimes a second cognōmen (in later Latin called an agnōmen) is added--expecially in honor of military achievements; as,--
Gāius Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus.
2. ABBREVIATIONS OF PROPER NAMES.
A. = Aulus. Mam. = Māmercus. App. = Appius. N. = Numerius. C. = Gāius. P. = Pūblius. Cn. = Gnaeus. Q. = Quīntus. D. = Decimus. Sex. = Sextus. K. = Kaesō. Ser. = Servius. L. = Lūcius. Sp. = Spurius. M. = Mārcus. T. = Titus. M'. = Mānius. Ti. = Tiberius.
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III. FIGURES OF SYNTAX AND RHETORIC.
_A._ Figures of Syntax.
374. 1. Ellípsis is the omission of one or more words; as,--
quid multa, _why (should I say) much?_
2. Brachýlogy is a brief or condensed form of expression; as,--
ut ager sine cultūrā frūctuōsus esse nōn potest, sīc sine doctrīnā animus, _as a field cannot be productive without cultivation, so the mind (cannot be productive) without learning._
Special varieties of Brachylogy are--
a) Zeugma, in which one verb is made to stand for two; as,--
minīs aut blandīmentīs corrupta = _(terrifed) by threats or corrupted by flattery._
b) Compendiary Comparison, by which a modifier of an object is mentioned instead of the object itself; as,--
dissimilis erat Charēs eōrum et factīs et mōribus, lit. _Chares was different from their conduct and character_ i.e. Chares's conduct and character were different, etc.
3. Pléonasm is an unnecessary fullness of expression; as,--
prius praedīcam, lit. _I will first say in advance_.
4. Hendíadys (‛εν δια δυοιν, _one through two_) is the use of two nouns joined by a conjunction, in the sense of a noun modified by a Genitive or an Adjective; as,--
febris et aestus, _the heat of fever_;
celeritāte cursūque, _by swift running_.
5. Prolépsis, or Anticipation, is the introduction of an epithet in advance of the action which makes it appropriate; as,--
submersās obrue puppēs, lit. _overwhelm their submerged ships_, i.e. overwhelm and sink their ships.
a. The name Prolepsis is also applied to the introduction of a noun or pronoun as object of the main clause where we should expect it to stand as subject of a subordinate clause. Thus:--
nōstī Mārcellum quam tardus sit, _you know how slow Marcellus is_ (lit. _you know Marcellus, how slow he is_).
Both varieties of Prolepsis are chiefly confined to poetry.
6. Anacolúthon is a lack of grammatical consistency in the construction of the sentence; as,--
tum Ancī fīliī ... impēnsius eīs indignitās crēscere, _then the sons of Ancus ... their indignation increased all the more_.
7. Hýsteron Próteron consists in the inversion of the natural order of two words or phrases; as,--
moriāmur et in media arma ruāmus = _let us rush into the midst of arms and die_.
B. Figures of Rhetoric.
375. 1. Lítotes (literally _softening_) is the expression of an idea by the denial of its opposite; as,--
haud parum labōris, _no little toil_ (i.e. much toil);
nōn ignōrō, _I am not ignorant_ (_i.e._ I am well aware).
2. Oxymóron is the combination of contradictory conceptions; as,--
sapiēns īnsānia, _wise folly_.
3. Alliteration is the employment of a succession of words presenting frequent repetition of the same letter (mostly initial); as,--
sēnsim sine sēnsū aetās senēscit.
4. Onomatopœia is the suiting of sound to sense; as,--
quadrupedante putrem sonitū quatit ungula campum, '_And shake with horny hoofs the solid ground_.'
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INDEX OF THE SOURCES OF THE ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES CITED IN THE SYNTAX.[63]
§ 162. nonne videtis, _Sest._ 47. num exspectas, _Phil._ ii, 86. videsne, _Vatin._ 30. sensistine, _Cat._ 1, 8. a rebus, _de Sen._ 15. visne locum, _Leg._ ii, 1. estisne, _Liv._ i, 38, 2. jam ea, _Ter. Phor._ 525. estne frater, _Ter. Ad._ 569.
§ 166. decorum est, _Hor. Od._ iii, 2, 13. opportune accidit _Att._ i, 17, 2.
§ 168. Numa, _Eut._ i, 3. philosophia, _Tusc. Disp._ ii, 16.
§ 169. assentatio, _Lael._ 89. Corinthi, _Tac. H._ ii, 1.
§ 171. audi tu, _Livy_, i, 24. nate, mea, _Aen._ i, 664.
§ 174. rumor est, _Ter. And._ 185.
§ 175. galeam, _Aen._ ii, 392. cinctus, _Ov. Am._ iii, 9, 61 nodo sinus, _Aen._ i, 320.
§ 176. idem gloriari, _de Sen._ 32. eadem peccat, _N.D._ i, 31. multa egeo, _Gell._ xiii, 24. multum valet, _Hor. Epp._ i, 6, 52. nihil peccat, _Stat._ 161. minitantem vana, _Sil._ i, 306 acerba tuens, _Lucr._ v, 33. dulce loquentem, _Hor. Od._ i, 22, 24. multum sunt, _B.G._ iv, 1, 8. servitutem, _Pl. Pers._ 34 a. vitam, _Ter. Ad._ 859. stadium _Off._ iii, 10, 42. Olympia, _de Sen._ 14. piscis, _Sen. N.Q._ iii, 18, 2. orationes, _Brut._ 82.
§ 177. homines, _Rosc. Am._ 101.
§ 178. otium, _Hor. Od._ ii, 16, 1. me duas, _Att._ ii, 7, 1. te litteras, _Pis._ 73. hoc te, _Ter. Hec._ 766. me id, _Pl. Tr._ 96. non te, _Fam._ ii, 16, 3. omnes artes, _Liv._ 25, 37. rogatus, _de Dom._ 16. multa, _N.D._ ii, 166.
§ 179. milites, _B.C._ i, 54.
§ 180. tremit, _Lucr._ iii, 489. nuda, _Aen._ i, 320. manus, _Aen._ ii, 57.
§ 181. hic locus, _B.G._ i, 49.
§ 182. Thalam, _Sall. Jug._ 75, 1. Thurios in, _Nep. Alc._ 4. cum Acen, _Nep. Dat._ 5. Italiam venit, _Aen._ i, 2.
§ 187. amicis, _Sall. C._ 16, 4. Orgetorix, _B.G._ i, 2. munitioni, _B.G._ i, 10.
§ 188. mihi ante, _Verr._ v, 123. illi, _Tac. Ag._ 9. intercludere, _Pl. M.G._ 223. oppidum, _B.C._ iii, 80 tu mihi, _Verr._ 3, 213. quid mihi, _Hor. Epp._ i, 3, 15. erit ille, _Ecl._ i, 7. quae ista, _Par._ 41. honorem, _Verr._ iv, 25. Caesar, _Div._ ii, 79. scintillam, _Aen._ i, 174.
§ 189. disputatio, _Tusc. Disp._ ii, 2. honesta, _Off._ iii, 38.
§ 191. castris, _B.G._ vii, 16. legiones, _B.C._ ii, 22. receptui, _B.G._ vii, 47. fortunae, _Fam._ vi, 5, 1. quibus, _Flac._ 19. hos tibi, _Nep. Paus._ 2. me gerendo, _Liv._ i, 23. noxiae, _Leg._ iii, 11.
§ 192. it clamor, _Aen._ v, 451.
§ 193. dum Latio, _Aen._ i, 6.
§ 203. magni, _Nep. Cat._ 1, 2. tantae molis, _Aen._ i, 33.
§ 204. viri, _Tusc. Disp._ ii, 43. memoria, _Or._ 54.
§ 206. Epicuri, F. v, 3. praeteritorum, _Div._ i, 63. nomina, _Pl. Poen._ 1062. reminiscere, _B.G._ i, 13. reminiscens, _Nep. Alc._ 6. mihi patriae, _Sull._ 19.
§ 207. te veteris, _ad Her._ iv, 24, 33. me admones, _ad Att._ v, 1, 3.
§ 208. pecuniae, _Flacc._ 43.
§ 209. miseremini, _Verr._ 1, 72.
§ 212. desine, _Hor. Od._ ii, 9, 17. operum, _Hor. Od._ iii, 17, 16.
§ 214. p. 142, curis, _Marc._ 34. Caesar, _B.G._ 5, 51. caret, _Hor. Sat._ i, 3, 66. urbem, _Nep. Thras._ 1. abstinere, _Plin. Epp._ i, 12, 9. hostes, _B.G._ i, 1, 4. praedones, _Verr._ iv, 144. dissentio, _Planc._ 9. secernantur, _Cat._ i, 32.
§ 215. ab Ulixe, _Liv._ i, 49, 9.
§ 216. a fortuna, _B.G._ v, 34, 2. a multitudine, _B.G._ iii, 2, 1.
§ 217. melle dulcior, _de Sen._ 31. patria, _Cat._ i, 27. amplius, _B.G._ vii, 15, 1. opinione, _B.G._ ii, 3, 1.
§ 218. munere, _Aen._ vi, 885. carne, _Sall. Jug._ 89. castris, _B.G._ ii, 26, 4. opus est properato, _Mil._ 49. nititur, _Aen._ vi, 760 nervis, _N.D._ ii, 59 mortali, _Lucr._ v, 65. quid hoc, _Sest._ 29. quid mea, _Fam._ xiv, 4, 3. fossas, _B.G._ iii, 18. vinum, _Juv._ vii, 121. militibus, _B.G._ i, 8, 1.
§ 219. victoria, _B.G._ i, 14, 4. natura loci, _B.G._ iii, 9, 3.
§ 221. nulla est, _Brut._ 164. exstinguitur, _Tac. A._ ii, 72. longo, _Aen._ v, 320.
§ 222A. cum febri, _de. Or._ iii, 6. improbitas, _de Or._ ii, 237. aer calore, _N.D._ ii, 27. assuetus, _de Or._ iii, 58.
§ 224. puella, _Pl. Merc._ 13. vir singulari, _Pl. Vid._ 41. sunt specie, _B.G._ vi, 28, 1. scopulis, _Aen._ i, 166.
§ 226. Helvetii, _B.G._ i, 2, 2. me dignor, _Aen._ i, 335.
§ 227. Cn. Pompeio, _B.G._ iv, 1. omnes virtutes, _Fin._ ii, 117. perditis, _Fam._ vi, 1, 4. nullo adversante, _Tac. A._ i, 2. passis palmis, _B.C._ iii, 98. audito eum, _Liv._ xxviii, 7.
§ 228. stant litore, _Aen._ vi, 901.
§ 229. a Gergovia, _B.G._ vii, 59, 1.
§ 231. stella, _N.D._ ii, 52. biennio, _Tac. Agr._ 14.
§ 234. prima et, _Tac. A._ i, 37. omnium rerum, _Fam._ vi, 21, 1.
§ 235. eadem alacritas, _B.G._ iv, 24, 4. res operae, _B.G._ v, 11, 5. stultitia, F. iii, 39. domus, uxor, _Ter. And._ 891. pars, _Sall. Jug._ 14, 15.
§ 240. senectus, _de Sen._ 55. exercitus, _Livy_, xxxix, 1.
§ 242. virtus, _Lael._ 100.
§ 244. me oravit, _Phil._ ii, 45. me oraverunt, _Div. Caec._ 2. suum genium, _Tac. Dial._ 9. Hannibalem, _Sest._ 142. suus quemque, _Rosc. Am._ 67.
§ 245. Belgae, _B.G._ ii, 1, 1. Galli, _B.G._ vi, 8, 1.
§ 246. Themistocles, _Nep. Them._ 9. illud intellego, _Sall. Jug._ 85, 5. hic est, _Pl. Tr._ 697.
§ 247. Maximum, _de Sen._ 10. non is sum, _B.G._ v, 30, 2. non suspicabatur, _Verr._ i, 36. vincula, _Cat._ iv, 7.
§ 248. quod idem, _Ac._ ii, 52. bonus vir, _Lael._ 65.
§ 249. ipso terrore, _B.G._ iv, 33, 1. valvae se, _Div._ i, 74. Persae, _Nep. Alc._ 5. ea molestissime, _Q. Fr._ i, 1, 2.
§ 250. carcer quae, _Verr._ v, 143. Belgae, _B.G._ ii, 1, 1. nostra qui, _Cat._ i, 7. servili, _B.G._ i, 40. erant, _B.G._ i, 6. quam quisque, _Tusc. Disp._ i, 41. non longe, _B.G._ i, 10, 1. Themistocles, _Nep. Them._ 4. 3. numquam digne, _de Sen._ 2.
§ 252. cognatio, _Arch._ 2. mors est, _Tusc. Disp._ i, 27. justitia, F. i, 50. si quisquam, _Lael._ 9. potestne, _Tusc. Disp._ iv, 54. si ullo, _Att._ xii, 23, 1. taetrior, _Verr._ iv, 123. quod cuique, _Off._ i, 21. quinto quoque, _Verr._ ii, 139. nemo Romanus, _Liv._ viii, 30, 3.
§ 253. alter exercitum, _Planc._ 86. alteri se, _B.G._ i, 26, 1. causidicus, _de Or._ i, 202.
§ 254. Tarquinii, _Liv._ i, 34, 7. non omnis, _Div._ ii, 90. Corioli, _Liv._ ii, 33, 8. duo milia, _Curt._ iii, 2, 5.
§ 255. temeritas, F. iii, 72. si tu, _Fam._ xiv, 5, 1.
§ 256. velatus, _Ov. Met._ v, 110. tunica, _Aen._ viii, 457.
§ 259. virtus, _Lael._ 100. dum vitant, _Hor. Sat._ i, 2, 24. Caesar, _B.G._ vii, 90, 2. jam pridem, _Att._ ii, 5, 1.
§ 260. Duilium, _de Sen._ 44. hostes, _B.G._ v. 9, 6. domicilium, _Arch._ 7.
§ 262. Regulus, _Off._ iii, 100.
§ 263. Caesar, _B.G._ iv, 17, 1.
§ 265. nihil habebam, _Att._ ix, 10, 1.
§ 268. videor, _N.D._ ii, 72. Gallos, _B.G._ vii, 4, 4. honestum, F. ii, 49. si solos, _Tusc. Disp._ i, 9. rex tantum, _Nep. Con._ 4. Verres, _Verr. Act. Pr._ 12. ardebat, _Brut._ 302.
§ 269. Caesar, _B.G._ iii, 24, 1.
§ 270. hoc jam, _Cat._ i, 5. dico me, _Sull._ 27.
§ 275. quare, _Cat._ 1, 32. isto bono, _de Sen._ 33.
§ 276. ne repugnetis, _Cluent._ 6 tu vero, _Tusc. Disp._ i, 112. impii ne, _Leg._ ii, 41. cave ignoscas, _Lig._ 14.
§ 277. quid faciam, _Pl. Curc._ 589. ego redeam, _Ter. Eun._ 49. huic cedamus! _Phil._ xiii, 16. quid facerem, _Ter. Eun._ 831. hunc ego, _Arch._ 18.
§ 278. ne sint, _de Sen._ 34. fuerit, _Verr._ i, 37.
§ 279. di istaec, _Ter. H.T._ 1038. falsus utinam, _Liv._ xxi, 10, 10.
§ 280. dicat aliquis, _Ter. And._ 640. fortunam, _Pub. Syr._ 193. velim mihi, _Fam._ xiii, 75, 1. nolim putes, _Fam._ ix, 15, 4. dies deficat, _N.D._ iii, 81.
§ 281. egredere, _Cat._ i, 20. rem vobis, _Verr._ iv, 1. si bene, _de Sen._ 3. consules, _Leg._ iii, 8. hominem, _Twelve Tables._ amicitia, _Liv._ 38, 38, 1. quin equos, _Liv._ i, 57, 7.
§ 282. adjuta, _Ter. Eun._ 150. portas, _B.G._ ii, 33 haec, _And._ 472. ut ne, _Off._ i, 103. ut non, _Cat._ i, 23. ut earum, _B.G._ iv, 17, 10. Helvetii, _B.G._ i, 7, 3. haec habui, _de Sen._ 85. non habebant, _B.G._ iv, 38, 2. idoneus, _Verr._ iii, 41. dignus, _Leg._ iii, 5.
§ 283. multa, _Tusc. Disp._ i, 80. sunt qui, _Inv._ ii, 144. nemo, _Fam._ i, 4, 2. sapientia, _Fin._ i, 43. quae, _Lael._ 23. non is sum, _B.G._ v, 30, 2. non longius, _B.G._ ii, 21, 3. o fortunate, _Arch._ 24. ut qui, _Phil._ xi, 30. egomet, _de Or._ i, 82. nemo est, _Verr._ iv, 115. nemo fuit, _B.C._ iii, 53, 3. quem audierim, _Nep. Ar._ 1, 2.
§ 284. quis tam, _Tusc. Disp._ iii, 71. Siciliam, _Verr. Act. Pr._ 12. mons, _B.G._ i, 6, 1. non is, _Cat._ i, 22. nemo est, _de Sen._ 24. habetis, _Cat._ iv, 24. nihil, _Ter. H.T._ 675. nemo est, _B.G._ vi, 39, 3.
§ 286. Themistocles, _Nep. Them._ 8, 3. neque, _de Sen._ 84. quoniam, _Nep. Milt._ 7, 5. noctu, _Tusc. Disp._ iv, 44. Bellovaci, _B.G._ vii, 75. id feci, _Caec._ 101. Crasso, _Fam._ xiii, 16, 3. hoc ita, _Leg._ iii, 31. Haeduos, _B.G._ i, 16, 6. id omitto, _Sall. Jug._ 110, 7.
§ 287. Epaminondas, _Nep. Ep._ 9, 4. id ut, _Nep. Them._ 8, 3. Caesar, _B.G._ iii, 9, 2. ubi de, _B.G._ i, 7, 3. ut quisque, _Verr._ v, 143. hostes, _B.G._ iv, 26, 2. id ubi, _Liv._ i, 32, 13. postquam occupatae, _Liv._ xxiv, 35, 4. postquam Romam, _Sall. Jug._ 28, 2. postquam structi, _Liv._ i, 23, 6. posteaquam, _Leg._ ii, 64.
§ 288. an tum, _Pis._ 26. credo tum, _Verr._ iv, 46. eo tempore, _Lig._ 20. illo die, _Mil._ 38. Lysander, _Div._ i, 96. Pythagoras, _N.D._ iii, 88. jam Galli, _B.G._ vii, 26, 3. Treveri, _B.G._ vi, 7, 1. cum ad, _Verr._ v, 27. cum equitatus, _B.G._ v, 19, 2. saepe cum, _Nep. Cim._ 4, 2. cum procucurrissent, _B.C._ ii, 41, 6.
§ 289. tum tua, _Hor. Epp._ i, 18, 84. cum videbis, _Pl. Bacch._ 145. stabilitas, _Lael._ 82.
§ 290. cum tacent, _Cat._ i, 21. cum te, _Att._ xiv, 17 A, 4.
§ 291. prius, _Pl. Merc._ 456. nihil contra, _Flacc._ 51. non prius, _Sall. C._ 51.
§ 291. priusquam, _Liv._ i, 24, 3. tempestas, _Sen. Ep._ 103, 2. priusquam telum, _B.C._ ii, 34, 6. animum, _Pl. Amph._ 240. sol antequam, _Phil._ xiv, 27.
§ 293. Alexander, _Quint. Curt._ iv, 6, 17. dum haec, _B.G._ iii, 17, 1. dum anima, _Att._ ix, 10, 3. Lacedaemoniorum, _Tusc. Disp._ i, 101. Cato, _Nep. Cat._ 2, 4. donec, _Liv._ xxiii, 31, 9. ferrum, _Nep. Ep._ 9, 3. trepidationis, _Liv._ xxi, 28, 11. exspectavit, _B.G._ iv, 23, 4. dum litterae, _Fam._ xi, 23, 2.
§ 295. postulo, _Ter. And._ 550. orat, _Ter. Ad._ 882. milites, _B.G._ ii, 21, 2. Helvetiis, _B.G._ i, 2, 1. huic, _Rosc. Am._ 54. consuli, _Liv._ xxxv, 20, 4. ne lustrum, _Liv._ xxiv, 43, 4. prohibuit, _Liv._ xxv, 35, 6. nec quin, _Liv._ xxvi, 40, 4. constitueram, _Att._ xvi, 10, 1. decrevit, _Cat._ i, 4. convenit, _Liv._ x, 27, 2. fac ut, _Pl. Rud._ 1218. cura ut, _Cat._ iii, 12. laborabat, _B.G._ vii, 31, 1. sequitur, _N.D._ ii, 81. eos moneo, _Cat._ ii, 20. huic imperat, _B.G._ iv, 21, 8.
§ 296. opto, _Verr. Act. Pr._ 50. vereor ne, _Att._ vii, 12, 2.
§ 297. ex quo, F. ii, 24. ita fit, _Tusc. Disp._ ii, 16. est mos, _Brut._ 84.
§ 298. quis, _Par._ 48.
§ 299. illud, _Off._ iii, 111. hoc uno, _de Or._ i, 32. bene mihi, _Tusc. Disp._ i, 97. quod, _B.G._ i, 44, 6. quod me, _Nep. Ep._ 5, 6.
§ 300. oculis, _B.G._ i, 12, 1. bis bina, _N.D._ ii, 49. effugere, _N.D._ iii, 14. saepe autem, _N.D._ iii, 14. Epaminondas, F. ii, 97. ex Socrate, _Tusc. Disp._ v, 34. nescio, _Pl. Amph._ 1056. conantur, _B.G._ i, 8, 4. pergit, _Liv._ i, 7, 6, quaeritur, _N.D._ i, 61. haud scio, _Tusc. Disp._ ii, 41.
§ 302. naturam, _Off._ i, 100. memoria, _de Sen._ 21. si quis, _B.G._ i, 48, 6. si dicendo, _Tac. Dial._ 19.
§ 303. mentiar, _Lael._ 10. haec si, _Cat._ i, 19.
§ 304. sapientia, F. i, 42. consilium, _de Sen._ 19. Laelius, _Arch._ 16. num igitur, _de Sen._ 19. nisi felicitas, _Tac. Agr._ 31. eum patris, _Phil._ ii, 99. si Sestius, _Sest._ 81. si unum, _Liv._ ii, 38, 5.
§ 305. non potestis, F. ii, 71. cras, _Pl. Merc._ 770. haec reputent, _Tusc. Disp._ i, 51. roges, F. iv, 69.
§ 306. ferreus, _Fam._ xv, 21, 3. dolorem, _Phil._ 12, 21. si feceris, _Fam._ v, 19, 2. hoc si, _Fam._ vii, 1, 6. hunc mihi, _Cat._ i, 18. nihil, _Cat._ ii, 10. nisi, _Mil._ 19.
§ 307. sed quid, _Div. Caec._ 14. serviam, _Pl. Men._ 1101.
§ 308. sit fur, _Verr._ v, 4. haec sint, _Ac._ ii, 105. ne sit, _Tusc. Disp._ ii, 14.
§ 309. homines, _Phil._ ii, 39. non est, _Rep._ i, 10. quamquam, _Off._ i, 56. Caesar, _B.G._ iv, 31, 1. Atticus, _Nep. Att._ 6, 2. licet, _Rosc. Am._ 31. quamquam quid, _Cat._ i, 22. quamquam, _Liv._ xxxvi, 34, 6. quamvis, multi, _Tac. Dial._ 2. quamvis infesto, _Liv._ ii, 40, 7.
§ 310. multi, _Off._ iii, 82. omnia postposui, _Fam._ xvi, 21, 6. nil obstat, _Hor. Sat._ i, 1, 40. oderint, _Acc._ 204. manent, _de Sen._ 22. nubant, _Pl. Aul._ 491.
§ 312. quidquid, _Aen._ ii, 49. quidquid oritur, _Div._ ii, 60.
§ 314. Regulus, _Off._ iii, 100. tum Romulus, _Liv._ i, 9, 2. nuntiatum, _B.G._ i, 38, 1. dixit, _Nep. Them._ 7, 5.
§ 315. Ariovistus, _B.G._ i, 44, 7.
§ 316. milites, _B.G._ iii, 5, 3.
§ 318. Caesar, _B.G._ i, 14, 6.
§ 322. concursu, _Tac. Dial._ 39.
§ 323. demonstrabantur, _de Sen._ 78. Paetus, _Att._ ii, 1, 12.
§ 324. nemo, _Par._ 52. cum diversas, _Tac. Dial._ 1, 4. mos est, _Orat._ 151. quod ego, _Pl. Capt._ 961.
§ 327. dulce, _Hor. Od._ iii, 2, 13. virorum, _Tusc. Disp._ ii, 43. aliud est, _Tusc. Disp._ iv, 27. impune, _Sall. Jug._ 31, 26. licuit, _Tusc. Disp._ i, 33.
§ 328. Demosthenes, F. v, 5. beatus, _N.D._ i, 48. Cato, _Sall. Cat._ 54, 5.
§ 330. apertum est, F. v, 34.
§ 331. Epicurei, _Lael._ 13. Thales, _N.D._ i, 25. Democritus, _N.D._ i, 20. nullo se, _Lig._ 3. nec mihi, _de Sen._ 85. eas res, _B.G._ i, 18. te tua, _Brut._ 331. cupio, _Cat._ i, 4. Timoleon, _Nep. Tim._ 3, 4. gaudeo, _Pl. Bacch._ 456. non moleste, _de Sen._ 7.
§ 332. Sestius, _Sest._ 95. traditum, _Tusc. Disp._ v, 114.
§ 333. audax, _Hor. Od._ i, 3, 25.
§ 334. huncine, _Hor. Sat._ i, 9, 72.
§ 335. interim, _B.G._ i, 16, 1.
§ 336. assurgentem, _Liv._ iv, 19.
§ 337. gloria, _Tusc. Disp._ iii, 3. Conon, _Nep. Con._ 4, 5. omne, _Phil._ v, 31. mente, _Tusc. Disp._ v, 100. Solon, _de Sen._ 26. sol, _N.D._ ii, 102. mendaci, _Div._ ii, 146. perfidiam, _B.G._ vii, 5, 5. eis Catonem, _de Sen._ 3. Homerus, _de Sen._ 54. urbem, _Liv._ xxii, 20. equitatum, _B.G._ i, 15, 1. obliviscendum, _Tac. Hist._ ii, 1. numquam, _Verr._ i, 38. suo cuique, _N.D._ iii, 1. Caesar, _B.G._ i, 13, 1.
§ 338. scribendo, _Fam._ xv, 6, 2. mens, _Off._ i, 105. Themistocles, _Nep. Them._ 2, 3. multa, F. i, 5.
§ 339. ad pacem, _Liv._ xxi, 13. hostes, _B.G._ iii, 6, 2. legati, _B.G._ iv, 13, 5. quae ille, _Sall. Fr._ i, 77, 11.
§ 340. legati, _B.G._ i, 30, 1. do (colloco), _Pl. Tr._ 735. hoc est, _Att._ vii, 22, 2.
§ 341. cum homines, _Cat._ i, 31. discidia, F. i, 44. horae, _de Sen._ 69. Caesar, _B.G._ ii, 35, 3.
§ 342. cita, _Hor. Sat._ i, 1, 8. qui aether, _N.D._ ii, 41.
§ 343. adsentatio, _Lael._ 89.
§ 346. Cn. Pompeio, _B.G._ iv, 1, 1.
§ 348. Darius, _Nep. Milt._ 4, 1.
§ 349. magnus, _Nep. Them._ 6, 1.
§ 350. erant duo, _B.G._ i, 6, 1. nisi forte, _de Sen._ 18. id ut, _Nep. Them._ 8, 3. eo cum, _B.G._ vii, 7, 4. ut ad, _Lael._ 5. septimus, _de Sen._ 38. recepto, _B.C._ iii, 12, 1. sed pleni, _Arch._ 14. horribilem, _Tusc. Disp._ i, 118. simulatam, _Tac. A._ i, 10.
§ 351. Caesar, _B.G._ i, 25, 1. Haedui, _B.G._ i, 11, 2. Caesar cum, _B.G._ i, 7, 1. accidit, _Nep. Alc._ 3, 2. si quid, _Arch._ 1. Caesar, _B.G._ v, 4, 1.
§ 356. hostium, _B.G._ iii, 29, 3. mens quoque, _de Sen._ 36. tanto, _Sull._ 59.
§ 358. pro multitudine, _B.G._ i, 2, 5.
§ 374. ut ager, _Tusc. Disp._ ii, 13. minis, _Tusc. Disp._ v, 87. dissimilis, _Nep. Chab._ 3, 4. febris, _Cat._ i, 31. submersas, _Aen._ i, 69. nosti, _Fam._ viii, 10, 3. tum Anci, _Liv._ i, 40, 2. moriamur, _Aen._ ii, 353.
§ 375. quadrupedante, _Aen._ viii, 506.
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN INDEX TO THE ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Ac., Cicero, _Academica_. Acc., Accius. ad Her., ad Herennium. Aen., Virgil, _Aeneid_. Arch., Cicero, _pro Archia_. Att., Cicero, _Epistulae ad Atticus_. B.C., Caesar, _de Bello Civili_. B.G., Caesar, _de Bello Gallico_. Brut., Cicero, _Brutus_. Caec., Cicero, _pro Caecina_. Cat., Cicero, _in Catilinam_. Cluent., Cicero, _pro Cluentio_. Curt., Quintus Curtius de Dom., Cicero, _de Domo Sua_. de Or., Cicero, _de Oratore_. de Sen., Cicero, _de Senectute_. D., Cicero, _de Divinatione_. Div. Caec., Cicero, _Divinatio in Caecilium_. Ecl., Virgil, _Eclogues_. Eut., Eutropius. F., Cicero, _de Finibus_. Fam., Cicero, _Epistulae ad Familiares_. Flac., Cicero, _pro Flacco_. Gell, Aulus Gellius. Hor., Horace. ---- Epp., _Epistles_. ---- Od., _Odes_. ---- Sat., _Satires_. Inv., Cicero, _de Inventione_. Juv., Juvenal. Lael., Cicero, _Laelius, de Amicitia_. Leg., Cicero, _de Legibus_. Lig., Cicero, _pro Ligario_. Liv., Livy. Lucr., Lucretius. Marc., Cicero, _pro Marcello_. Mil., Cicero, _pro Milone_. N.D., Cicero, _de Natura Deorum_. Nep., Nepos. ---- Alc., _Alcibiades_. ---- Ar., _Aristides_. ---- Att., _Atticus_. ---- Cat., _Cato_. ---- Chab. _Chabrias_. ---- Cim., _Cimon_. ---- Con., _Conon_. ---- Dat., _Datames_. ---- Ep., _Epaminondas_. ---- Milt., _Miltiades_. ---- Paus., _Pausanias_. ---- Them., _Themistocles_. ---- Thras., _Thrasybulus_. ---- Tim., _Timoleon_. Off., Cicero, _de Officiis_. Or., Cicero, _Orator_. Ov., Ovid. ---- Am., _Amores_, ---- Met., _Metamorphoses_. Par., Cicero, _Paradoxa_. Phil., Cicero, _Philippics_. Pis., Cicero, _in Pisonem_. Planc., Cicero, _pro Plancio_. Pl., Plautus. ---- Amph., _Amphitruo_. ---- Aul., _Aulularia_. ---- Bacch., _Bacchides_. ---- Capt., _Captivi_. ---- Curc., _Curculio_. ---- Men., _Menaechmi_. ---- Merc., _Mercator_. ---- M.G., _Miles Gloriosus_. ---- Pers., _Persa_. ---- Poen., _Poenulus_. ---- Rud., _Rudens_. ---- Tr., _Trinummus_. ---- Vid., _Vidularia_. Plin. Epp., Pliny the Younger, _Letters_. Pub. Syr., Publilius Syrus. Q.F., Cicero, _ad Quintum Fratrem_. Rosc. Am., Cicero, _pro Roscio Amerino_. Sall., Sallust. ---- C., _Catiline_. ---- Fr., _Fragments_. ---- Jug., _Jugurtha_. Sen., Seneca. ---- Ep., _Epistles_. ---- N.Q., _Naturales Quaestiones_. Sest., Cicero, _pro Sestio_. Sex. Rosc., Cicero, _pro Sexto Roscio_. Sil., Silius Italicus. Stat., Caecilius Statius. Sull., Cicero, _pro Sulla_. Tac., Tacitus. ---- A., _Annals_. ---- Agr., _Agricola_. ---- Dial., _Dialogus de Oratoribus_. ---- Ger., _Germania_. ---- H., _Histories_. Ter., Terence. ---- Ad., _Adelphoi_. ---- And., _Andria_. ---- Eun., _Eunuchus_. ---- Hec., _Hecyra_. ---- H.T., _Hautontimoroumenos_. ---- Phor., _Phormio_. Tusc. Disp., Cicero, _Tusculan Disputations_. Twelve Tables, Laws of the Twelve Tables. Vatin., Cicero, _in Vatinium_. Verr., Cicero, _in Verrem_. Verr. Act. Pr., Cicero, _Actio Prima in C. Verrem_.
* * * * *
INDEX TO THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT VERBS
NOTE.--Compounds are not given unless they present some special irregularity. The references are to sections.
A.
abdō, 122, I, 4. abiciō, 122, III. abnuō, 122, II. aboleō, 121, I. abstergeō, 121, III absum, 125. accendō, 122, I, 4. accidit, 138, III. acciō, 121, I, N. accipiō, 122, III. acquīrō, 122, I, 6. acuō, 122, II. addō, 122, I, 2. adhaerēscō, 122, IV, 2. adipīscor, 122, V. adolēscō, 122, IV, 1. adsum, 125. adveniō, 123, IV. afferō, 129. afficiō, 122, III. afflīgō, 122, I, 1, a. agnōscō, 122, IV, 1. agō, 122, I, 3. algeō, 121, III. alō, 122, I, 5. amiciō, 123, III. amō, 120, I. amplector, 122, V. angō, 122, I, 7. aperiō, 123, II. appetō, 122, I, 6. arceō, 121, II, a. arcessō, 122, I, 6. ārdeō, 121, III. ārēscō, 122, IV, 2. arguō, 122, II. ascendō, 122, I, 4. aspiciō, 122, III. assentior, 123, VII. assuēfaciō, 122, III. assuēfīō, 122, III. audiō, 123, I. auferō, 129. augeō, 121, III. aveō, 121, II, a, N. 2.
C.
cadō, 122, I, 2. caedō, 122, I, 2. calefaciō, 122, III. calefiō, 122, III. caleō, 121, II, a. calēscō, 122, IV, 2. canō, 122, I, 2. capessō, 122, I, 6. capiō, 122, III. careō, 121, II, a. carpō, 121, I, 1, a. caveō, 121, V. cēdō, 122, I, 1, b. cēnseō, 121, II, b. cernō, 122, I, 6. cieō, 121, I. cingō, 122, I, 1, a. circumsistō, 122, I, 2. claudō, 122, I, 1, b. claudō, 122, I, 7. coëmō, 122, I, 3. coepī, 133. coërceō, 121, II, a. cognōscō, 122, IV, 1. cōgō, 122, I, 3. colligō, 122, I, 3. colō, 122, I, 5. comminīscor, 122, V. comperiō, 123, V. compleō, 121, I. concutiō, 122, III. condō, 122, I, 2. cōnferō, 129. cōnfiteor, 121, VII. congruō, 122, II. cōnsenēscō, 122, IV, 2. cōnserō, 122, I, 5. cōnserō, 122, I, 6 (_plant_). cōnsidō, 122, I, 4. cōnsistō, 122, I, 2. cōnspiciō, 122, III. cōnstat, 138, III. cōnstituō, 122, II. cōnsuēscō, 122, IV, 1. cōnsulō, 122, I, 5. contineō, 121, II, b. contingit, 138, III. coquō, 122, I, 1, a. crepō, 120, II. crēscō, 122, IV, 1. cubō, 120, II. cupiō, 122, III. currō, 122, I, 2.
D.
dēbeō, 121, II, a. dēcernō, 122, I, 6. decet, 138, II. dēdecet, 138, II. dēdō, 122, I, 2. dēfendō, 122, I, 4. dēlēo, 121, I dēligō, 122, I, 3. dēmō, 122, I, 3. dēsērō, 122, I, 5 dēsinō, 122, I, 6. dēsum, 125. dīcō, 122, I, 1, a. differō, 129. dīligō, 122, I, 3. dīmicō, 120, II. dirimō, 122, I, 3. dīripiō, 122, III. dīruō, 122, II. discernō, 122, I, 6. discō, 122, IV, 1. disserō, 122, I, 5. distinguō, 122, I, 1, a., footnote 44. dīvidō, 122, I, 1, b. dō, 127. doceō, 121, II, b. doleō, 121, II, a. domō, 120, II. dūcō, 122, I, 1, a.
E.
ēdō, 122, I, 2. edō, 122, I, 3. efferō, 129. effugiō, 122, III. egeō, 121, II, a, N. 1. ēliciō, 122, III. ēmineō, 121, II, a, N. 1. emō, 122, I, 3. eō, 132. ēsuriō, 123, VI. ēvādō, 122, I, 1, b., footnote 45. ēvānēscō, 122, IV, 3. excolō, 122, I, 5. excūdō, 122, I, 4. exerceō, 121, II, a. experior, 123, VII. expleō, 121, I, N. explicō, 120, II. exstinguō, 122, I, 1, a., footnote 44. extimēscō, 122, IV, 2.
F.
faciō, 122, III. fallō, 122, I, 2. fateor, 121, VII. faveō, 121, V. feriō, 123, VI. ferō, 129. ferveō, 121, VI fīgō, 122, I, 1, b. findō,122, I, 2, N. fingō, 122, I, 1, a. fiō, 131. flectō, 122, I, 1, b. fleō, 121, I. flōreō, 121, II, a, N. 1. flōrēscō, 122, IV, 2. fluō, 122, II. fodiō, 122, III. foveō, 121, V. frangō, 122, I, 3. fremō, 122, I, 5. fricō, 120, II. frīgeō, 121, II, a, N. 2. fruor, 122, V. fugiō, 122, III. fulciō, 123, III. fulgeō, 121, III. fulget, 138, I. fundō, 122, I, 3. fungor, 122, V. furō, 122, I, 7.
G.
gemō, 122, I, 5. gerō, 122, I, 1, a. gignō, 122, I, 5. gradior, 122, V.
H.
habeō, 121, II, a. haereō, 121, III. hauriō, 123, III. horreō, 121, II, a, N. 1.
I.
ignōscō, 121, IV, 2. illiciō, 122, III. imbuō, 122, II. immineō, 121, II, a, N. 2. impleō, 121, I, N. implicō, 120, II. incipiō, 122, III. incolō, 122, I, 5. incumbō, 122, I, 5. indulgeō, 121, III. induō, 122, II. īnferō, 129. ingemīscō, 122, IV, 2. īnsum, 125. intellegō, 122, I, 3. interficiō, 122, III. intersum, 125. invādō, 122, I, 1, b., footnote 45. inveniō, 123, IV. īrāscor, 122, V.
J.
jaceō, 121, II, a. jaciō, 122, III. jubeō, 121, III. jungō, 122, I, 1, a. juvō, 120, III.
L.
lābor, 122, V. lacessō, 122, I, 6. laedō, 122, I, 1, b. lambō, 122, I, 7. largior, 123, VII. lateō, 121, II, a, N. 1. lavō, 120, III. legō, 122, I, 3. libet, 138, II. liceor, 121, VII. licet, 138, II. loquor, 122, V. lūceo, 121, III. lūdō, 122, I, 1, b. lūgeō, 121, III. luō, 122, II.
M.
maereō, 121, II, a, N. 2. mālō, 130. maneō, 121, III. mātūrēscō, 122, IV, 3. medeor, 121, VII. meminī, 133. mereō, 121, II, a. mereor, 121, VII. mergō, 122, I, 1, b. mētior, 123, VII. metuō, 122, II. micō, 120, II. minuō, 122, II. misceō, 121, II, b. miseret, 138, II. misereor, 121, VII. mittō, 122, I, 1, b. molō, 122, I, 5. moneō, 121, II, a. mordeō, 121, IV. morior, 122, V. moveō, 121, V.
N.
nancīscor, 122, V. nāscor, 122, V. nectō, 122, I, 1, b. neglegō, 122, I, 3. ningit, 138, . niteō, 121, II, a, N. 1. nītor, 122, V. noceō, 121, II, a. nōlō, 130. nōscō, 122, IV, 1. nūbō, 122, I, 1, a.
O.
obdūrēscō, 122, IV, 3. oblinō, 122, I, 6. oblīvīscor, 122, V. obmūtēscō, 122, IV, 3. obruō, 122, II. obsolēscō, 122, IV, 1. obsum, 125. obtineō, 121, II, b. ōdī, 133. offerō, 129. oleō, 121, II, a, N. 1. operiō, 123, II. oportet, 138, II. opperior, 123, VII. ōrdior, 123, VII. orior, 123, VII.
P.
paenitet, 138, II. palleō, 121, II, a, N. 1. pandō, 122, I, 4. parcō, 122, I, 2. pāreō, 121, II, a. pariō, 122, III. pāscō, 122, IV, 1. pāscor, 122, IV, 1. patefaciō, 122, III. patefīō, 122, III. pateō, 121, II, a, N. 1. patior, 122, V. paveō, 121, V. pelliciō, 122, III. pellō, 122, I, 2. pendeō, 121, IV. pendō, 122, I, 2. peragō, 122, I, 3. percellō, 122, I, 2, N. percrēbrēscō, 122, IV, 3. perdō, 122, I, 2. perficiō, 122, III. perfringō, 122, I, 3. perfruor, 122, V. perlegō, 122, I, 3. permulceō, 121, III. perpetior, 122, V. pervādō, 122, I, 1, b., footnote 45. petō, 122, I, 6. piget, 138, II. pingō, 122, I, 1, a. placeō, 121, II, a. plaudō, 122, I, 1, b. pluit, 138, I. polleō, 121, II, a, N. 2. polliceor, 121, VII. polluō, 122, II. pōnō, 122, I, 6. poscō, 122, IV, 1. possīdō, 122, I, 4. possum, 126. pōtō, 120, I. praebeō, 121, II, a. praestat, 138, III. praesum, 125. prandeō, 121, VI. prehendō, 122, I, 4. premō, 122, I, 1, b. prōdō, 122, I, 2. prōmō, 122, I, 3. prōsum, 125. prōsternō, 122, I, 6. pudet, 138, II. pungō, 122, I, 2.
Q.
quaerō, 122, I, 6. quatiō, 122, III. queror, 122, V. quiēscō, 122, IV, 1.
R.
rādō, 122, I, 1, b. rapiō, 122, III. reddō, 122, I, 2. redimō, 122, I, 3. referciō, 123, III. referō, 129. rēfert, 138, II. regō, 122, I, 1, a. relinquō, 122, I, 3. reminīscor, 122, V. reor, 121, VII. reperiō, 123, V. rēpō, 122, I, 1, a. resistō, 122, I, 2. respuō, 122, II. restinguō, 122, I, 1, a., footnote 44. retineō, 121, II, b. rīdeō, 121, III. rōdō, 122, I, 1, b. rubeō, 121, II, a, N. 1. rumpō, 122, I, 3. ruō, 122, II.
S.
saepiō, 123, III. saliō, 123, II. sanciō, 123, III. sapiō, 122, III. sarciō, 123, III. scindō, 122, I, 2, N. scīscō, 122, IV, 2. scribō, 122, I, 1, a. sculpō, 122, I, 1, a. secō, 120, II. sedeō, 121, V. sentiō, 123, III. sepeliō, 123, I. sequor, 122, V. serō, 122, I, 6. serpō, 122, I, 1, a. sileō, 121, II, a, N. sinō, 122, I, 6. solvō, 122, I, 4. sonō, 120, II. spargō, 122, I, 1, b. spernō, 122, I, 6. splendeō, 121, II, a, N. 1. spondeō, 121, IV. statuō, 122, II. sternō, 122, I, 6. -stinguō, 122, I, 1, a. stō, 120, IV. strepō, 122, I, 5. strīdeō, 121, VI. stringō, 122, I, 1, a. struō, 122, II. studeō, 121, II, a, N. 1. suādeō, 121, III. subigō, 122, I, 3. subsum, 125. sum, 100. sūmō, 122, I, 3. suō, 122, II. supersum, 125. sustineō, 121, II, b.
T.
taceō, 121, II, a. taedet, 138, II. tangō, 122, I, 2. tegō, 122, I, 1, a. temnō, 122, I, 1, a. tendō, 122, I, 2. teneō, 121, II, b. terō, 122, I, 6. terreō, 121, II, a. texō, 122, I, 5. timeō, 121, II, a, N. 1. tingō, 122, I, 1, a. tollō, 122, I, 2, N. tonat, 138, I. tondeō, 121, IV. tonō, 120, II. torpeō, 121, II, a, N. 1. torqueō, 121, III. torreō, 121, II, b. trādō, 122, I, 2. trahō, 122, I, 1, a. tremō, 122, I, 5. tribuō, 122, II. trūdō, 122, I, 1, b. tueor, 121, VII. tundō, 122, I, 2.
U.
ulcīscor, 122, V. unguō, 122, I, 1, a. urgeō, 121, III. ūrō, 122, I, 1, a. ūtor, 122, V.
V.
vādō, 122, I, 1, b. valeō, 121, II, a. vehō, 122, I, 1, a. vellō, 122, I, 4. veniō, 123, IV. vereor, 121, VII. vergō, 122, I, 7. verrō, 122, I, 4. vertō, 122, I, 4. vescor, 122, V. vetō, 120, II. videō, 121, V. vigeō, 121, II, a, N. 1. vinciō, 123, III. vincō, 122, I, 3. vireō, 121, II, a, N. 1. vīsō, 122, I, 4. vīvō, 122, I, 1, a. volō, 130. volvō, 122, I, 4. vomō, 122, I, 5. voveō, 121, V.
* * * * *
GENERAL INDEX.
* * * * *
The references are to sections and paragraphs.
* * * * *
ABBREVIATIONS.--Abl., ablative; acc., accusative; adj., adjective; adv., adverb, adverbial, or adverbially; cf., compare; comp., comparison or comparative; conj., conjunction or conjugation; const., constr., construction; dat., dative; decl., declension; gen., genitive; ind., indicative; indir. disc., indirect discourse; loc., locative; N., note; nom., nominative; plu., plural; prep., preposition; pron., pronoun or pronunciation; sing., singular; subj., subject; subjv., subjunctive; voc., vocative; w., with.
A.
ă, vowel, 2, 1; ---- pronunciation, 3, 1; ---- development of ă, before a single consonant, 7, 1, a; ---- before two consonants, 7, 1, b; ---- ă as ending of nom. sing. of 1st decl., 20; ---- in voc. sing. of Greek nouns in -ēs of 1st decl., 22; ---- in nom. sing. of Greek nouns in -ē of 1st decl., 22, 3; ---- termination of nom. and acc. plu. of neuters, 23; 35; 48; ---- termination of nom. sing. of nouns of 3d decl., 28; ---- gender of nouns in -ă of 3d decl., 43, 3; ---- ending of acc. sing. of Greek nouns of 3d decl., 47, 1; ---- regular quantity of final a, 363, 1; ---- exceptions to quantity of final a, 363, 1, a-c. ā, pronunciation, 3, 1; ---- arising by contraction, 7, 2; ---- as ending of stem in 1st decl., 18; ---- ā-stems inflected, 20; ---- in voc. sing. of Greek nouns of 1st decl., 22; ---- in voc. sing. of Greek nouns in -ās of 3d decl., 47, 4; ---- distinguishing vowel of 1st conjugation, 98; ---- ending of imperative act. of 1st conj., 101; ---- final a long by exception, 363, 1, a-c. ā, ab, abs, use, 142, 1; ---- with town names, 229, 2. ā to denote agency, 216. ---- to denote separation, 214. ---- place from which, 229. ---- with town names, 229, 2. ---- with abl. of gerund, 338, 4, b. ā-stems, 20; 98; 101. Abbreviations of proper names, 373. Ablative case, 17; 213 f. ---- in -ābus, 21, 2, e. ---- in -d in prons., 84, 3; 85, 3. ---- formation of sing. of adjs. of 3d decl., 67, a; 70, 1-5. ---- of ĭ-stems, 37; 38. ---- genuine abl. uses, 214 f. ---- absolute, 227. ---- of agent, 216. ---- of accompaniment, 222. ---- of accordance, 220, 3. ---- of association, 222A. ---- of attendant circumstance, 221; 227, 2, e). ---- of cause, 219. ---- of comparison, 217. ---- of degree of difference, 223. ---- of fine or penalty, 208, 2, b. ---- of manner, 220. ---- of material, 224, 3. ---- of means, 218. ---- of penalty, 208, 2, b. ---- of place where, 228. ---- of place whence, 229. ---- of price, 225. ---- of quality, 224. ---- of separation, 214; ---- ---- with compounds of dis- and sē-, 214, 3. ---- of source, 215. ---- of specification, 226. ---- of time at which, 230. ---- of time during which, 231, 1. ---- of time within which, 231. ---- of way by which, 213, 9. ---- with continēri, cōnsistere, cōnstāre, 218, 4. ---- with special phrases, 218, 7. ---- with jungere, mīscēre, mūtāre, etc., 222A. ---- with faciō, fiō, 218, 6 ---- with prepositions, 142; 213 f. ---- with verbs of filling, 218, 8. ---- with verbs and adjs. of freeing, 214, I, a, and N. 1. ---- with adjs. of plenty, 218, 8. ---- with ūtor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, 218, 1. ---- with opus and ūsus, 218, 2 ---- with nītor, innīxus, and frētus, 218, 3. abs, 142, 1. absēns, 125. Absolute, ablative, 227. ---- time, of participles, 336, 4. ---- use of verbs, 174, a. Abstract nouns, 12, 2, b); ---- plural of, 55, 4, c). -ābus, 21, 2, e). ac, 341, 2, b); ---- = as, than, 341, 1, c). Acatalectic verses, 366, 9. accēdit ut, 297, 2. Accent, 6; ---- in gen. of nouns in -ius and -ium, 25, 1 and 2. accidit ut, 297, 2. accidit quod, 299, 1, b. Accompaniment, abl. of, 222. Accordance, abl. of, 220, 3. Accusative case, 17; ---- in -ān and -ēn of Greek nouns, 22; ---- in -om in 2d decl., 24; ---- in -on and -ōn in Greek nouns, 27; ---- in -ă in sing. of Greek nouns, 47, 1; ---- in -ăs in plu., 47, 3; ---- in -im and -is in i-stems, 37; 38; ---- acc. sing. neut. as adv., 77, 3; 176, 3; 172 f. ---- of duration of time, 181. ---- of result produced, 173, B; 176. ---- of extent of space, 181. ---- of limit of motion, 182 f. ---- of neut. prons. or adjs., 176, 2. ---- of person or thing affected, 173, A; 175. ---- in exclamations, 183. ---- as subj. of inf., 184. ---- with admoneō, commoneō, etc., 207. ---- with adv. force, 176, 3. ---- with compounds, 175, 2. ---- with impersonal verbs, 175, 2, c. ---- with intransitive verbs, 175, 2, a. ---- with passive used as middle, 175, 2, d). ---- with verbs of remembering and forgetting (meminī, oblīvīscor, reminīscor), 206, 1; 2. ---- with verbs expressing emotion, 175, 2, b. ---- with verbs of tasting and smelling, 176, 5. ---- with verbs of making, choosing, calling, regarding, etc., 177. ---- with verbs of asking, requesting, demanding, teaching, concealing, 178, 1-5. ---- with adjs. (propior, proximus), 141, 3. ---- with adverbs (propius, proximē), 141, 3; ---- ---- clam, prīdiē, 144, 2. ---- Genavam ad oppidum, 182, 2, a. ---- cognate acc., 176, 4. ---- Greek acc., 180. ---- synecdochical acc., 180. ---- two accs., direct obj. and pred. acc., 177; ---- ---- person affected and result produced, 178; ---- ---- with compounds of trāns, 179; ---- ---- with other compounds, 179, 2. ---- with prepositions, 141; 179 f. ---- retained in pass., 178, 2. Accusing, verbs of, constr., 208 f. accūsō, constr., 178, 1, d). ācer, decl., 68; ---- compared, 71, 3. Acquitting, verbs of, constr., 208 f. ac sī with subjv., 307, 1. ad, 'toward,' 'in vicinity of,' 182, 3; ---- with acc. alternating with dat., 358, 2. ---- compounds of ad governing dat., 187, III; 188, 2, d. ---- with gerund denoting purpose, 338, 3. -adēs, patronymic ending, 148, 6, a. adg- = agg-, 9, 2. Adjectives, 62 f; 354; ---- derivation of, 150 f. ---- of 1st and 2d decl., 63 ff. ---- in -ius, gen. sing., 63, a. ---- of 3d decl., 67, ff; ---- ---- in abl., 70, 5. ---- comparison of adjs., 71 f.; ---- ---- in -er, 71, 3; ---- ---- in -ilis, 71, 4; ---- ---- comparative lacking, 73, 3; ---- ---- defective comparison, 73; ---- ---- not admitting comparison, 75; ---- ---- comparison by magis and maximē, 74. ---- numerals, 78 f. ---- syntax, 233 ff.; ---- ---- attributive and predicate adjs., 233, 2. ---- agreement, 234, f. ---- used substantively, 236 f. ---- denoting part of an object, 241, 1. ---- with force of adverbs, 239. ---- force of comp. and superl., 240, 1. ---- not followed by infinitive, 333. ---- not used with proper names, 354, 3. ---- equivalent to a poss. gen., 354, 4. ---- special Latin equivalents of Eng. adjs., 354, 1. ---- equiv. to rel. clause, 241, 2. ---- as pred. acc., 177, 2. ---- position of adj., 350, 4. ---- pronominal adjs., 92. ---- governing gen., 204. ---- governing dat., 192. ---- governing acc., 141, 3. ---- construed with abl., 214, 1, d; 217, 1; 218, 8; 223; 226, 2; 227, 1. ---- with supine in -ū, 340, 2. adl- = all-, 9, 2. admoneō, constr., 207. Admonishing, const. of verbs of, 207. adr- = arr-, 9, 2. ads- = ass-, 9, 2. ad sensum, constr., 235, B, 2, c; 254, 4. adulēscēns, spelling, 9, 2. adulter, decl., 23, 2. adultus, force, 114, 2. Adverbs, defined, 140; ---- formation and comparison, 76 f.; 140; 157. ---- in -iter from adjs. in -us, 77, 4. ---- in -tus and -tim, 77, 5. ---- in ō and -o, 77, 2. ---- numeral, 79. ---- as preps., 144, 2. ---- derivation of, 157. ---- with gen., 201, 2; 3; and a. ---- special meanings, 347. ---- position, 350, 6. Adversative clauses, 309. ---- conjunctions, 343. adversus, prep. with acc., 141. ae, how pronounced, 3, 2; ---- phonetic changes, 7, 1, d. aedēs, plu., 61. aequālis, abl. sing. of, 70, 5, a; ---- as subst., 238. aequor, decl., 34. aequum est = aequum sit, 271, 1, b). aes, in plu., 55, 4, b; ---- lacks gen. plu., 57, 7. aetās, decl., 40, 1, e); ---- id aetātis, 185, 2. -aeus, suffix, 152, 3. aevom, decl., 24. Affected, acc. of person or thing, 175. Agency, dat. of, 189; ---- abl., 216. Agent, abl., 216; ---- with names of animals, 216, 2. ager, decl., 23. Agreement, nouns, 166; 168; 169, 2; 3; 4. ---- adjs., 234; ---- ---- in gender, 235, B; ---- ---- in number, 235, A; ---- prons., 250; ---- verbs, with one subj., 254, 1; ---- ---- with two or more subjs., 255, 1. -āī, case-ending, gen. sing., 1st decl., poet., 21, 2, b). aīn, 135, N. ajō, 135; ---- quantity of first syllable, 362, 5. -al, declension of nouns in, 39. alacer, decl., 68, 1; ---- comp., 73, 4. aliqua, 91, 2. aliquī, 91; 91, 2. aliquis, 91; 252, 2; ---- aliquis dīcat, dīxerit, 280, 1. -ālis, suffix, 151, 2. aliter ac, 341, 1, c. alius, 66; 92, 1; ---- used correlatively, 253, 1. alius ac, 'other than,' 341, 1, c). Allia, gender of, 15, 3, N. alliciō, conj., 109, 2, b). Alliteration, 375, 3. Alphabet, 1. alter, decl., 66; 92, 1; ---- used correlatively, 253, 1. Alternative questions, 162, 4; ---- indirect, 300, 4. alteruter, decl., 92, 2. alvus, gender of, 26, 1, b. amandus sum, conj., 115. amātūrus sum, conj., 115. amb- (ambi-), 159, 3, N. ambō, 80, 2, a; ---- usage, 355, 2. amō, conj., 101. amplius = amplius quam, 217, 3. amussis, -im, 38, 1. an, 162, 4, and a); 300, 4; ---- haud sciō an, nesciō an, 300, 5. Anacoluthon, 374, 6. Anapaest, 366, 2. Anaphora, 350, 11, b). Anastrophe of prep., 141, 2; 142, 3; 144, 3. anceps (syllaba anceps), defined, 366, 10. Androgeōs, decl., 27. animal, decl., 39. Animals, as agents, 216, 2. animī, locative, 232, 3. annōn, in double questions, 162, 4. Answers, 162, 5. ante, prep. w. acc., 141; ---- as adv., 144, 1; ---- dat. w. verbs compounded w. ante, 187, III; ---- in expressions of time, 357, 1; 371, 5; ---- ante diem, 371, 5; 6. Antecedent of rel., 251. ---- attraction of, 251, 4. ---- incorporated with rel., 251, 4. Antecedent omitted, 251, 1. ---- repeated with rel., 251, 3. Antepenult, 6, 2. antepōnō, with dat., 187, III, 2. antequam, with ind., 291; ---- with subjv., 292. Anticipation, denoted by subjv., w. antequam and priusquam, 292; ---- by subjv. with dum, dōnec, quoad, 293, III, 2; 374, 5. -ānus, suffix, 151, 2; 152, 1; 3. Aorist tense, see Historical perfect. Apodosis, 301 ff. ---- in conditional sent. of 1st type, 302, 4; ---- result clauses as apodoses, 322; ---- quīn- clauses as apodoses, 322; ---- ind. questions as apodoses, 322, b; ---- potuerim in apodosis, 322, c; ---- apodosis in indir. disc., 319-321; ---- in expressions of obligation, ability, etc., 304, 3, a; ---- with periphrastic conjugations, 304, 3, b. Apposition, 169; ---- agreement, 169, 2; ---- partitive, 169, 5; ---- with voc. in nom., 171, 2; ---- genitive w. force of appositive, 202; ---- id as appositive of clause, 247, 1, b; ---- inf. as appositive, 326; 329; ---- subst. clauses as appositives, 282, 1, f; 294; 297, 3. Appositive of locative, 169, 4; ---- with acc. of limit of motion, 182, 2, a; ---- with town names, in abl. of place whence, 229, 2. ---- position of, 350, 2. aptus, w. dat., 192, 2. apud, prep. w. acc., 141. Archiās, declension of, 22. -ar, declension of nouns in, 39. arguō, constr., 178, 1, d). -āris, suffix, 151, 2. -ārium, suffix, 148, 3. -ārius, suffix, 151, 2. armiger, decl., 23, 2. Arrangement of words, 348-350; ---- of clauses, 351. Arsis, defined, 366, 6. artūs, dat. and abl. plu. of, 49, 3. arx, decl., 40. -ăs, acc. plu. in Greek nouns, 47, 3. -ās, old gen. sing., 1st decl., case-ending, 21, 2, a). ---- ending of Greek nouns, nom. sing. in, 22. ---- gender of nouns in -ās, 43, 2; 45, 1. ---- voc. of Greek nouns in -ās, antis, 47, 4. ---- -ātis, abl. of patrials in, 70, 5, c). Asking, case const, with verbs of, 178, 1, c; ---- subst. clauses w., 295, 1; ---- ind. questions, 300, 1. Aspirates, 2, 3, c. Assimilation of consonants, 8, 4 f.; 9, 2. Association, abl. of, 222A. Asyndeton, 341, 4, a); 346. at, 343, 1, d). -ātim, suffix, 157, 2. Atlās, decl., 47, 4. atomus, gender of, 26, 1, c). atque, 341, 2, b); ---- = as, 341, 1, c). atquī, 343, 1, e). Attendant circumstance, abl. of, 221: 227, 2, e). Attraction of demonstratives, 246, 5; ---- of relatives, 250, 5; ---- subjunctive by attraction, 324; ---- of adjectives, 327, 2, a; 328, 2. Attributive adjs., 233, 2. -ātus, its force as suffix, 151, 4. audācter, formation and comparison, 76, 2. audeō, conj., 114, 1. audiō, conj., 107; ---- with pres. partic., 337, 3. aulāī, archaic gen., 21, 2, b. ausus, force as participle, 336, 5. aut, 342, 1, a). autem, 343, 1, c); 350, 8. Auxiliary omitted in infin., 116, 5: ---- ---- in finite forms, 166, 3. auxilium, auxilia, 61. -āx, suffix, 150, 2.
B.
balneum, balneae, 60, 2. barbitos, decl., 27. Believing, verbs of, with dat., 187, II. bellī, locative, 232, 2. bellum, decl., 23. bene, comparison, 77, 1. Benefiting, verbs of, w. dat., 187, II. benevolus, comparison, 71, 5, a). -ber, declension of month names in, 68, 1. -bilis, suffix, 150, 4. bonus, decl., 63; comparison, 72. bōs, decl., 41. Brachylogy, 374, 2. Bucolic diaeresis, 368, 3, d -bulum, suffix, 147, 4. -bundus, suffix, 150, 1. būris, decl., 38, 1
C.
C., for G. as abbreviation of Gāius, 373. caedēs, decl., 40. Caesura, 366, 8: ---- in dactylic hexameter 368, 3. calcar, decl., 39. Calendar, 371; 372. Calends, 371, 2, a). campester, decl., 68, 1 canis, decl., 38, 2. capiō, conj., 110 carbasus, gender of, 26, 1 b). carcer, carcerēs, 61. Cardinals, defined. 78, 1; ---- list of, 79; ---- decl., 80; ---- with and without et, 81, 1; 3; ---- expressed by subtraction, 81, 2; ---- replaced by attributives in poetry, 81, 4, d. cārē, comparison, 76, 2. carō, decl., 42. carrus, carrum, 60, 1. Cases, 17; ---- alike in form, 19; 170 ff. Case-endings, 17, 3. castrum, castra, 61. Catalectic verses, 366, 9. causā, with gen., 198, 1; ---- nūlla causa est cūr, with subjv., 295, 7. Causal clauses, 285; 286; ---- clause of characteristic with accessory notion of cause, 283, 3. ---- conjunctions, 345. Cause, abl. of, 219; 227, 2, d) cavē, cavē nē in prohibitions, 276, b. -ce, 6, 3 f.; 87, footnote 23. cedo, cette, 137, 3. cēdō, with dat. 187, II. celeber, decl., 68, 1. celer, decl., 68, 2. cēlō, constr., 178, 1, e). cēnātus, force, 114, 2. cētera, adverbial acc., 185, 2. ceterī, use, 253, 4. Characterstic, clauses of, 283; ---- denoting cause or opposition ('although'), 283, 3; ---- gen. of, 208, 1; ---- abl., 224. Charge, gen. of, 208, 1; 2. Chiasmus, 350, 11, c). Choosing, const. w. verbs of, 177, 1-3. circā, circiter, circum, preps. w. acc., 141. circum, compounds of, w. dat., 187, III. circumdō, const., 187, 1, a. Circumstance, abl. of attendant, 221. cis, prep. w. acc., 141. citerior, comparison, 73, 1. cito, 77, 2, a. citrā, prep. w. acc., 141. cīvitās decl., 40, 1, e. clam, with acc., 144, 2. Clauses, coörd. and subord., 164, 165. Clauses of characteristic, 283; ---- purpose, 282; ---- result, 284; ---- causal, 285; ---- temporal with postquam, ut, ubi, simul ac, etc., 287; ---- with cum, 288; ---- substantive clauses, 294 f.; ---- condition, 301 f.; ---- conditional comparison, 307; ---- concessive, 308; ---- adversative, 309; ---- wish or proviso, 310; ---- relative, 311 f.; 283 f. clāvis, decl., 38, 1. Clinging, construction of verbs of, 258, 3. clipeus, clipeum, 60, 1. Close of sentences, cadences used, 350, 12. coepī, conj., 133; ---- coeptus est, 133, 1. Cognate acc., 176, 4. cognōmen, 373. cōgō, w. acc., 178, 1, d); ---- w. infin., 331, VI. Collective nouns, 12, 2, a); ---- w. plu. verb, 254, 4. colus, gender of, 26, 1, b). com-, compounds of, w. dat., 187, III. comedō, conj., 128, 2. comētēs, decl., 22. comitia, as time expression, 230, 1. Commanding, dat. w. verbs of, 187, II; ---- subst. clause w. verbs of, 295, 1; ---- commands expressed by jussive subjv., 275; ---- ---- by imperative, 281. Common gender, 15, B, N. 1. ---- nouns, 12, 1. ---- syllables, 5, B, 3. commonefaciō, w. gen, and acc., 207. commoneō, w. gen. and acc., 207. commūnis, w. gen., 204, 2; ---- with dat., 204, 2, a. commūtō, w. abl., 222A. Comparatives, decl., 69; ---- w. abl., 217; ---- w. quam, 217, 2; ---- occasional meaning, 240. ---- two required in Latin, 240, 4. Comparison of adjs., 71 f.; ---- of adverbs, 76; 77. ---- participles as adjs., 71, 2. ---- adjs. in -dicus, -ficus, -volus, 71, 5. ---- defective, 73. ---- abl. of, 217. Comparison, conditional, 307. Compendiary comparison, 374, 2, b); ---- w. result clauses, 284, 4; ---- w. clauses of characteristic, 283, 2, a. Completed action, tenses expressing, 262-4; 267, 3. Compounds, 158 f.; ---- spelling of, 9, 2. Compound sentences, 164. ---- verbs governing acc., 175, 2, a; ---- governing dat., 187, III; 188, 2, d. Conative uses of pres., 259, 2; ---- of imperf., 260, 3; ---- of pres. partic., 336, 2, a. Concessive clauses, 308; ---- 'although' as accessory idea to clause of characteristic, 283, 3. ---- subjunctive, 278. Conclusion, see Apodosis. Concrete nouns, 12, 2, a). Condemning, verbs of, constr., 208, f. Conditional clauses of comparison, 307. ---- sentences, 1st type (nothing implied), 302; ---- ---- in indir. disc., 319; ---- ---- 2d type ('should'-'would'), 303; ---- ---- in indir. disc., 320; ---- ---- 3d type (contrary to fact), 304; ---- ---- in indir. disc., 321; ---- ---- abl. abs. equivalent to, 227, 2, b); ---- ---- introduced by relative pronouns, 312; ---- ---- general conditions, 302, 2; 3; ---- ---- indicative in contrary-to-fact apodoses, 304, 3; ---- ---- protasis omitted or implied, 305, 1; ---- ---- protasis contained in imperative, or jussive subjv., 305, 2; ---- ---- employment of nisi, sī nōn, sīn, sī minus, 306; ---- ---- conditional relative sentences, 312, 2. cōnfīdō, w. abl., 219, 1, a. Conjugation, 11; 93 f.; ---- the four conjugations, 98; ---- periphrastic, 115; ---- peculiarities of conj., 116. Conjunctions, 145, 1; 341 f. cōnor, with inf., 295, 5, a. Consecutive clauses, see Result clauses. cōnsistere, with abl., 218, 4. Consonant stems, nouns, 29 f.; ---- adjs., 70, 1. ---- partially adapted to ĭ-stems, 40. Consonants, 2, 2 f.; ---- pronunciation, 3, 3. ---- double, 2, 9. ---- combinations of, in division into syllables, 4, 2 f. Consonant changes, 8; ---- omission of finals 8, 3; ---- assimilation of, 8, 4 f. ---- stems, 29; ---- ---- following analogy of ĭ-stems, 40. cōnspiciō, conj., 109, 2, b). cōnstāre, w. abl., 218, 4. Construction acc. to sense, 254, 4; 235, B, 2, c). cōnsuētūdō est, with subjv. substantive clause, 297, 3. cōnsuēvī = pres., 262, A. cōnsulāris, abl. sing. of, 70, 5, a. Contending, verbs of, with dat., 358, 3. contentus, w. abl., 219, 1. continerī, with abl., 218, 4. contingit ut, 297, 2. Continued action, tenses for, 257, 1, b. contrā, prep. w. acc., 141; ---- as adv., 144, 1. Contraction, 7, 2. ---- length of vowel as result of, 5, A, 1, b). Contrary-to-fact conditions, 304. Convicting, verbs of, constr., 208 f. Coördinate clauses, 165. ---- conjunctions, 341 f. cōpia, cōpiae, 61. Copulative conjunctions, 341. cor, lacks gen. plu., 57, 7. cornū, decl., 48. Correlative conjunctions, 341, 3; 342, 2. ---- adverbs, 140. cottīdiē, spelling, 9, 2. Countries, gender of, 26, 1, a. Crime, gen. of, 208, 1; 2. -crum, suffix, 147, 4. -culum, suffix, 147, 4. -culus (a, um), suffix, 148, 1. cum, appended, 142, 4. cum (conj.), 'when,' 288-290; ---- 'whenever,' 288, 3. ---- adversative, 309, 3. ---- causal, 286, 2. ---- explicative, 290. ---- to denote a recurring action, 288, 3; 289, a. ---- inversum, 288, 2. com ... tum, 290, 2. cum prīmum, 287, 1. cum, spelling of, 9, 1. cum (prep.), with abl. of manner, 220; ---- with abl. of accompaniment, 222; ---- appended to prons., 142, 4. -cundus, suffix, 150, 1. cupiō, conj, 109, 2, a); ---- with subst. clause developed from optative, 296; ---- w. inf., 331, IV, and a. cūr, nūlla causa est cūr, w. subjv., 295, 7. cūrō, with gerundive const as obj., 337, 8, b, 2. Customary action, 259, 1; 260, 2.
D.
D, changed to s, 8, 2; ---- d final omitted, 8, 3; ---- assimilated, 8, 4. Dactyl, 366, 2. Dactylic hexameter, 368. ---- pentameter, 369. dapis, defective, 57, 6. Daring, verbs of, with obj. inf., 328, 1. Dates 371, 2-5; ---- as indeclinable nouns, 371, 6; ---- in leap year, 371, 7. Dative 17; ---- irregular, 1st decl., 21, 2, c); ---- 3d decl., 47, 5; ---- 4th decl., 49, 2; 3; ---- 5th decl., 52, 1 and 3; 186 ff. ---- in the gerundive const., 339, 7. ---- of agency, 189. ---- of direction and limit of motion, 193. ---- of indir. obj., 187. ---- of advantage or disadvantage, so called, 188, 1. ---- of local standpoint, 188, 2, a). ---- of person judging, 188, 2, c). ---- of possession, 190; 359, 1. ---- of purpose or tendency, 191; 339, 7. ---- of reference, 188. ---- of separation, 188, 2, d). ---- of the gerund, 338, 2. ---- with adjs., 192; ---- with proprius, commūnis, 204, 2; ---- with similis, 204, 3. ---- with compound verbs, 187, III. ---- with intrans. verbs, 187, II. ---- with nōmen est, 190, 1. ---- with impersonal pass. verbs, 187, II, b. ---- with trans. verbs, 187, I. ---- with verbs of mingling, 358, 3. ---- ethical dat., 188, 2, b). dē, prep. w. abl., 142; ---- with abl. instead of gen. of whole, 201, 1, a; ---- with verbs of reminding, 207, a; ---- compounds of dē governing dat., 188, 2, d; ---- dē vī, with verbs of accusing and convicting, 208, 3; ---- with gerund and gerundive, 338, 4, b. dea, deābus, 21, 2, e). dēbēbam, dēbuī in apodosis, 304, 3, a). dēbeō, governing obj. inf., 328, 1. dēbuī, with pres inf., 270, 2. decemvir, gen. plu. of, 25, 6, b). dēcernē, w. subst. clause developed from volitive, 295, 4. decet, w. acc., 175, 2, c). Declarative sentences, defined, 161, 1; ---- in indir. disc., 314. Declension, 11; ---- heteroclites, 59. ---- stems and gen. terminations, 18. ---- 1st decl., 20-22; ---- 2d decl., 23-27; ---- 3d decl., 28-47; ---- 4th decl., 48-50; ---- 5th decl., 51-53; ---- of Greek nouns, 22; 27; 47; ---- of adjs., 62-69; ---- of prons., 84-90. Decreeing, verbs of, w. subjv., 295, 4. dēdecet, 175, 2, c). Defective verbs, 133 f.; ---- nouns, 54 f.; 52, 4; 57; ---- comparison, 73. Definite perfect, see Present perfect. Degree of difference, abl. of, 223. Degrees of comparison, 71 ff. dēlectat, w. inf. as subj., 327, 1. dēlector, w. abl. of cause, 219. Deliberative subjv., 277; ---- in indir. questions, 300, 2; ---- in indir. disc., 315, 3. Demanding, verbs of, w. two accs., 178, 1; ---- w. subst. clause, 295, 1. Demonstrative pronouns, 87; 246; ---- of 1st, 2d, and 3d persons, 87; ---- position of demonstratives, 350, 5, a. Denominative verbs, 156. Dental mutes, 2, 4; ---- stems, 33. Dependent clauses, 282 ff. Deponent verbs, 112; ---- forms with passive meanings, 112, b); ---- semi-deponents, 114. Depriving, verbs of, w. abl, 214, 1, b. Derivatives, 147 f. -dēs, patronymics in, 148, 6. Description, imperf. as tense of, 260, 1, a. Desideratives, 155, 3. Desire, adjs. of, w. gen., 204, 1; ---- verbs of, w. subst. clauses, 296, 1. dēterior, 73, 1. deus, decl., 25, 4. dēvertor, 114, 3. dexter, decl, 65, 1. dī-, 159, 3, N. Diaeresis, 366, 8; ---- bucolic d., 368, 3, d). Diastole, 367, 2. dīc, 116, 3. dīcitur, dictum est, w. inf., 332, note. dīcō, accent of compounds of, in imperative, 116, 3. -dicus, comparison of adjs. in, 71, 5. Dīdō, decl, 47, 8. diēs, decl., 51; ---- gender, 53. Difference, abl of degree of, 223. difficile est = Eng. potential, 271, 1, b). difficilis, comp., 71, 4. dignor, with abl., 226, 2. dignus, 226, 2; ---- in rel. clauses of purpose, 282, 3. Dimeter, verses, 366, 11. Diminutives, 148, 1. Diphthongs, 2, 1; 3, 2; ---- diphthong stems, 41; ---- diphthongs shortened, 362, 2. diphthongus, gender of, 26, 1. c). Dipodies, 366, 11. Direct reflexives, 244, 1. ---- object, 172. ---- quotation, 313. ---- discourse, 313. ---- questions, 162. dis-, in compounds, 159, 3, N. Disjunctive conjunctions, 342. dissimilis, comp., 71, 4. Distributives, 63, 2; 78, 1; 79; 81, 4. diū, compared, 77, 1. dīves, decl., 70, 1; ---- compared, 71, 6. dīxtī, 116, 4, c. dō, conj., 127. doceō, with acc., 178, 1, b); ---- with inf., 331, VI. domī, locative, 232, 2. domō, 229, 1, b). domōs, 182, 1, b. domum, 182, 1, b); ---- 'house,' in acc., 182, N. domus, decl., 49, 4; ---- gender, 50. dōnec, with ind., 293; ---- with subjv., 293, III, 2. dōnō, constr., 187, 1, a. dōs, gender, 44, 3. Double consonants, 2, 9. ---- questions, 162, 4; ---- ---- indirect, 300, 4. Doubting, verbs of, w. quīn, 298. Dubitative subjunctive, see Deliberative. dubitō, dubium est, nōn dubitō, nōn dubium est, with quin, 298; ---- nōn dubitō w. inf., 298, a. dūc, 116, 3. dūcō, accent of compounds of, in imper., 116, 3. duim, duint, 127, 2. -dum, 6, 3. dum, temporal with ind., 293; ---- with subjv., 293, III, 2; ---- in wishes and provisos, 310. dummodo, 310. duo, decl, 80, 2. Duration of time, 181, 2. Duty, expressed by gerundive, 189, 337, 8; ---- verbs of duty in conclusion of cond. sentences contrary-to-fact, 304, 3, a; ---- subst. clauses dependent on verbs of, 295, 6; ---- inf. w. verbs of duty, 327, 1; 328, 1; 330; ---- 'it is the duty of,' 198, 3; ---- 'I perform a duty, 218, 1. duumvir, gen. plu. of, 25, 6, b). dux, decl, 32.
E.
ĕ, as vowel, 2, 1; ---- as second member of diphthongs, 2, 1; ---- sound of, 3, 1; ---- change, to ĭ, 7, 1, a; ---- for ă, 7, 1, c; ---- in voc. sing, of 2d decl., 23; ---- in abl. sing, of 3d decl., 31; ---- dropped in nom. of neuters of 3d decl., 39; ---- -ĕ for -ĭ in abl. of mare, 39; ---- alternating w. ī in abl. sing. of ĭ-stems, 37, 38; ---- for ē in gen. sing. of 5th decl., 52, 1; ---- in abl. sing. of adjs. of 3d decl., 70, 1; ---- in benĕ and malĕ, 77, 1; ---- distinguishing vowel of 3d conj., 98; ---- before j, 362, 5; ---- for -ē in imperatives, 363, 2, b; ---- in temerĕ and saepĕ, 363, 2, c. ē, pronunciation, 3, 1; ---- by contraction, 7, 2; ---- as ending of Greek nouns, 22; ---- ē-stems, 51; ---- ending of dat. of 5th decl., 52, 3; ---- distinguishing vowel of 2d conj., 98; ---- -ē in famē 363, 2, a; ---- ---- in adverbs, 363, 2, c ē, ex, use, 142; see ex. ecquis, 91, 6. ēdīc, 116, 3. Editorial 'we,' 242, 3. edō, 128. ēdūc, 116, 3. efficiō ut, 297, 1. efficitur ut, 297, 2. Effort, subjv. w. verbs of, 295, 5. egeō, w. abl., 214, 1, c. ego, 84. egomet, 84, 2. ei, diphthong, 2, 1; 3, 2. -ĕi, gen. of 5th decl., 52, 1. -ēis, 148, 6, b). ejus, as poss., 86, 1; ---- quantity, 362, 5. Elegiac distich, 369, 2. Elision, 266, 7. Ellipsis, 374, 1. -ellus (a, um), 148, 1. Emphasis, 349. Enclitics, accent of preceding syllable, 6, 3. ---- -met, 84, 2; ---- -pte, 86, 3; ---- cum as enclitic, 142, 4 End of motion, see Limit. Endings, case endings, 17, 3; ---- personal, of verb, 96; ---- in formation of words, 147 f. enim, 345. -ēnsimus (-ēnsumus), 79, N. -ēnsis, 151, 2; 152, 3. Envy, verbs of, with dat., 187, II eō, 132; ---- cpds., 132, 1. Epexegetical genitive, 202. Epistolary tenses, 265. epistula, spelling, 9, 2. epitomē, decl., 22. epulum, epulae, 60, 2. equābus, 21, 2, e). equester, decl., 68, 1. equos, decl., 24. -er, decl., of nouns in, 23; ---- adjs., 63; 64; 65; ---- adjs. in -er compared, 71, 3. ergā, prep. w. acc., 141. ergō, 344, 1, b). -ernus, suffix, 154. -ĕs, gender of nouns in, 43, 1; ---- ---- exception, 44, 5; ---- in nom. plu. of Greek nouns of 3d decl., 47, 2. -ēs, ending of Greek nouns, nom. sing. in, 22. ---- gen. -is, decl. of nouns in, 40, 1, a). esse, conjugation of, 100; ---- compounds of, 125; 126; ---- esse omitted, 116, 5. est quī, with subj., 283, 2. et, 341, 1, a; ---- in enumerations, 341, 4, c). et is, 247, 4. et ... neque, 341, 3. Ethical dative, 188, 2, b). etiam, in answers, 162, 5. et nōn, 341, 2, c). etsī, 'although,' 309, 2; ---- etsī, 'even if,' 309, 2, a. -ētum, suffix, 148, 3. -eus, inflection of Greek nouns in, 47, 6; ---- adj. suffix, 151, 1. ēvenit ut, 297, 2. ex, 142, 2; ---- with abl., instead of gen. of whole, 201, 1, a; ---- compounds of, with dat., 188, 2, d; ---- with abl. of source, 215, 1. Exchanging, verbs of, with abl. of association, 222A. Exclamation, acc. of, 183. Exclamatory sentences, 161, 3. Expectancy, clauses denoting, in subjv., 292, 1; 293, III, 2. exposcō, constr., 178, 1, a). exsistō, spelling, 9, 2. exspectō, spelling, 9, 2. exterī, xterior, 73, 2. extrēmus, use, 241, 1. exuō, w. abl., 214, 1, b.
F.
f, pronunciation, 3, 3; ---- nf, quantity of vowel before, 5, 1, a. fac, 116, 3; ---- with subjv., 295, 5. facile, 77, 3. facilis, comp., 71, 4. faciō, 109, 2, a); ---- pass. of, 131. ---- in imper., 116, 3. falsus, comparison, 73, 3. famē, 59, 2, b). Familiarity, adjs. of, w. gen., 204. 1. familiās, 21, 2, a. fārī, 136. fās, indeclinable, 58. faucēs, decl., 40, 1, d. Favor, verbs signifying, with dat., 187, II. Fearing, verbs of, constr. 296, 2. febris, decl. 38, 1. fēlīx, 70. Feminine, see Gender. Feminine caesura, 368, 3, c. femur, decl. 42, 4. -fer, decl. of nouns in; adjs., 23, 2; ---- adjs. 65, 1. ferō, and its compounds, 129. -ficus, comparison of adjs. in, 71, 5. fideī, 52, 1. fīdō, 114, 1; ---- with abl., 219, 1, a. fīdus, compared, 73, 3. fĭerem, fĭerī 362, 1, c; ---- fierī potest ut, 298, 2. Fifth decl., 51 f. Figures of rhetoric, 375. ---- of syntax, 374. fīlī, 25, 3. fīlia, fīliābus, 21, 2, e Filling, verbs of, w. abl., 218, 8. Final clauses, see Purpose clauses. Final consonant omitted, 8, 3. Final syllables, quantity, 363, 364. fīnis, fīnēs, 61. Finite verb, 95. fīō, conj., 131. fīō, with abl., 218, 6. First conj., 101; ---- principal parts of verbs of, 120; ---- deponents of 1st conj., 113. First decl., 20 f.; ---- peculiarities, 21; ---- Greek nouns of 1st decl., 22. fit ut, 297, 2. flāgitō, constr., 178, 1, a. fodiō, conj., 109, 2, a. Foot, in verse, 366, 2. 'For,' its Latin equivalents, 358, 1. fore, 100, footnote 32. fore ut, 270, 3; ---- 297, 2. forem, forēs, etc., 100, footnote 31. forīs, 228, 1, c. Formation of words, 146 f. fors, forte, 57, 2, a. fortior, decl., 69. fortis, 69. fortūna, fortūnae, 61. Fourth conj., 107. Fourth decl., 48; ---- dat. in -ū, 49, 2; ---- gen. in -ī, 49, 1; ---- dat. abl. plu. in -ubus, 49, 3. fraude, abl. of manner, 220, 2. Free, abl. w. adjs. signifying, 214, 1, d. Freeing, abl. w. verbs of, 214, 1, a. frēnum, plu. of, 60, 2. Frequentatives, 155, 2. frētus w. abl., 218, 3. Fricatives, 2, 7. Friendly, dat. w. adjs. signifying, 192, 1. frūctus, decl., 48. frūgi, compared, 72; 70, 6. frūgis, 57, 6. fruor, with abl., 218, 1; ---- in gerundive constr., 339, 4. fugiō, conj., 109, 2, a). fuī, fuistī, etc., for sum, es, etc., in compound tenses, 102, footnotes 36, 37. Fullness, adjs. of, w. abl., 218, 8; ---- w. gen., 204, 1. fungor, w. abl., 218, 1; ---- in gerundive constr., 339, 4. fūr, decl., 40, 1, d. fūrtō, abl. of manner, 220, 2. Future tense, 161; ---- w. imperative force, 261, 3. ---- time in the subjv., 269. ---- perfect, 264; ---- ---- with future meaning, 133, 2; ---- ---- inf., 270, 4. ---- imperative, 281, 1. ---- infinitive, 270; ---- ---- periphrastic fut. inf., 270, 3, and a. ---- participle, 337, 4. futūrum esse ut, with subjv., 270, 3.
G.
gaudeō, semi-deponent, 114, 1. gemō, w. acc., 175, 2, b. Gender 13-15; ---- in 1st decl., 20; 21; ---- in 2d decl., 23; ---- exceptions, 26; ---- in 3d decl., 43 f.; ---- in 4th decl., 50; ---- in 5th decl., 53; ---- determined by endings, 14; ---- ---- by signification, 15, A; ---- heterogeneous nouns, 60. gener, decl, 23, 2. General relatives, 312, 1; ---- general truths, 259, 1; 262, B, 1; ---- 'general' conditions, 302, 2; 3. Genitive, 17; ---- in -ī for -iī, 25, 1 and 2; ---- of 4th decl., in -ī, 49, 1; ---- of 5th decl. in -ī, 52, 2; ---- of 5th decl. in -ĕī, 52, 1; ---- ---- in -ē, 52, 3; ---- of 1st decl. in -āī, 21, 2, b; ---- of 1st decl. in -ās, 21, 2, a; ---- gen. plu. -um for -ārum, 21, 2 d); ---- ---- -um for ōrum, 25, 6; 63, 2; ---- ---- -um for -ium, 70, 7; ---- gen. plu. lacking, 57, 7; ---- syntax of, 194 f. ---- of characteristic, 203, 1. ---- of charge with judicial verbs, 208. ---- of indefinite price, 203, 4. ---- of indefinite value, 203, 3. ---- of material, 197. ---- of measure, 203, 2. ---- of origin, 196. ---- of possession, 198. ---- of quality, 203. ---- of the whole, 201. ---- appositional, 202. ---- objective, 200. ---- of separation, 212, 3. ---- subjective, 199. ---- with adjs., 204; ---- ---- with participles, 204, 1, a. ---- with causā, grātiā, 198, 1. ---- with verbs, 205 f.; ---- ---- of plenty and want, 212; ---- ---- with impers. verbs, 209. ---- position of gen., 350, 1. genus, decl. 36; ---- id genus, 185, 1. -ger, decl. of nouns in, 23, 2; ---- adjs., 65, 1. Gerund, 95, 1; ---- 1st conj., 101; ---- 2d conj., 103; ---- 3d conj., 105; ---- 4th conj., 107; ---- syntax, 338; ---- with object, 338, 5. Gerundive, 95, 1; ---- 1st conj., 102; ---- 2d conj., 104; ---- 3d conj., 106; ---- 4th conj., 108; ---- in periphrastic conj., 115; 337, 8. Gerundive, const., 339, 1-6; ---- in passive periphrastic conj., 337, 8 f.; ---- gen. denoting purpose, 339, 6; ---- with dat. of purpose, 191, 3; 339, 7. gnārus, not compared, 75, 2. Gnomic present, 259, 1; ---- perfect, 262, 1. gradior, conj., 109, 2, c. Grammatical gender, 15. grātiā, with gen., 198, 1; ---- grātia, grātiae, 61. Greek nouns, 1st decl., 22; ---- 2d decl., 27; ---- ---- exceptions in gender, 26, 1, c); ---- 3d decl., 47; ---- Greek acc., 180; ---- Greek nouns in verse, 365. grūs, decl., 41, 2. gu = gv, 3, 3. Guttural mutes, 2, 4. ---- stems, 32.
H.
h, pron., 3, 3; ---- ph, ch, th, 2, 4; 3, 3. habeō, with perf. pass. partic., 337, 6. Hadria, gender, 21, 1. Happening, verbs of, w. ind., 299, 1, 2; ---- w. subjv., 297, 2. Hard consonants, 2, 3, a), footnote 4. Hardening, 367, 4. haud, use, 347, 2, a; ---- haud sciō an, 300, 5. havē, 137, 5. Help, verbs signifying, w. dat. 187, II. Hendiadys, 374, 4. herī, locative, 232, 2. Heteroclites, 59. Heterogeneous nouns, 60. Hexameter, dactylic, 368. Hiatus, 366, 7, a. hīc, 87; 246, 1; 246, 2; ---- hĭc, 364, footnote 60. hiems, 35, footnote 13. Hindering, verbs of, with subjv., 295, 3. Historical tenses, 258; ---- historical present, 259, 3; 268, 3; ---- historical perfect, 262, B; ---- historical infinitive, 335. honor, decl., 36. Hoping, verbs of, w. inf., 331, I. Hortatory subjv., 274. hortus, decl., 23. hōscine, 87, footnote 23 hostis, decl., 38. hūjusce, 87, footnote 23 humī, locative, 232, 2. humilis, comp., 71, 4. humus, gender of, 26, 1, b. huncine, 87, footnote 23 Hyperbaton, 350, 11, a. Hypermeter, 367, 6. Hysteron proteron, 374, 7.
I.
ĭ, 1, 1; ---- in diphthongs, 2, 1; ---- pron., 3, 1; ---- from ĕ, 7, 1, a; ---- from ă, 7, 1, b; ---- dropped by syncope, 7, 4; ---- for ŭ in some words, 9, 1; ---- changes to ĕ, 39; ---- dropped, 39; ---- final i short, 363, 3; ---- becomes j, 367, 4. ĭ-stems, 37; 39; ---- not always ending in -is, 38, 3. -ī, gen. and voc. of 2d decl. nouns in -ius and -ium in, 25, 1 and 2. ---- gen. of 4th decl. nouns in -us, 49, 1. ---- gen. of 5th decl. nouns, 52, 2. ī-stem, vīs, 41. ī, in abl., 3d decl., 38, 1; 39; ---- in adjs., 67, 3, a; 70, 5; ---- participles, 70, 3; ---- patrials, 70, 5, c); ---- nom. plu., of is, 87; ---- as characteristic of 4th conj., 98. -ia, 149. Iambus, 366, 2. Iambic measures, 370. ---- trimeter, 370. -iānus, suffix, 152, 1. -ias, suffix, 148, 6, b). -ībam, in imperf., 116, 4, b). -ībō, in future, 116, 4, b). Ictus, 366, 5. -icus, suffix, 151, 2; 152, 2. id aetātis, 185, 2. id genus, 185, 1. id quod 247, 1, b. id temporis, 185, 2. Ideal 'you'; see Indefinite second person. īdem, 87; 248. īdem ac, 248, 2. Ides, 371, 2, c). -īdēs, suffix, 148, 6, a). -ĭdēs, suffix, 148, 6, a). -īdō, suffix, 147, 3, c). idōneus, not compared, 74, 2; ---- w. dat., 192, 2.; ---- w. ad and acc., 192, 2 and N.; ---- with rel. clause of purpose, 282, 3. -ĭdus, suffix, 150, 3. Īdūs, fem. by exception, 50. -ie, in voc. sing. of adjs. in -ius, 63, 1. iēns, pres. partic. from eō, 132. -iēns, as ending of numeral adverbs, 97 and N. -ier, inf. ending, 116, 4, a. -iēs, nouns in, 51. igitur, 344, 1, c). īgnis, decl., 38. -iī, in gen, sing. of iŏ-stems, 25, 2. iīs, in dat. and abl. plu. of is, 87. -īle, suffix, 148, 3. Īlion, decl., 27. -īlis, suffix, 151, 2. -ilis, suffix, 150, 4. Illative conjunctions, 344. ille, 87; ---- 'the following,' 246, 2; ---- 'the former,' 246, 1; ---- 'the well-known,' 246, 3; ---- position, 350, 5, b. illūc, 87, footnote 25. -illus (a, um), diminutive suffix, 148, 1. -im, in acc., 3d decl., 38, 1. -im, -īs in subjv., 116, 4, d. impedīmentum, impedīmenta, 61. Imperative, 281; ---- tenses in, 94, 3; 281, 1; ---- future indic. with force of, 261, 3. ---- as protasis of a conditional sent., 305, 2; ---- ---- as apodosis, 302, 4. ---- sent. in indir disc., 316. Imperfect tense, 260; ---- conative, 260, 3; ---- inceptive, 260, 3; ---- with jam, etc., 260, 4; ---- epistolary imp., 265. Imperfect subjv. in conditional sent. referring to the past, 304, 2. Impersonal verbs, 138; ---- gen. with, 209; ---- dat. with, 187, II, b; ---- in passive, 256, 3; ---- with substantive clauses developed from volitive, 295, 6; ---- of result, 297, 2; ---- with infin., 327, 1; 330. impetus, defective, 57, 4. Implied indir. disc., 323. īmus, 'bottom of,' 241, 1. in, prep., 143; ---- verbs compounded w. in governing acc., 175, 2, a, 2; ---- verbs compounded w. in governing dat., 187, III. in with abl. of place, 228; ---- with abl. of time, 230, 2; 231. -īna, suffix, 148, 5. Inceptives, 155, 1. Inchoatives, 155, 1. Incomplete action, 257, 1, b; 267, 3. Indeclinable adjs., 70, 6; 80, 6. ---- nouns, 58; ---- ---- gender of, 15, 3. Indefinite price, 225, 1; 203, 4. Indefinite pronouns, 91, 252; ---- in conditions, 302, 3. Indefinite second person, 280, 3; 356, 3; 302, 2. Indefinite value, 203, 3. Indicative, equivalent to Eng. subjv., 271. ---- in apodosis of conditional sent. of 3d type, 304, 3, a) and b). indigeō, constr., 214, 1, N. 2. indignus, with abl., 226, 2; ---- with rel. clause of purpose, 282, 3. Indirect discourse, defined, 313 f.; ---- ---- mood in, 313 ff.; ---- ---- tenses in 317-18; ---- ---- declarative sentences in, 314; ---- ---- interrog. sentences in, 315; ---- ---- imperative sentences in, 316; ---- ---- conditional sentences in, 319-22; ---- ---- verbs introducing, 331, 1; ---- ---- verb of saying, etc., implied, 314, 2; ---- ---- ind. in subord. clauses of indir. disc., 314, 3; ---- ---- inf. for subjv. in indir. disc., 314, 4; ---- ---- subj. acc. omitted, 314, 5; ---- ---- implied indir. disc., 323. ---- questions, 300; ---- ---- particles introducing, 300, 1, a; ---- ---- deliberative subjv. in indir. quest., 300, 2; ---- ---- indir. quest. w. sī, 300, 3; ---- ---- double indir. questions, 300, 4; ---- ---- in indir. quest., 300, 6; ---- ---- in conditional sents. of 3d type, 322, b. ---- reflexives, 244, 2. ---- object, 187. īnferum, īnferior, 73, 2. īnfimus, 241, 1. Infinitive, gender of, 15, A 3; ---- in -ier, 116, 4, a; ---- force of tenses in, 270; 326 ff. ---- fut. perf. inf., 270, 4; ---- ---- periphrastic future, 270, 3. ---- without subj. acc., 326-328; 314, 5. ---- with subj. acc., 329-331. ---- as obj., 328; 331, ---- as subj., 327; 330. ---- with adjs., 333. ---- denoting purpose, 326, N. ---- in abl. abs., 227, 3. ---- in exclamations, 334. ---- historical inf., 335. īnfitiās, constr., 182, 5. Inflection, 11. Inflections, 11 ff. īnfrā, prep. w. acc., 141. ingēns, comp., 73, 4. injūriā, abl. of manner, 220, 2. injussū, defective, 57, 1; ---- the abl., 219, 2. inl- = ill-, 9, 2. innīxus, w. abl., 218, 3. inops, decl., 70, 2. inquam, conj., 134. Inseparable prepositions, 159, 3, N. īnsidiae, plu. only, 56, 3. īnstar, 58. Instrumental uses of abl., 213; 218 ff. Intensive pron., 88. Intensives (verbs), 155, 2. inter, prep. w. acc., 141; ---- compounded w. verbs, governing dat. 187, III; ---- to express reciprocal relation, 245. interdīcō, const., 188, 1, a. interest, constr., 210; 211. interior, comp., 73, 1. Interjections, 145. Interlocked order, 350, 11, d. Interrogative pronouns, 90. ---- sentences, 162; ---- particles, 162, 2; ---- ---- omitted, 162, 2, d); ---- in indir. disc., 315. intrā, prep. w. acc., 141. Intransitive verbs, with cognate acc., 176, 4; ---- in passive, 256, 3; 187, II, b; ---- impersonal intransitives, 138, IV. -īnus, suffix, 151, 2; 152, 1; 152, 3. -iō, verbs of 3d conj., 109. -ior, ius, comparative ending, 71. ipse, 88; 249; ---- as indir. reflexive, 249, 3. ipsīus and ipsōrum, with possessive pronouns, 243, 3. -ir, decl. of nouns in, 23. Irregular comparison, 72 ff.; ---- nouns, 42; ---- verbs, 124 f. is, 87; 247; ---- as personal pron., 247, 2. -is, as patronymic ending, 148, 6, b); ---- nouns in -is of 3d decl., 37 f.; ---- adjs. in -is, 69. -īs, acc. plu., 3d decl., 37; 40. ---- -ītis, abl. of patrials in, 70, 5, c). istaec, 87, footnote 24. iste, 87; 246, 4. istīc, 6, 4. istūc, 6, 4; 87, footnote 24. ita, in answers, 162, 5. itaque, 344, 1, a). iter, 42, 1. -itia, 149. -itō, frequentatives in, 155, 2, a. -ium, gen. of nouns in, 25, 2; ---- ending of gen. plu., 3d decl., 37 f.; 39; 40; 147, 3, b); 148, 2. -ius, gen. and voc. sing. of nouns in, 25, 1 and 2; ---- of adjs., 63, a; 151, 2; 152, 2; 152, 3; ---- -ĭus for -īus, 362, 1, a). -īvus, suffix, 151, 2.
J.
j, 1, 2. jaciō, conj., 109, 2, a); ---- compounds of, 9, 3; 362, 5. jam, etc., with present tense, 259, 4; ---- with imperfect, 260, 4. jecur, decl., 42, 3. jocō, abl. of manner, 220, 2. jocus, plu. of, 60, 2. Joining, verbs of, construction, 358, 3. jubeō, constr., 295, 1, a: 331, II. jūdicor, w. inf., 332, c. jūgerum, 59, 1. Julian calendar, 371. jungō, w. abl., 222A. Juppiter, decl., 41. jūrātus, 114, 2. jūre, abl. of manner, 220, 2. jūs est, with substantive clause, 297, 3. jussū, 57, 1; ---- the abl., 219, 2. Jussive subjv., 275; ---- equiv. to a protasis, 305, 2. juvat, w. acc., 172, 2, c); ---- with inf., 327, 1. Juvenāle, abl., 70, 5, b. juvenis, a cons. stem, 38, 2; ---- comparison, 73, 4. juvō, with acc., 187, II, N. jūxtā, prep. w. acc., 141.
K.
k, 1, 1. Knowing, verbs of, w. inf., 331, I. Knowledge, adjs. of, w. gen., 204.
L.
l, pron., 3, 3. Labial mutes, 2, 4. ---- stems, 31; ---- ---- gender of, 43, 3; 46, 1. lacer, decl., 65, 1. lacus, decl., 49, 3. laedō, w. acc., 187, II, N. laetus, w. adverbial force, 239. lapis, decl., 33. largior, 113. Latin period, 351, 5. Length of syllables, 5, B. Length of vowels, 5, A. -lentus, suffix, 151, 3. leō, decl., 35. Līber, decl, 23, 2. līber, adj., decl., 65, 1. līberō, constr., 214, 1, N. 1. līberta, lībertābus, 21, 2, e). liberum, gen. plu., 25, 6, c). licet, with subjv., 295, 6 and 8; 308, a; ---- with inf., 327, 1; 330. licet, adversative, 309, 4. Likeness, adjs. of, w. dat., 192, 1. Limit of motion, acc. of., 182. Lingual mutes, 2, 4. linter, decl., 40. Liquids, 2, 5. ---- stems, 34. līs, decl., 40, 1, d). Litotes, 375, 1. littera, litterae, 61. Locative, 17, 1; ---- in -ae, 21, 2, c); ---- in -i, 25, 5; ---- syntax, 232; ---- apposition with, 169, 4; ---- loc. uses of abl., 213; 228 f. locō, locīs, the abl., 228, 1, b. locus, plurals of, 60, 2. Long syllables, 5, B, 1. ---- vowels, 5, A, 1. longius = longius quam, 271, 3. longum est = Eng. potential, 217, 1, b. lubet, lubīdō, spelling, 9, 1. lūdīs, the abl., 230, 1. -lus, -la, -lum, diminutives in, 148, 1. lūx, 57, 7.
M.
m, pron., 3, 3; ---- changed to n before d, c, 8, 5, c; ---- m-stem, 35, footnote 13; ---- m-final in poetry, 366, 10. maereō, w. acc., 175, 2, b. magis, comparison, 77, 1; ---- comparison with, 74. magnī, gen. of value, 203, 3. magnopere, compared, 77, 1. magnus, compared, 72. Making, verbs of, w. two accusatives, 177. male, comparison, 77, 1. maledīcēns, comparison, 71, 5, a). mālim, potential subjv., 280, 2, a. māllem, potential subjv., 280, 4. mālō, 130; ---- with inf., 331, IV, and a; ---- with subjv., 296, 1, a. malus, comparison, 72. māne, indeclinable, 58. Manner, abl. of, 200. mare, decl., 39, 2; ---- marī, 228, 1, c). mās, decl., 40, 1, d). Masculine, see Gender. Masculine caesura, 368, 3, c. Material, abl. of, 224, 3. māteriēs, māteria, 59, 2, a). mātūrē, compared, 77, 1. mātūrus, compared, 71, 3. maximē, adjs. compared with, 74. maximī, as gen. of value, 203, 3. maxumus, 9, 1. Means, abl. of, 218; ---- abl. abs. denoting, 227, 2; ---- denoted by partic., 337, 2, d. mēd, for mē, 84, 3. Mediae (consonants), 2, 3, b), footnote 5. medius, 'middle of', 241, 1. meī, as objective gen., 242, 2. melior, comparison, 72. melius est = Eng. potential, 271, 1, b). memini, 133; ---- constr., 206, 1, a; 2, a. memor, decl., 70, 2. -men, -mentum, suffixes, 147, 4. mēnsis, 38, 2, footnote 14. mentem (in mentem venīre), 206, 3. -met, enclitic, 6, 3; 84, 2. Metrical close of sent., 350, 12. metuō, w. subjv., 296, 2. mī, dat., 84, 1. mī, voc. of meus, 86, 2. Middle voice, verbs in, 175, 2, d). mīles, decl., 33. mīlitiae, locative, 232, 2. mīlle, mīlia, decl., 80, 5. minimē, comparison, 77, 1; ---- in answers, 162, 5, b). minimus, comparison, 72. minor, comparison, 72. minōris, gen. of value, 203, 3; ---- of price, 203, 4. minus, comparison 77, 1; ---- = minus quam, 217, 3; ---- quō minus, 295, 3; ---- sī minus, 306, 2 and a. mīror, conj., 113. mīrus, comparison, 75, 2. miscēre, with abl., 222A; ---- with dat., 358, 3. misereor, with gen., 209, 2. miserēscō, with gen., 209, 2. miseret, constr., 209. Mixed stems, 40. modium, gen. plu., 25, 6, a). modo, in wishes and provisos, 310. moneō, 103; ---- constr., 178, 1, d). months, gender of names of, 15, 1; ---- decl. 68, 1; ---- abl., of month names, 70, 5, a); ---- names, 371, 1. Moods, 94, 2. ---- in independent sentences, 271 f. ---- in dependent clauses, 282 f. Mora, 366, 1. morior, conj. 109, 2, c); mōs, decl., 36; ---- mōrēs, 61. mōs est, with subjv. clause, 297, 3. muliebre secus, constr., 185, 1. Multiplication, distributives used to indicate, 81, 4, c. multum, 77, 3; ---- compared, 77, 1. multus, compared, 72; ---- with another adj., 241, 3. mūs decl., 40, 1, d). mūtāre, with abl., 222A. Mutes, 2, 3. Mute stems, 30.
N.
n, pronunciation, 3, 3; ---- n-stems, 35. n adulterīnum, 2, 6. -nam, appended to quis, 90, 2, d. Names, Roman, 373. Naming, verbs of, w. two accusatives, 117, 1. Nasals, 2, 6. Nasal stems, 35. nātū, 57, 1; ---- maximus nātū, minimus nātū, 73, 4, footnotes 20, 21; 226, 1. Natural gender, 14. nātus, constr., 215. nāvis, decl., 41, 4. nd, vowel short before, 5, 2, a. -ne, 6, 3 f; 162, 2, c); 300, 1, b); ---- -ne ... an, 162, 4; ---- ---- in indir. double questions, 300, 4. nē, in prohibitions, 276; ---- with hortatory subjv., 274; ---- with concessive, 278; ---- with optative, 279; ---- in purpose clauses, 282; ---- in substantive clauses, 295 f., 296; ---- in provisos, 310. nē, 'lest,' 282, 1; 296, 2. nē nōn for ut after verbs of fearing, 296, 2, a. nē ... quidem, 347, 1; 2. Nearness, adjs. of, w. dat., 192, 1. nec, 341, 1, d); ---- nec ūsquam, 341, 2, d). necesse est, w. subjv., 295, 8. necne, in double questions, 162, 4. nefās, indeclinable, 58. Negatives, 347, 2; ---- two negatives strengthening the negation, 347, 2. nēmō, defective, 57, 3; ---- use, 252, 6. nēquam, indeclinable, 70, 6; ---- compared, 72. neque, 341, 1, d); ---- neque in purpose clauses, 282, 1, e. nequeō, conj., 137, 1. ne quis, use, 91, 5. nēquiter, compared, 77, 1. nesciō an, 300, 5. nesciŏ quis, as indef. pron., 253, 6. Neuter, see Gender. neuter, decl., 66; ---- use, 92, 1. nēve (neu), in purpose clauses, 282, 1, d. nf, quantity of vowel before, 5, 1, a. nihil, indeclinable, 58. nihil est cūr, quīn, 295, 7. ningit, 'it snows,' 138, 1. nisi, 306, 1 and 4. nisi forte, 306, 5. nisi sī, 306, 5. nisi vērō, 306, 5. nītor, constr., 218, 3. nix, decl., 40, 1, d). No, in answers, 162, 5, b. -nō, class of verbs, 117, 4. nōlī, with inf., in prohibitions, 276, b. nōlim, potential subjv., 280, 2, a. nōllem, potential subjv., 280, 4. nōlō, 130; ---- with inf., 331, IV and a; 276, 2, a; ---- with subjv., 296, 1, a. nōmen, decl., 35; ---- nōmen est, constr., 190, 1; ---- nōmen, as part of Roman name, 373. Nominative, 17; 170; ---- used for voc., 171, 1; ---- nom. sing. lacking, 57, 6; ---- pred. nom., 168. Nones, 371, 2, b). nōn, in answers, 162, 5, b); ---- with poten. subjv., 280; ---- with deliberative, 277. nōn dubitō quīn, with subjv., 298; ---- nōn dubitō, w. inf., 298, a; b. nōn modo for nōn modo nōn, 343, 2, a. nōnne, 162, 2, a); 300, 1, b), N. nōn quia, with ind., 286, 1, c; ---- with subjv., 286, 1, b. nōn quīn, with sujbv., 286, 1, b. nōn quod, with ind., 286, 1, c; ---- with subjv., 286, 1, b. nōs = ego, 242, 3. nostri, as objective gen., 242, 2. nostrum, as gen. of whole, 242, 2; ---- as possessive gen., 242, 2, a. Nouns, 12 ff.; 353; ---- derivation of, 147 f. ---- in -is not always ĭ-stems, 38, 1. ---- of agency, force, 353, 4. ---- used in plu. only, 56. ---- used in sing. only, 55. ---- used only in certain cases, 57. ---- indeclinable, 58. ---- with change of meaning in plural, 61. ---- syntax, 166 f. ---- predicate, agreement of, etc., 167 f. ---- appositives, agreement of, etc., 169 f. Noun and adj. forms of the verb, 95, 2. nōvī, as pres., 262, A. novus, compared, 73, 3. ns, quantity of vowel before, 5, 1, a. -ns, decl. of nouns in, 40, 1, c). nt, quantity of vowel before, 5, 2, a. nūbēs, decl., 40, 1, a nūlla causa est cūr, quīn, 295, 7. nūllus, decl., 66; 57, 3; ---- use, 92, 1. num, 162, 2, b); 300, 1, b). Number, 16; 94, 4. Numerals, 78 f.; ---- peculiarities in use of, 81. numquis, decl., 91, 5. nūper, compared, 77, 1. -nus, suffix, 151, 2.
O.
ŏ, vowel, 2, 1; ---- as element in dipthong œ, 2, 1; ---- pron., 3, 1; ---- alternating w. ŭ in certain classes of words, 9, 1; 2; 4; ---- ŏ-stems, 23; 24; ---- in citŏ, 77, 2, a; ---- in duŏ, 80, 2; ---- in egŏ, 84; 363, 4, a; ---- in modŏ, 363, 4, a; ---- in compounds of pro-, 363, 4, c; ---- in amŏ, leŏ, etc., 363, 4, b. ō, pron. 3, 1; ---- for au, 7, 1, e; ---- by contraction, 7, 2; ---- in abl. sing. of 2d decl., 23; ---- in nom. sing. of 3d decl., 35; ---- in Greek nouns, 47, 8; ---- in adverbs, 77, 2; ---- in ambō, 80, 2, a; ---- in personal endings, 96. ob, prep. w. acc., 141; ---- verbs compounded w. governing dat., 187, III. Obeying, verbs of, w. dat., 187, II. Object, direct, 172 f.; ---- two objects w. same verb, 177; 178; ---- indirect, 187 f.; ---- inf. as obj., 326; 328; 329; 331. Objective gen., 200. Obligation, verb in expression of, 304, 3, a; ---- see also Duty. Oblique cases, 71, 2. oblīvīscor, constr., 206, 1, b; 2. octōdecim (for duodēvīgintī), 81, 2. ōdī, 133. oe, 2, 1; ---- pron., 3, 2. Old forms, familiās, 21, 2, a; ---- aulāī, 21, 2, b; ---- servos, aevom, equos, etc., 24; ---- mēd, tēd, 84, 3; ---- sēd, 85, 3. olle, archaic for ille, 87. -olus (a, um), 148, 1. -om, later -um in 2d decl., 23. -on, Greek nouns, 2d decl. in, 27. Onomatopœia, 375, 4. opera, operae, 61. Operations of nature, impersonal verbs expressing, 138, 1. opīniōne with comparatives, 217, 4. opis, 57, 6; ---- opēs, 61. oportet, 138; ---- w. subjv., 295, 6; 8; ---- w. inf., 327, 330. oportuit, with pres. inf. 'ought to have', 270, 2; ---- with perf. inf., 270, 2, a. oppidum (Genavam ad oppidum), 182, 2, a. Optative subjv., 272; 279; ---- substantive clauses developed from, 296. optimātēs, decl., 40, 1, d. optimus, comp., 72. optō, w. subst. cl. developed from optative, 296, 1. optumus, spelling, 9, 1. opus est, w. abl., 218, 2; ---- w. partic., 218, 2, c. -or, nouns in, 34; ---- -or for -os, 36; ---- gender of nouns in, 43, 1; ---- exceptions in gender, 44, 2; ---- as suffix, 147, 2. Oratio Obliqua, 313 f. Order of words, 348 f. Ordinals, 78, 1; 79. orior, conjugation, 123, VII. oriundus, constr., 215, 2. ōrō, with acc., 178, 1, a Orpheus, decl., 47, 6. Orthography, peculiarities, 9. ortus, constr., 215. ōs, decl., 57, 7. os, decl., 42. -os, later -us in 2d decl., 23. -ōs, later -or in 3d decl., 36, 1. ---- -ōs, Greek nouns, 2d decl. in, 27. -ōsus, form of suffix, 151, 3. ovis, decl., 38, 1. Oxymoron, 375, 2.
P.
p, pron., 3, 3; ---- by assimilation, 8, 4; ---- by partial assimilation, 8, 5. paenitet, 138, II; ---- with gen., 209 palam, as prep. w. abl., 144, 2. Palatal mutes, 2, 4. palūster, decl., 68, 1. Parasitic vowels, 7, 3. parātus, with infin., 333. Pardon, verbs signifying, w. dat., 187, II. pariō, 109, 2, a). pars, partēs, 61. parte, abl. of place, 228, 1, b. partem, adverbially used, 185, 1. Participation, adjs. of, w. gen., 204, 1. Participial stem, 97, III; ---- formation, 119. Participles, in -āns and -ēns, 70, 3; ---- gen. plu. of in -um, 70, 7; ---- pres. act. partic., 97, I, 5; 101; 103; 105; 107; 110; 113; ---- fut. act. partic., 97, III; ---- as one of the principal parts of the verb, 99, footnote 28; 100; 101; 103; 105; 107; 110; 113; ---- perf. pass. partic., 97, III; 102; 104; 106; 108; 111; 113;; ---- gerundive, see Gerundive; ---- fut. act., peculiar formation of, 119, 4; ---- perf. pass., w. act. or neuter meaning, 114, 2; ---- of deponents, 112, b; ---- syntax, 336 ff. Participles, fut. act., 119, 4; ---- ---- denoting purpose, 337, 4. ---- perf. act., how supplied, 356, 2. ---- perf. pass. 336, 3; ---- ---- as pres., 336, 5. ---- pres. partic., 336, 2; ---- ---- with conative force, 336, 2, a. ---- perf. pass., with active meaning, 114, 2; ---- pred. use of partic., 337, 2; ---- participles equivalent to subordinate clauses, 337, 2; ---- ---- to coördinate clauses, 337, 5; ---- w. opus est, 218, 2, c; ---- with noun, equivalent to abstract noun, 337, 6; ---- with habeō, 337, 7. ---- with videō, audiō, faciō, etc., 337, 3. Particles, 139 f.; 341 f. Partitive apposition, 169, 5. Partitive gen., so called, 201. Parts of speech, 10. parum, comparison, 77, 1. parvī, gen. of value, 203, 3. parvus, comparison, 72. Passive, verbs in, with middle meaning, 175, 2, d; 256; ---- verbs governing dat. used in pass. only impersonally, 187, II, b; ---- constr. of passive verbs of saying, etc., 332 and note; ---- how supplied when missing, 356, 1. patior, conj., 109, 2, c; 113; ---- with inf., 331, III. Patrial adjs., 70, 5, c. Patronymics, 148, 6. paulum, formation, 77, 3. paulus, spelling, 9, 2. pauper, decl.,, 70, 1. pedester, decl., 68, 1. pejor, quantity of first syllable, 362, 5. pelagus, gender of, 26, 2. Penalty, abl. of, 208, 2, b. penātēs, decl., 40, 1, d). penes, prep. w. acc., 141. Pentameter, dactylic, 369. Penult, 6, 2. per, prep. w. acc., 141; ---- with acc. of time and space, 181, 2. Perceiving, verbs of, w. inf., 331, I. Perfect active ptc., how supplied in Latin, 356, 2. Perfect pass. partic., force of w. deponent verbs, 112, b; ---- dat. of agency sometimes used w., 189, 2; ---- opus, 218, 2, c. Perfect stem, 97, II; ---- ---- formation, 118. ---- in -āvī, -ēvī, -īvī contracted, 116, 1. ---- historical perf., 262. ---- with force of pres. 262; 133, 2; ---- pres. perf. and hist. perf. distinguished, 237, 1 and 2; ---- gnomic perf., 262, 1; ---- perf. subjv. as historical tense, 268, 6 and 7, b; ---- perf. inf. w. oportuit, 270, 2; ---- perf. prohibitive, 279, a; ---- perf. potential, 280, 1 and 2; ---- perf. concessive, 278; ---- sequence of tenses after perf. inf., 268, 2. Periodic structure, 351, 5. Periphrastic conj., 115; 269, 3; ---- in conditional sentences of the 3d type, 304, 3, b); ---- in indir. disc., 322; ---- in passive, 337, 8, b, 1. ---- fut. inf., 270, 3. Persons, 95, 4; ---- 2d sing, of indefinite subject, 356, 3. Personal pronouns 84; 242; ---- ---- as subject, omission of, 166, 2; ---- ---- as objective genitives, 242, 2. ---- endings, 96. persuādeō, with dat., 187, II, a; ---- with subjv., 295, 1. Persuading, verbs of, w. dat., 187, II. ph, 2, 3, c; 2, 4; 3, 3. piget, with gen., 209. Pity, verbs of, w. gen., 209, 1 and 2. Place to which, 182; ---- whence, 229; ---- place where, 228. placitus, force, 114, 2. Pleasing, verbs of, w. dat., 187, II, a; ---- w. acc., 187, II, a, N. plēbēs, heteroclite, 59, 2, d). plēbi, gen., 52, 2. Plenty and Want, verbs of, constr., 212; cf. 218, 8. plēnus, w. gen., 218, 8, a. Pleonasm, 374, 3. plēráque, 6, 5. pluit, 138, I. Pluperfect tense, formation, 100; ---- syntax, 263; 265; 287, 2; 288, 3; ---- with imperfect meaning, 133, 2. Plural, 16; ---- in 5th decl., 52, 4; ---- of proper names, 55, 4, a); ---- of abstract nouns, 5, 4, c); ---- nouns used in, only, 56; ---- with change of meaning, 61; ---- stylistic use, 353, 1, 2. Pluralia tantum, 56; 81, 4, b). plūris, gen. of value, 203, 3; ---- of price, 203, 4. plūs, decl., 70; 70, 4; ---- = plūs quam, 217, 3. poēma, decl., 47, 5. Polysyndeton, 341, 4, b). por-, inseparable prep., 159, 3, e. porticus, gender, 50. portus, decl., 49, 3. poscō, constr., 178, 1, a). Position of clauses, 351, 3. ---- of words, 348; 350; 351. Possessive dat., 190; ---- gen., 198; ---- ---- contrasted with dat. of poss., 359, 1. Possessive pronouns, 86, 243; ---- = objective gen., 243, 2; ---- position of, 243, 1, a. Possibility, verbs of, put in indic. in cond. sentences, 304, 3, a. possum, 126; ---- with present infin., 'I might,' 271, 1, a; ---- in cond. sentences, 304, 3, a. post, prep. w. acc., 144, 1; ---- in expressions of time, 357, 1. Post-positive words, 343, 1, c). posteāquam, 287; ---- separated, 287, 3; ---- with imperf. ind., 287, 4; ---- w. pluperf. ind., 287, 3; ---- with subjv., 287, 5. posterus, posterior, comp., 73, 2. postrēmus, use, 241, 2. postrīdiē, with gen., 201, 3, a. postulō, constr., 178, 1, a. Potential subjv., 272; 280. potior, with gen., 212, 2; ---- with abl., 218, 1; ---- in gerundive constr., 339, 4. ---- adj., 73, 1. potius, compared, 77, 1. potuī, poteram, in apodosis of conditional sent. of 3d type, 304, 3, a); ---- in indir. disc., 322, c. potuī, with pres. inf. = 'could have,' 270, 2. potuerim, in dependent apodosis, 322, c. pōtus, force, 114, 2. prae, prep, w. abl., 142; ---- verbs compounded with governing dat., 187, III; ---- short in praeacūtus, etc., 362, 2. Praenōmen, 373. praesēns, 125. praesum, w. dat., 187, III. prānsus, force, 114, 2. precī, -em, -e, 57, 5, a. Predicate, 163. ---- gen., 198, 3; 203, 5. Predicate nouns, 167; 168; ---- in acc., 177; ---- predicate nouns or adjs. attracted to dat., 327, 2, a; ---- ---- to nom., 328, 2. ---- adjectives, 232, 2; 177, 2. Prepositions, assimilation of, in compounds, 8, 4; 9, 2; ---- with acc., 141; ---- with abl., 142; ---- as adverbs, 144; ---- inseparable prepositions, 159, 3, N.; ---- position, 350, 7; ---- prepositional phrases as attributive modifiers, 353, 5; ---- anastrophe of, 144, 3; 141, 2; 142, 3; ---- usage with abl. of sep., 214 f; ---- with abl. of source, 215. Present tense, 259; ---- gnomic, 259, 1; ---- conative, 259, 2; ---- historical, 259, 3; ---- with jam prīdem, jam diū, etc., 259, 4; ---- with dum, 'while,' 293, I; ---- in Repraesentātiō, 318; ---- pres. subjv., in -im, 127, 2; ---- pres. partic., see Participle. ---- stem, 97, I; ---- ---- formation, 117. ---- perf., 257, 1 and 2. Preventing, verbs of, w. subjv. clause, 295, 3. Price, indefinite, special words in gen. 203, 4; also 225, 1. ---- abl. of, 225. prīdiē, with gen., 201, 3, a; ---- with acc., 144, 2. Primary tenses, see Principal tenses. prīmus, 'first who,' 241, 2. prīnceps, decl., 31. Principal parts, 99; ---- list, p. 251. ---- tenses, 258 f. prior, compared, 73, 1. prius, compared, 77, 1. priusquam, with ind., 291; ---- with subjv., 292; ---- separated, 292. Privation, verbs of, w. abl., 214, 1, b and c. prō, prep. w. abl., 142. procul, as prep. w. abl., 144, 2. prohibeō, w. abl., 214, 2; ---- w. subjv. clause, 295, 3. Prohibitions, method of expressing, 276. Prohibitive subjv., 276. Prolepsis, 374, 5. Pronominal adjs., 253. Pronouns, defined, 82; ---- classes, 83; ---- personal, 84; ---- reflexive, 85; ---- possessive, 86; ---- demonstrative, 87; ---- intensive, 88; ---- relative, 89; ---- interrogative, 90; ---- indefinite, 91; ---- pronominal adjs., 92; ---- personal, omission of, as subject, 166, 2; ---- syntax, 242 f.; ---- ---- personal, 242 f.; ---- ---- possess., 243 f.; ---- ---- reflex., 244 f.; ---- ---- reciprocal, 245 f.; ---- ---- demonstrative, 246 f.; ---- ---- relative, 250 f.; ---- ---- indef., 252 f.; ---- position, 350, 5; 355. Pronunciation, Roman, 3. prope, compared, 77, 1. Proper names, abbreviated, 373. ---- nouns, 12, 1. propior, compared, 73, 1; ---- with acc., 141, 3. proprius, with dat., 204, 2, a; ---- with gen., 204, 2. propter, prep. w. acc., 141. Prosody, 360 f. prōsper, decl., 65, 1. prōsum, conj., 125, N. Protasis, 301; ---- denoting repeated action, 302, 3; ---- without sī, 305; ---- of indef. 2d sing., 302, 2; ---- see Conditions. Provisos, 310. proximē, -us, comp., 73, 1; 77, 1; ---- with acc., 141, 3. prūdēns, decl., 70. -pte, 86, 3. pudet, with gen, 209; ---- w. inf., 327, 1. puer, decl., 23. pulcher, comp., 71, 3. puppis, decl., 38, 1. Purpose, dat. of purpose, 191; ---- with dat. and gerundive, 191, 3; ---- w. ad and acc., 192, 2; ---- subjv. of purp., 282, 1; ---- ---- w. quō, 282, 1, a; ---- ---- w. ut nē, 282, 1, b; ---- ---- with nōn in purpose clause, 282, 1, c; ---- ---- nēve (neu) in purpose clauses, 292, 1, d; ---- ---- neque, 282, 1, e; ---- rel. clauses of purpose, 282, 2; ---- ---- w. dignus, indignus, idōneus, 282, 3; ---- independent of principal verb, 282, 4; ---- inf., denoting purpose, 326, N.; ---- fut. partic., denoting purpose, 337, 4; ---- gerund, w. ad, 338, 3; ---- gerundive, 339, 2; ---- supine, 340.
Q.
qu, pron., 3, 3; ---- both letters consonants, 74, a. quaerō, w. indir. questions, 300, 1, b), N. quaesō, 137, 2. Quality, gen., 203; ---- abl., 224. quam, in comparisons, 217, 2; ---- with superl., 240, 3; ---- ante ... quam, post ... quam, prius ... quam, see antequam, postquam, priusquam; quam quī, 283, 2, a. quam sī, 307, 1. quam ut, with subjv., 284, 4. quamquam, with ind., 309, 2; ---- with subjv., 309, 6; ---- = 'and yet,' 309, 5. quamvīs, with subjv., 309, 1; 6; ---- denoting a fact, 309, 6. quandō, 286, 3, b. quantī, as gen. of price, 203, 4; ---- of value, 203, 3. Quantity, 5. ---- of syllables, 5, B; 363 f. ---- of vowels, 5, A; 362; ---- ---- in Greek words, 365. quasi, 307, 1. quatiō, conj., 109, 2, a). -que, accent of word preceding, 6, 3; 6, 5; 341, 1, b); 2, a); 4, c). queō, 137, 1. Questions, word, sentence, 162 f.; ---- rhetorical, 162, 3; ---- double (alternative), 162, 4; ---- indirect, 300; ---- questions in indir. disc., 315. quī, rel., 89; ---- interr., 90; ---- indef., 91; ---- for quis in indir. questions, 90, 2, b; ---- with nē, sī, nisi, num, 91, 5; ---- in purpose clauses, 282, 2; ---- abl., 90, 2, a. quia, in causal clauses, 286, 1. quīcum, 89. quīcumque, decl., 91, 8. quīdam, decl, 91; syntax, 252, 3. quidem, post-positive, 347, 1. quīlibet, decl., 91, quīn, in result clauses, 284, 3; ---- in substantive clauses, 295, 3; 298; ---- = quī nōn in clauses of characteristic, 283, 4; ---- with ind., 281, 3; ---- in indir. disc, 322 and a; ---- nūlla causa est quīn, 295, 7. quīnam, 90, 2, d. Quīntīlis (= Jūlius), 371. quīppe quī, in clauses of characteristic, 283, 3. Quirītēs, decl., 40, 1, d. quis, indef., 91; ---- interr., 90; 90, 2, c.; 252, 1; ---- nesciŏ quis, 253, 6; ---- with nē, sī, nisi, num, 91, 5. quis est quī, 283, 2. quīs = quibus, 89. quisnam, inflection, 90, 2, d. quispiam, inflection, 91. quisquam, inflection, 91; ---- usage, 252, 4. quisque, inflection, 91; ---- usage, 252, 5. quisquis, inflection, 91, 8. quīvīs, inflection, 91 quō, in purpose clauses, 282, 1, a.. quoad, with ind., 293; ---- with subjv. 293, III, 2. quod, in causal clauses, 286, 1; ---- in substantive clauses, 299; 331, V, a; ---- 'as regards the fact,' 299, 2. quod audierim, 283, 5; ---- quod sciam, 283, 5. quod (sī), adverbial acc., 185, 2. quom, early form of cum, 9, 1. quō minus, after verbs of hindering, 295, 3. quoniam, in causal clauses, 286, 1. quoque, post-positive, 347. -quus, decl. of nouns in, 24.
R.
r, pron., 3, 3; ---- for s between vowels ('Rhotacism'), 8, 1. rapiō, conj., 100, 2 a). rāstrum, plurals of, 60, 2. ratus, 'thinking,' 336, 5. Reciprocal pronouns, 85, 2; 245; cf. 253, 3. Reduplication in perf., 118, 4, a); ---- in pres., 117, 7. Reference, dat. of, 188. rēfert, constr., 210; 211, 4. Reflexive pronouns, 85; 244; 249, 3. regō, conj., 105. Regular verbs, 101-113. rĕi, 362, 1, b). reiciō, quantity, 362, 5. Relative adverbs, in rel. clauses of purp., 282, 2. ---- clauses, of purp., 282, 2; ---- ---- w. dignus, indignus, idōneus, 282, 3; ---- ---- of characteristic, 283; ---- ---- denoting cause or opposition, 283, 3; ---- ---- restrictive, 283, 5; ---- ---- introduced by quīn, 283, 4; 284, 3; ---- ---- conditional rel. clauses, 311; 312, 1 and 2; ---- ---- relative as subj. of inf., 314, 4; ---- ---- rel. clause standing first, 251, 4, a. ---- pronouns, inflection, 89; ---- ---- use, 250, ff.; ---- ---- = Eng. demonstrative, 251, 6; ---- ---- agreement, 250; ---- ---- not omitted as in Eng., 251, 5; ---- ---- fondness for subordinate clauses, 355. relinquitur ut, 297, 2. reliquī, use, 253, 5. reliquum est, with subjv., 295, 6. rēmex, decl., 32. Remembering, verbs of, cases used w., 206. Reminding, verbs of, const., 207. reminīscor, constr., 206, 2. Removing, verbs of, w. abl., 214, 2. reposcō, constr., 178, 1, a). Repraesentātiō, 318. requiēs, requiem, requiētem, 59, 2, c). rēs, decl., 51. Resisting, verbs of, w. dat., 187, II. Restrictive clauses, 283, 5. Result, acc. of, 173, B; 176; ---- clauses of, 284; 297; ---- ---- in dependent apodosis, 322, and a; ---- ---- sequence of tense in, 268, 6. revertor, semi-deponent, 114, 3. Rhetorical questions, 162, 3; 277, a; ---- in indir. disc., 315, 2. Rhotacism, 8, 1; 36, 1. Rivers, gender of names of, 15, A, 1. rogātū, abl. of cause, 219, 2. rogō, constr., 178, 1, c); 178, 1, a). Roman pronunciation, 3. Root, 17, 3, footnote 12. -rs, decl. of nouns in, 40, 1, c). rūre, abl., place from which, 229, 1, b. rūrī, abl., place in which, 228, 1, c. rūs, 57, 7; ---- acc., limit of motion, 182, 1, b.
S.
s, pron., 3, 3; ---- changed to r between vowels, 8, 1: ---- s, ss from dt, tt, ts, 8, 2. -s, decl. of monosyllables in, preceded by one or more consonants, 40, 1, b). s-stems, 36. sacer, decl., 65; ---- comparison, 73, 3. saepe, compared, 77, 1. sāl, 57, 7; ---- sălēs, 61. salūbris, decl., 68, 3. salūtāris, comp., 73, 4. salvē, salvēte, 137, 4. Samnĭtēs, 40, 1, d). sānē, in answers, 162, 5. sapiō, conj., 109, 2, a). satur, decl., 65, 2. Saying, verbs of, w. inf. of ind. disc., 331, I. sciō, quod sciam, 283, 5. -scō-class of verbs, 117, 6; 155. scrībere ad alīquem, 358, 2. sē, use, 244. sē-, compounds of, 159, 3, e. Second conj., 103; ---- decl., 23; ---- peculiarities, 25; ---- second person indefinite, 280, 3; 356, 3; 302, 2. Secondary tenses, see Historical tenses. secundum, prep. w. acc., 141. secūris, decl., 38, 1. secus, compared, 77, 1. secus (virīle secus), 185, 1; 58. secūtus, 'following', 336, 5. sed, sē, 85, 3. sēd-, compounds of, 159, 3, e. sēd, 343, 1, a). sedīle, decl., 39. sēmentis, decl., 38, 1. Semi-deponent verbs, 114. Semivowels, 2, 8. senex, decl., 42; ---- compared, 73, 4. Sentences, classification, 160, f.; ---- simple and compound, 164; ---- sentence-structure, 351; ---- sentence questions, 162, 2. sententiā, abl. of accordance, 220, 3. Separation, dat. of, 188, 2, d); ---- gen., 212, 3; ---- abl., 214. Sequence of tenses, 267; 268. sequester, decl., 68, 1. sequitur ut, 297, 2. sequor, conj., 113. Serving, verbs of, w. dat., 187, II. servos, decl., 24. sēsē, decl., 85. Sextīlis (= Augustus), 371. Sharing, adjs. of, w. gen., 204, 1. Short syllables, 5, B, 2; ---- vowels, 5, A, 2. Showing, verbs of, w. two accs., 177. sī, with indir. questions, 300, 3; ---- in protasis, 301; ---- omitted, 305. signifer, decl., 23, 2. silentiō, abl of manner, 220, 2. silvester, decl., 68, 3. similis, with dat., 204, 3; ---- with gen., 204, 3; ---- comp., 71, 4. sī minus, use, 306, 2. Simple sentences, 164. simul, as prep., w. abl., 144, 2. simul ac, w. ind., 287, 1; 2. sī nōn, usage, 306, 1 and 2. sīn, usage, 306, 3. sīn minus, 306, 2, a. Singular, second person indefinite, 280, 3; 356, 3; 302, 2. sinō with inf., 331, III. sitis, decl., 38, 1. Smelling, verbs of, constr., 176, 5. Soft consonants, 2, 3, b), footnote 5. -sō, verbs in, 155, 2. socer, decl., 23, 2. socium, gen, plu., 25, 6, c). sōl, decl., 57, 7. soleō, semi-dep., 114, 1. solitus, used as present partic., 336, 5. sōlus, 66; ---- sōlus est qui with subjv., 283, 2. Sonant consonants, 2, 3, b), footnote 5. Sōracte, decl., 39, 2. Sounds, classification, 2. ---- of the letters, 3. Source, abl., 215. Space, extent of, 181. Sparing, verbs of, w. dat., 187, II. Specification, abl. of, 226. spĕī, quantity, 362, 1, b. Spelling, see Orthography. Spirants, 2, 7. Spondaic verses, 368, 2. Spondee, 368, 1. sponte suā, abl. accordance, 220, 3. spontis, -e, defective, 57, 2, b. Statutes, fut. imperative used in, 281, 1, b. Stem, 17, 3. ---- verb, 97; 117. Structure of sentences, see Sentences. Style, hints on, 352 f. su = sv, 3, 3. sub, prep. with acc. and abl., 143; ---- compounds of, w. dat., 187, III. Subject, 163; ---- nom., 166; ---- acc., 184; ---- subject acc. of inf., 184; ---- omitted, 314, 5; ---- clauses as subject, 294; 295, 6; ---- inf. as subj., 327; 330. Subjective gen., 199. Subjunctive, tenses in, 95, 3. ---- in independent sentences, 272; ---- by attraction, 324; ---- tenses of, 266 f.; ---- method of expressing future time in, 269; ---- volitive (hortatory, jussive, probibitive, deliberative, concessive), 273 f.; ---- optative (wishes), 279; ---- potential, 280; ---- in clauses of purpose, 282; ---- of characteristic, 283; ---- of result, 284; ---- of cause, 286; ---- temporal clauses with postquam, posteāquam, 287, 5; ---- temporal clauses with cum, 288-290; ---- with antequam and priusquam, 292; ---- with dum, dōnec, quoad, 293, III, 2; ---- substantive clauses, 294 f.; ---- indir. questions, 300; ---- in apodosis of first type conditions, 302, 4; ---- jussive subjunctive as protasis of condition, 305, 2; ---- with velut, tamquam, etc., 307; ---- with necesse est, opportet, etc., 295, 6 and 8; ---- with licet, 309, 4; ---- with quamvīs, quamquam, etsī, cum 'although,' 309 f. sublātus, 129, N. subm- = summ-, 9, 2. Subordinate clauses, 165. Substantive clauses, 294 f.; ---- ---- developed from the volitive, 295, 1-8; ---- ---- developed from the optative, 296; ---- ---- with nōn dubitō, 298; ---- ---- indir. questions, 300; ---- ---- without ut, 295, 8; ---- ---- of result, 297; ---- ---- introduced by quod, 299. ---- use of adjs., 236-238. subter, prep, w. acc., 143, 1. Suffixes, 17, 3, footnote 12; 147 f. suī, 85; ---- as objective gen., 244, 2; ---- = possessive gen., 244, 2. sum, conj., 100; ---- omitted when auxiliary, 166, 3. summus, 'top of,' 241, 1. sunt quī, with subjv., 283, 2. suōpte, suāpte, 86, 3. supellex, decl., 42, 2. super, prep. w. acc., 143, 1. Superlative degree; ---- of adjs., 71, 1; ---- ---- in -rimus, 91, 3; ---- ---- in -limus, 71, 4; ---- ---- irregular superl., 72; 73; ---- ---- lacking, 73, 4; ---- ---- formed w. maximē, 74; ---- of adverbs, 76, 2; ---- ---- irregular, 77, 1; ---- force of, 240, 2. superus, compared, 73, 2. Supine, 340. suprā, prep. w. acc., 141. -sūra, suffix, 147, 3, a. Surd consonants, 2, 3, a), footnote 4. sūs, decl., 41. sustulī, 129, N. suus, decl., 86, 1; 244; ---- suus quisque, 244, 4, a. Syllaba anceps, 366, 10. Syllables, division, 4; ---- quantity of, 5, B. Synapheia, 367, 6. Synaeresis, 367, 1. Synchysis, 350, 11, d. Syncope, 7, 4; 367, 8. Synecdochical acc., 180. Synizesis, 367, 1. Syntax, 160 f. Systole, 367, 3.
T.
t, pron., 3, 3; ---- th, 2, 3, c; 3, 3; ---- changes, 8, 2; ---- dropped, 8, 3. taedet, 138, II; ---- w. gen., 209. Taking away, verbs of, w. dat., 188, 2, d. talentum, gen. plu., 25, 5, a. tamen, 343, 1, f. tametsī, 309, 2. tamquam, tamquam sī, w. subjv., 307. tantōn, 6, 4. -tas, 149; ---- gen. -tātis, decl. of nouns in, 40, 1, e). Tasting, verbs of, constr., 176, 5. Teaching, verbs of, constr., 178, 1, b. tēd = tē, 84, 3. Temporal clauses, w. postquam, ut, ubi, simul ac, 287; ---- w. cum, 288; 289; ---- w. antequam and priusquam, 291; 292; ---- with dum, dōnec, quoad, 293. temporis (id temporis), 185, 2. Tendency, dat. of, 191. tener, decl., 64. Tenses, 94, 3; 257 ff.; ---- of inf., 270; ---- of inf. in indir. disc., 317; ---- of participles, 336; ---- of subjv., 266; ---- sequence of, 266-268; ---- in indir. disc., 317; 318. Tenues (consonants), 2, 3, a), footnote 4. tenus, position, 142, 3. Terminations, 17, 3. ternī, how used, 81, 4, b. -ternus, 154. terrā marīque, 228, 1, c. terrester, 68, 3. Tetrameter verses, 366, 11. Thematic verbs, 101-113. ---- vowels, 117, footnote 39. Thesis, 366, 6. Third conj., 105; 109 f.; ---- decl., 28 f.; ---- gender in, 43 f. Threatening, verbs of, 187, II. -tim, adverbs in, 157, 2. Time, at which, 230; ---- during which, 181; 231, 1; ---- within which, 231. timeō nē and ut, 296, 2. -tinus, suffix, 154. -tiō, suffix, 147, 3. Tmesis, 367, 7. -to as suffix of verbs, 155, 2. -tor, use of nouns in, 353, 4. tōtus, 66; ---- preposition absent w., in expression of place relations, 228, 1, b). Towns, gender of names of, 15, 2; ---- names of, denoting limit of motion, 182, 1, a; ---- denoting place where, 228, 1, a; ---- place from which, 229, 1, a; ---- appositives of town names, 169, 4; 229, 2. trāditur, trāditum est, w. inf., 332, N. trāns, prep, w. acc., 141; ---- constr. of verbs compounded with, 179. Transitive verbs, 174. Trees, gender of names of, 15, 2. trēs, decl., 80, 3. Tribrach, 370, 2. tribus, decl., 49, 3; ---- gender, 50. Trimeter verses, 366, 11. trīnī, use, 81, 4, b). triumvir, gen. plu. of, 25, 6, b). -trīx, suffix, 147, 1. Trochee, 366, 2. -trum, suffix, 147, 4. Trusting, verbs of, w. dat., 187, II. tū, decl., 84. -tūdō, suffix, 84. tuī, as objective gen., 242, 2. -tūra, suffix, 147, 3, a). tūs, decl., 57, 7. -tus, suffix, 147, 3; 151, 4. tussis, decl., 38. tūte, tūtemet, tūtimet, 84, 2. Two accusatives, 177; 178. Two datives, 191, 2.
U.
u, instead of i in some words, 9, 1; ---- instead of a, 9, 1; 9, 4. u, becomes v 367, 4. ŭ-stems, 48. ū-stems, 41. -ū, dat. sing., 4th decl, 49, 2. ūber, decl., 70, 1. ubi, with ind., 287, 1; 2; ---- with gen., 201, 3. -ubus, dat., plu., 4th decl., 49, 3. ūllus, decl., 66. ulterior, compared, 73, 1. ultimus, use, 241, 2. ultrā, prep. w. acc., 141. -ulus, diminutive ending, 150, 2; ---- (a, um), 148, 1. -um, 1st decl., gen. plu. in, 21, 2, d); ---- 2d decl., 25, 6; ---- for -ium, 70, 7. -undus, -undī, in gerund and gerundive, 116, 2. ūnus, decl., 66; 92, 1; ---- ūnus est qui, with subjv., 283, 2. -uriō, ending of desiderative verbs, 155, 3. -ūrus, ending of fut. act. partic., 101; 103 ff.; ---- -ūrus fuisse in apodosis of conditional sentences contrary-to-fact, in indir. disc., 321, 2; ---- -ūrus fuerim in indir. questions serving as apodoses, 322, b. -us, neuter nouns of 2d decl. in, 26, 2; ---- nom. in 3d decl., in -us, 36; ---- gender of nouns in -us of 3d decl., 43, 3; ---- exceptions in gender, 46, 4. -ūs, nouns of 3d decl. in, 43, 2. ūsque ad, w. acc., 141, 1. ūsus est, with abl., 218, 2. ut, temporal, 287, 1; 2; ---- ut, utī, in purpose clauses, 282; ---- in result clauses, 284; ---- in substantive clauses, 295 f.; ---- substantive clauses without, 295, 8; ---- with verbs of fearing, 296, 2. ut nē = nē, 282, 1, b; 295, 1, 4, 5. ut non instead of nē, 282, 1, c; ---- in clauses of result, 284, 297. ut quī, introducing clauses of characteristic, 283, 3. ut sī, w. subjv., 307, 1. uter, decl., 66; 92, 1. ūter, decl., 40, 1, d). utercumque, decl., 92, 2. uterlibet, decl., 92, 2. uterque, decl., 92, 2; ---- use, 355, 2. utervīs, decl., 92, 2. ūtilius est = Eng. potential, 271, 1, b). utinam, with optative subjv., 279, 1 and 2. ūtor, with abl., 218, 1; ---- in gerundive constr., 339, 4 utpote qui, introducing clauses of characteristic, 283, 3. utráque, 6, 5. utrum ... an, 162, 4; 300, 4.
V.
v, 1, 1; ---- pron., 3, 3: ---- developing from u, 367, 4. v, becomes u, 367, 5. valdē, by syncope, for validē, 7, 4. valĕ, 363, 2, b). Value, indefinite, in gen., 203, 3. vannus, gender of, 26, 1, b). Variations in spelling, 9. vās, decl., 59, 1. -ve, 6, 3; 342, 1, b). vel, 342, 1, b); ---- with superl., 240, 3. velim, potential subjv., 280, 2, a. vellem, potential subjv., 280, 4. velut, velut sī, w. subjv., 307, 1. venter, decl., 40, 1, d). Verba sentiendī et dēclārandī, w. inf. of indir. disc., 331, I; ---- passive use of these, 332. Verbal adjs., 150, 1-4. Verbs, 94 f.; ---- personal endings, 96; ---- deponent, 112; ---- archaic and poetic forms, 116, 4; ---- irregular, 124; ---- defective, 133; ---- impersonal, 138; ---- with substantive clauses of result, 297, 2; ---- omission of, 166, 3; ---- transitive, 174; ---- ---- used absolutely, 174, a; ---- passives used as middles, 175, 2, d); ---- of smelling and tasting, constr., 176, 5; ---- not used in passive, 177, 3, a; ---- intransitives impersonal in passive, 187, II, b; 256, 3; ---- compounded with preps., constr., 187, III; ---- of judicial action, constr., 208; ---- derivation of, 155 f.; ---- inceptive or inchoative, 155, 1; ---- frequentative or intensive, 155, 2; ---- desiderative, 155, 3; ---- denominative, 156; ---- agreement of, 254 f. Verb stems, 97; ---- formation of, 117 f. vereor, conj., 113; ---- with subst. clause in subjv., 296, 2. Vergilius, gen. of, 25, 1. veritus, with present force; 336, 5. vērō, 343, 1, g); ---- in answers, 162, 5. Verse, 366, 3. Verse-structure, 366 f. Versification, 361. versus, prep. w. acc., 141; ---- follows its case, 141, 2. vērum, 343, 1, b). vescor, with abl., 218, 1. vesper, decl., 23, 2. vesperī, locative, 232, 2. vestrī, as obj. gen., 242, 2. vestrum, as gen. of whole, 242, 2; ---- as possessive gen., 242, 2, a. vetō, with inf. 331, II. vetus, decl., 70; ---- compared, 73, 3. vī, 220, 2. vicem, used adverbially, 185, 1; ---- vicis, vice, 57, 5, b. victor, decl., 34. videō, with pres. partic., 337, 3. vigil, decl., 34. violenter, formation, 77, 4, a. vir, decl., 23. ---- gen. plu. of nouns compounded with, 25, 6, b). virīle seces, constr., 185, 1. vīrus, gender of, 26, 2. vīs, decl., 41. vīscera, used in plu. only, 56, 3. Vocative case, 17; 19, 1; ---- of Greek proper names in -ās, 47, 4; ---- of adjs. in -ius, 63, 1; 171; ---- in -ī for -ie, 25, 1; ---- position of, 350, 3. Voiced sounds, 2, 3, a). Voiced consonants, 2, 3, b). Voiceless consonants, 2, 3, a). Voices, 94; 256; ---- middle voice, 256, 1. Volitive subjunctive, 272 f. volnus, spelling, 9, 1. volō, 130; ---- with inf., 331, IV and a; 270, 2, a; ---- with subjv., 296, 1, a. volt, spelling, 9, 1. voltus, spelling, 8, 1. volucer, decl., 68, 1. voluntāte, 220, 2. -volus, comparison of adjs. in, 71, 5 Vowels, 2, 1; ---- sounds of the, 3, 1; ---- quantity of, 5, A; ---- contraction of, 7, 2; ---- parasitic, 7, 3. Vowel changes, 7. vulgus, gender of, 26, 2. -vum, -vus, decl. of nouns in, 24.
W.
Want, verbs and adjs. of, w. abl., 214, 1, c; d. Way by which, abl. of, 218, 9. We, editorial, 242, 3. Whole, gen. of, 201. Wills, use of fut. imperative in, 281, 1, b. Winds, gender of names of, 15, 1. Wish, clauses with dum, etc., expressing a, 310. Wishes, subjunctive in, 279; ---- see Optative subjunctive. Wishing, verbs of, with subst. clause 296, 1; ---- with obj. inf., 331, IV. Word-formation, 146 f. Word-order, 348 f. Word questions, 162, 1.
X.
x, 2, 9; ---- = cs and gs, 32. -x, decl. of monosyllables in, preceded by one or more cons., 40, 1, b); ---- gender of nouns in -x of 3d decl., 43, 2; ---- exceptions, 45, 4.
Y.
y, 1, 1. Yes, how expressed, 162, 5. 'You,' indefinite, 356, 3; 280, 3; 302, 2.
Z.
z, 1, 1; 2, 9. Zeugma, 374, 2, a).
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES
[1] Sometimes also called _Aryan_ or _Indo-Germanic_.
[2] Cuneiform means "wedge-shaped." The name applies to the form of the strokes of which the characters consist.
[3] The name Zend is often given to this.
[4] For 'voiceless,' 'surd,' 'hard,' or 'tenuis' are sometimes used.
[5] For 'voiced,' 'sonant,' 'soft,' or 'media' are sometimes used.
[6] In this book, long vowels are indicated by a horizontal line above them; as, ā, ī, ō, etc. Vowels not thus marked are short. Occasionally a curve is set above short vowels; as, ĕ, ŭ.
[7] To avoid confusion, the quantity of _syllables_ is not indicated by any sign.
[8] But if the l or r introduces the second part of a compound, the preceding syllable is always long; as, abrumpō.
[9] Only the simplest and most obvious of these are here treated.
[10] Only the simplest and most obvious of these are here treated.
[11] The great majority of all Latin nouns come under this category. The principles for determining their gender are given under the separate declensions.
[12] The Stem is often derived from a more primitive form called the Root. Thus, the stem porta- goes back to the root per-, por-. Roots are usually monosyllabic. The addition made to a root to form a stem is called a Suffix. Thus in porta- the suffix is -ta.
[13] There is only one stem ending in -m:--hiems, hiemīs, _winter_.
[14] Mēnsis, _month_, originally a consonant stem (mēns-), has in the Genitive Plural both mēnsium and mēnsum. The Accusative Plural is mēnsēs.
[15] This is practically always used instead of alīus in the Genitive.
[16] A Dative Singular Feminine alterae also occurs.
[17] Supplied by vetustior, from vetustus.
[18] Supplied by recentior.
[19] For _newest_, recentissimus is used.
[20] Supplied by minimus nātū.
[21] Supplied by maximus nātū.
[22] The final i is sometimes long in poetry.
[23] Forms of hīc ending in -s sometimes append -ce for emphasis; as, hūjusce, _this ... here_; hōsce, hīsce. When -ne is added, -c and -ce become -ci; as huncine, hōscine.
[24] For istud, istūc sometimes occurs; for ista, istaec.
[25] For illud, illūc sometimes occurs.
[26] Sometimes quīs.
[27] An ablative quī occurs in quīcum, _with whom_.
[28] Where the Perfect Participle is not in use, the Future Active Participle, if it occurs, is given as one of the Principal Parts.
[29] The Perfect Participle is wanting in sum.
[30] The meanings of the different tenses of the Subjunctive are so many and so varied, particularly in subordinate clauses, that no attempt can be made to give them here. For fuller information the pupil is referred to the Syntax.
[31] For essem, essēs, esset, essent, the forms forem, forēs, foret, forent are sometimes used.
[32] For futūrus esse, the form fore is often used.
[33] Declined like bonus, -a, -um.
[34] The Imperfect also means _I loved_.
[35] For declension of amāns, see § 70, 3.
[36] Fuī, fuistī, etc., are sometimes used for sum, es, etc. So fueram, fuerās, etc., for eram, etc.; fuerō, etc., for erō, etc.
[37] Fuerim, etc., are sometimes used for sim; so fuissem, etc., for essem.
[38] In actual usage passive imperatives occur only in deponents (§ 112).
[39] Strictly speaking, the Present Stem always ends in a Thematic Vowel (ĕ or ŏ); as, dīc-ĕ-, dīc-ŏ-; amā-ĕ-, amā-ŏ-. But the multitude of phonetic changes involved prevents a scientific treatment of the subject here. See the author's _Latin Language_.
[40] But the compounds of juvō sometimes have _-jūtūrus_; as, _adjūtūrus_.
[41] Used only impersonally.
[42] So _impleō_, _expleō_.
[43] Compounds follow the Fourth Conjugation: _acciō_, _accīre_, etc.
[44] Fully conjugated only in the compounds: _exstinguō_, _restinguō_, _distinguō_.
[45] Only in the compounds: _ēvādō_, _invādō_, _pervādō_.
[46] It will be observed that not all the forms of ferō lack the connecting vowel. Some of them, as ferimus, ferunt, follow the regular inflection of verbs of the Third Conjugation.
[47] For the Predicate Genitive, see §§ 198, 3; 203, 5.
[48] Many such verbs were originally intransitive in English also, and once governed the Dative.
[49] This was the original form of the preposition cum.
[50] Place from which, though strictly a Genuine Ablative use, is treated here for sake of convenience.
[51] Especially: moneō, admoneō; rogō, ōrō, petō, postulō, precor, flāgitō; mandō, imperō, praecipiō; suādeō, hortor, cohortor; persuādeō, impellō.
[52] Especially: permittō, concēdō, nōn patior.
[53] Especially: prohibeō, impediō, dēterreō.
[54] Especially: cōnstituō, dēcernō, cēnseō, placuit, convenit, pacīscor.
[55] Especially: labōrō, dō operam, id agō, contendō, impetrō.
[56] Exclamations, also, upon becoming indirect, take the Subjunctive, as cōnsiderā quam variae sint hominum cupīdinēs, _consider how varied are the desires of men._ (Direct: quam variae sunt hominum cupīdinēs!)
[57] Trāditūri fuerint and errātūrus fuerīs are to be regarded as representing trāditūri fuērunt and errātūrus fuistī of Direct Discourse. (See § 304, 3, b.)
[58] Except in Sallust and Silver Latin.
[59] So named from a fancied analogy to the strokes of the Greek letter Χ (_chi_). Thus:--
multōs laesī Χ dēfendī nēminem
[60] The pronouns hic, hoc, and the adverb huc, probably had a short _vowel_. The syllable was made long by pronouncing hicc, hocc, etc.
[61] Ictus was not accent,--neither stress accent not musical accent,--but was simply the quantitative prominence inherent in the long syllables of _fundamental feet_.
[62] For explanation of the abbreviations, see p. 257.