Chapter 16
surrēxisse, we sometimes find dīxtī, scrīpstis, surrēxe, etc.
d. The endings -im, -īs, etc. (for -am, -ās, etc.) occur in a few Subjunctive forms; as, edim (_eat_), duint, perduint.
5. In the Future Active and Perfect Passive Infinitive, the auxiliary esse is often omitted; as, āctūrum for ācturum esse; ējectus for ējectus esse.
* * * * *
FORMATION OF THE VERB STEMS.
Formation of the Present Stem.
117. Many verbs employ the simple Verb Stem for the Present Stem;[39] as, dīcere, amāre, monēre, audīre. Others modify the Verb Stem to form the Present, as follows:--
1. By appending the vowels, ā, ē, ī; as,--
Present Stem Verb Stem juvāre, juvā- juv-. augēre, augē- aug-. vincīre, vincī- vinc-.
2. By adding i, as capiō, Present Stem capi- (Verb Stem cap-).
3. By the insertion of n (m before labial-mutes) before the final consonant of the Verb Stem; as, fundō (Stem fud-), rumpō (Stem rup-).
4. By appending -n to the Verb Stem; as,--
cern-ō pell-ō (for pel-nō).
5. By appending t to the Verb Stem; as,--
flect-ō.
6. By appending sc to the Verb Stem; as,--
crēsc-ō. scīsc-ō.
7. By Reduplication, that is, by prefixing the initial consonant of the Verb Stem with i; as,--
gi-gn-ō (root gen-), si-st-ō (root sta-).
Formation of the Perfect Stem.
118. The Perfect Stem is formed from the Verb Stem--
1. By adding v (in case of Vowel Stems); as,--
amāv-ī, dēlēv-ī, audīv-ī.
2. By adding u (in case of some Consonant Stems); as,--
strepu-ī, genu-ī, alu-ī.
3. By adding s (in case of most Consonant Stems); as,--
carp-ō, Perfect carps-ī. scrīb-ō, " scrīps-ī (for scrīb-sī). rīd-eō, " rīs-ī (for rīd-sī). sent-iō, " sēns-ī (for sent-sī). dīc-ō, " dīx-ī (i.e. dīc-sī).
a. Note that before the ending -sī a Dental Mute (t, d) is lost; a Guttural Mute (c, g) unites with s to form x; while the Labial b is changed to p.
4. Without addition. Of this formation there are three types:--
a) The Verb Stem is reduplicated by prefixing the initial consonant with the following vowel or e; as,--
currō, Perfect cu-currī. poscō, " po-poscī. pellō, " pe-pulī.
NOTE 1.--Compounds, with the exception of dō, stō, sistō, discō, poscō, omit the reduplication. Thus: com-pulī, but re-poposcī.
NOTE 2.--Verbs beginning with sp or st retain both consonants in the reduplication, but drop s from the stem; as, spondeō, spo-pondī; stō, stetī.
b) The short vowel of the Verb Stem is lengthened; as, legō, lēgī; agō, ēgī. Note that ă by this process becomes ē.
c) The vowel of the Verb Stem is unchanged; as, vertō, vertī; minuō, minuī.
Formation of the Participial Stem.
119. The Perfect Passive Participle, from which the Participial Stem is derived by dropping -us, is formed:--
1. By adding -tus (sometimes to the Present Stem, sometimes to the Verb Stem); as,--
amā-re, Participle amā-tus. dēlē-re, " dēlē-tus, audī-re, " audī-tus, leg-ere, " lēc-tus, scrīb-ere, " scrīp-tus, sentī-re, " sēn-sus (for sent-tus). caed-ere, " cae-sus (for caed-tus).
a. Note that g, before t, becomes c (see § 8, 5); b becomes p; while dt or tt becomes ss, which is then often simplified to s (§ 8, 2).
2. After the analogy of Participles like sēnsus and caesus, where -sus arises by phonetic change, -sus for -tus is added to other Verb Stems; as,--
lāb-ī, Participle lāp-sus. fīg-ere, " fī-xus.
a. The same consonant changes occur in appending this ending -sus to the stem as in the case of the Perfect ending -si (see § 118, 3, a).
3. A few Verbs form the Participle in -ĭtus; as,--
domā-re, dom-ĭtus. monē-re, mon-ĭtus.
4. The Future Active Participle is usually identical in its stem with the Perfect Passive Participle; as, amā-tus, amātūrus; moni-tus, monitūrus. But--
juvā-re, Perf. Partic. jūtus, has Fut. Act. Partic. juvātūrus.[40] lavā-re, " " lautus, " " " lavātūrus. par-ere, " " partus, " " " paritūrus. ru-ere, " " rutus, " " " ruitūrus. secă-re, " " sectus, " " " secātūrus. fru-ĭ, " " frūctus, " " " fruitūrus. mor-ī, " " mortuus, " " " moritūrus. orī-rī, " " ortus, " " " oritūrus.
* * * * *
LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT VERBS, WITH PRINCIPAL PARTS.
First (_Ā_-) Conjugation.
120. I. PERFECT IN -VĪ.
amō amāre amāvī amātus _love_
All regular verbs of the First Conjugation follow this model.
pōtō pōtāre pōtāvī pōtus (§ 114, _drink_ 2)
II. PERFECT IN -UĪ.
crepō crepāre crepuī crepitūrus _rattle_ cubō cubāre cubuī cubitūrus _lie down_ domō domāre domuī domitus _tame_ fricō fricāre fricuī frictus _and_ _rub_ fricātus micō micāre micuī ---- _glitter_ dīmicō dīmicāre dīmicāvī dīmicātum _fight_ (est)[41] ex-plicō explicāre explicāvī explicātus _unfold_ (-uī) (-itus) im-plicō implicāre implicāvī implicātus _entwine_ (-uī) (-itus) secō secāre secuī sectus _cut_ sonō sonāre sonuī sonātūrus _sound_ tonō tonāre tonuī ---- _thunder_ vetō vetāre vetuī vetitus _forbid_
III. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH LENGTHENING OF THE STEM VOWEL.
juvō juvāre jūvī jūtus _help_ lavō lavāre lāvī lautus _wash_
IV. PERFECT REDUPLICATED.
stō stāre stetī stātūrus
V. DEPONENTS.
These are all regular, and follow _mīror_, _mīrārī_, _mīrātus sum_.
Second (_Ē_-) Conjugation.
121. I. PERFECT IN -VĪ.
dēleō dēlēre dēlēvī dēlētus _destroy_ fleō flēre flēvī flētus _weep_, _lament_ com-pleō[42] complēre complēvī complētus _fill up_ aboleō abolēre abolēvī abolitus _destroy_ cieō[43] ciēre cīvī citus _set in motion_
II. PERFECT IN -UĪ.
a. Type -eō, -ēre, -uī, -itus.
arceō arcēre arcuī _keep off_ coerceō coercēre coercuī coercitus _hold in check_ exerceō exercēre exercuī exercitus _practise_ caleō calēre caluī calitūrus _be warm_ careō carēre caruī caritūrus _be without_ doleō dolēre doluī dolitūrus _grieve_ habeō habēre habuī habitus _have_ dēbeō dēbēre dēbuī dēbitus _owe_ praebeō praebēre praebuī praebitus _offer_ jaceō jacēre jacuī jacitūrus _lie_ mereō merēre meruī meritus _earn_, _deserve_ moneō monēre monuī monitus _advise_ noceō nocēre nocuī nocitum (est) _injure_ pāreō pārēre pāruī pāritūrus _obey_ placeō placēre placuī placitūrus _please_ taceō tacēre tacuī tacitūrus _be silent_ terreō terrēre terruī territus _frighten_ valeō valēre valuī valitūrus _be strong_
NOTE 1.--The following lack the Participial Stem:-- egeō egēre eguī ---- _want_ ēmineō ēminēre ēminuī ---- _stand forth_ flōreō flōrēre flōruī ---- _bloom_ horreō horrēre horruī ---- _bristle_ lateō latēre latuī ---- _lurk_ niteō nitēre nituī ---- _gleam_ oleō olēre oluī ---- _smell_ palleō pallēre palluī ---- _be pale_ pateō patēre patuī ---- _lie open_ rubeō rubēre rubuī ---- _be red_ sileō silēre siluī ---- _be silent_ splendeō splendēre splenduī ---- _gleam_ studeō studēre studuī ---- _study_ stupeō stupēre stupuī ---- _be amazed_ timeō timēre timuī ---- _fear_ torpeō torpēre torpuī ---- _be dull_ vigeō vigēre viguī ---- _flourish_ vireō virēre viruī ---- _be green_ and others.
NOTE 2.--The following are used only in the Present System:-- aveō avēre ---- ---- _wish_ frīgeō frīgēre ---- ---- _be cold_ immineō imminēre ---- ---- _overhang_ maereō maerēre ---- ---- _mourn_ polleō pollēre ---- ---- _be strong_ and others.
b. Type -eō, -ēre, -uī, -tus (-sus).
cēnseō cēnsēre cēnsuī cēnsus _estimate_ doceō docēre docuī doctus _teach_ misceō miscēre miscuī mixtus _mix_ teneō tenēre tenuī ---- _hold_ So _contineō_ and _sustineō_; but-- retineō retinēre retinuī retentus _retain_ obtineō obtinēre obtinuī obtentus _maintain_ torreō torrēre torruī tostus _bake_
III. PERFECT IN -SĪ.
augeō augēre auxī auctus _increase_ torqueō torquēre torsī tortus _twist_ indulgeō indulgēre indulsī ---- _indulge_ lūceō lūcēre lūxī ---- _be light_ lūgeō lūgēre lūxī ---- _mourn_ jubeō jubēre jussī jussus _order_ per-mulceō permulcēre permulsī permulsus _soothe_ rīdeō rīdēre rīsī rīsum (est) _laugh_ suādeō suādēre suāsī suāsum (est) _advise_ abs-tergeō abstergēre abstersī abstersus _wipe off_ ārdeō ārdēre ārsī ārsūrus _burn_ haereō haerēre haesī haesūrus _stick_ maneō manēre mānsī mānsūrus _stay_ algeō algēre alsī ---- _be cold_ fulgeō fulgēre fulsī ---- _gleam_ urgeō urgēre ursī ---- _press_
IV. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH REDUPLICATION.
mordeō mordēre momordī morsus _bite_ spondeō spondēre spopondī spōnsus _promise_ tondeō tondēre totondī tōnsus _shear_ pendeō pendēre pependī ---- _hang_
V. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.
caveō cavēre cāvī cautūrus _take care_ faveō favēre fāvī fautūrus _favor_ foveō fovēre fōvī fōtus _cherish_ moveō movēre mōvī mōtus _move_ paveō pavēre pāvī ---- _fear_ sedeō sedēre sēdī sessūrus _sit_ videō vidēre vīdī vīsus _see_ voveō vovēre vōvī vōtus _vow_
VI. PERFECT IN -Ī WITHOUT EITHER REDUPLICATION OR LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.
ferveō fervēre (fervī, ---- _boil_ ferbuī) prandeō prandēre prandī prānsus (§ 114, _lunch_ 2) strīdeō strīdēre strīdī ---- _creak_
VII. DEPONENTS.
liceor licērī licitus sum _bid_ polliceor pollicērī pollicitus sum _promise_ mereor merērī meritus sum _earn_ misereor miserērī miseritus sum _pity_ vereor verērī veritus sum _fear_ fateor fatērī fassus sum _confess_ cōnfiteor cōnfitērī cōnfessus sum _confess_ reor rērī ratus sum _think_ medeor medērī ---- _heal_ tueor tuērī ---- _protect_
Third (Consonant) Conjugation.
122. I. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN A CONSONANT.
1. Perfect in -sī.
a. Type -ō, -ĕre, -sī, -tus.
carpō carpere carpsī carptus _pluck_ sculpō sculpere sculpsī sculptus _chisel_ rēpō rēpere rēpsī ---- _creep_ serpō serpere serpsī ---- _crawl_ scribō scribere scrīpsī scrīptus _write_ nūbō nūbere nūpsī nūpta (woman _marry_ only) regō regere rēxī rēctus _govern_ tegō tegere tēxī tēctus _cover_ af-flīgō afflīgere afflīxī afflīctus _shatter_ dīcō dīcere dīxī dictus _say_ dūcō dūcere dūxī ductus _lead_ coquō coquere coxī coctus _cook_ trahō trahere trāxī trāctus _draw_ vehō vehere vexī vectus _carry_ cingō cingere cīnxī cīnctus _gird_ tingō tingere tīnxī tīnctus _dip_ jungō jungere jūnxī jūnctus _join_ fingō fingere fīnxī fīctus _would_ pingō pingere pīnxī pīctus _paint_ stringō stringere strīnxī strictus _bind_ -stinguō[44] -stinguere -stīnxī -stīnctus _blot out_ unguō unguere ūnxī ūnctus _anoint_ vīvō vīvere vīxī vīctum (est) _live_ gerō gerere gessī gestus _carry_ urō ūrere ussī ūstus _burn_ temnō temnere con-tempsī con-temptus _despise_
b. Type -ō, -ĕre, -sī, -sus.
fīgō fīgere fīxī fīxus _fasten_ mergō mergere mersī mersus _sink_ spargō spargere sparsī sparsus _scatter_ flectō flectere flexī flexus _bend_ nectō nectere nexuī nexus _twine_ (nexī) mittō mittere mīsī missus _send_ rādō rādere rāsī rāsus _shave_ rōdō rōdere rōsī rōsus _gnaw_ vādō vādere -vāsī[45] -vāsum _march_, _walk_ (est)[45] lūdō lūdere lūsī lūsum (est) _play_ trūdō trūdere trūsī trūsus _push_ laedō laedere laesī laesus _injure_, _hurt_ claudō claudere clausī clausus _close_ plaudō plaudere plausī plausum (est) _clap_ explōdō explōdere explōsī explōsus _hoot off_ cēdō cēdere cessī cessum (est) _withdraw_ dīvidō dīvidere dīvīsī dīvīsus _divide_ premō premere pressī pressus _press_
2. Perfect in -ī with Reduplication.
ab-dō abdere abdidī abditus _conceal_ red-dō red-dere reddidī redditus _return_ So _addō_, _condō_, _dēdō_, _perdō_, _prōdō_, _trādō_, etc. cōn-sistō cōnsistere cōnstitī ---- _take one's stand_ resistō resistere restitī ---- _resist_ circumsistō circumsistere circumstetī ---- _surround_ cadō cadere cecidī cāsūrus _fall_ caedō caedere cecīdī caesus _kill_ pendō pendere pependī pēnsus _weigh_, _pay_ tendō tendere tetendī tentus _stretch_ tundō tundere tutudī tūsus, tūnsus _beat_ fallō fallere fefellī (falsus, as _deceive_ Adj.) pellō pellere pepulī pulsus _drive out_ currō currere cucurrī cursum (est) _run_ parcō parcere pepercī parsūrus _spare_ canō canere cecinī ---- _sing_ tangō tangere tetigī tāctus _touch_ pungō pungere pupugī pūnctus _prick_
NOTE.--In the following verbs the perfects were originally reduplicated, but have lost the reduplicating syllable:-- per-cellō percellere perculī perculsus _strike down_ findō findere fidī fissus _split_ scindō scindere scidī scissus _tear apart_ tollō tollere sus-tulī sublātus _remove_
3. Perfect in -ī with Lengthening of Stem Vowel.
agō agere ēgī āctus _drive_, _do_ peragō peragere perēgī perāctus _finish_ subigō subigere subēgī subāctus _subdue_ cōgō cōgere coēgī coāctus _force_, _gather_ frangō frangere frēgī frāctus _break_ perfringō perfringere perfrēgī perfrāctus _break down_ legō legere lēgī lēctus _gather_, _read_ perlegō perlegere perlēgī perlēctus _read through_ colligō colligere collēgī collēctus _collect_ dēligō dēligere dēlēgī dēlēctus _choose_ dīligō dīligere dīlēxī dīlēctus _love_ intellegō intellegere intellēxī intellēctus _understand_ neglegō neglegere neglēxī neglēctus _neglect_ emō emere ēmī ēmptus _buy_ coëmō coëmere coēmī coēmptus _buy up_ redimō redimere redēmī redēmptus _buy back_ dirimō dirimere dirēmī dirēmptus _destroy_ dēmō dēmere dēmpsī dēmptus _take away_ sūmō sūmere sūmpsī sūmptus _take_ prōmō prōmere prōmpsī (prōmptus, as _take out_ Adj.) vincō vincere vīcī victus _conquer_ re-linquō relinquere relīquī relīctus _leave_ rumpō rumpere rūpī ruptus _break_ edō ēsse (§ ēdī ēsus _eat_ 128) fundō fundere fūdī fūsus _four_
4. Perfect in -ī without either Reduplication or Lengthening of Stem Vowel.
excūdō excūdere excūdī excūsus _hammer_ cōnsīdō cōnsīdere cōnsēdī ---- _take one's seat_ possīdō possīdere possēdī possessus _take possession_ accendō accendere accendī accēnsus _kindle_ a-scendō ascendere ascendī ascēnsum (est) _climb_ dē-fendō dēfendere dēfendī dēfēnsus _defend_ pre-hendō prehendere prehendī prehēnsus _seize_ īcō īcere īcī ictus _strike_ vellō vellere vellī vulsus _pluck_ vertō vertere vertī versus _turn_ pandō pandere pandī passus _spread_ solvō solvere solvī solūtus _loose_ vīsō vīsere vīsī vīsus _visit_ volvō volvere volvī volūtus _roll_ verrō verrere verrī versus _sweep_
5. Perfect in -uī.
in-cumbō incumbere incubuī incubitūrus _lean on_ gignō gignere genuī genitus _bring forth_ molō molere moluī molitus _grind_ vomō vomere vomuī vomitus _vomit_ fremō fremere fremuī ---- _snort_ gemō gemere gemuī ---- _sigh_ metō metere messuī messus _reap_ tremō tremere tremuī ---- _tremble_ strepō strepere strepuī ---- _rattle_ alō alete aluī altus (alitus) _nourish_ colō colere coluī cultus _cultivate_ incolō incolere incoluī ---- _inhabit_ excolō excolere excoluī excultus _perfect_ cōnsulō cōnsulere cōnsuluī cōnsultus _consult_ cōnserō cōnserere cōnseruī cōnsertus _join_ dēserō dēserere dēseruī dēsertus _desert_ disserō disserere disseruī ---- _discourse_ texō texere texuī textus _weave_
6. Perfect in -vī.
sinō sinere sīvī situs _allow_ desinō dēsinere dēsiī dēsitus _cease_ ponō pōnere posuī positus _place_ ob-linō oblinere oblēvī oblitus _smear_ serō serere sēvī satus _sow_ cōnserō cōnserere cōnsēvī cōnsitus _plant_ cernō cernere ---- ---- _separate_ discernō discernere discrēvī discrētus _distinguish_ dēcernō dēcernere dēcrēvī dēcrētus _decide_ spernō spernere sprēvī sprētus _scorn_ sternō sternere strāvī strātus _spread_ prō-sternō prōsternere prōstrāvī prōstrātus _overthrow_ petō petere petīvī petītus _seek_ (petiī) appetō appetere appetīvī appetītus _long for_ terō terere trīvī trītus _rub_ quaerō quaerere quaesīvī quaesītus _seek_ acquīrō acquīrere acquīsīvī acquīsītus _acquire_ arcessō arcessere arcessīvī arcessītus _summon_ capessō capessere capessīvī capessītus _seize_ lacessō lacessere lacessīvī lacessītus _provoke_
7. Used only in Present System.
angō angere ---- ---- _choke_ lambō lambere ---- ---- _lick_ claudō claudere ---- ---- _be lame_ furō furere ---- ---- _rave_ vergō vergere ---- ---- _bend_ and a few others.
II. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN -U.
induō induere induī indūtus _put on_ imbuō imbuere imbuī imbūtus _moisten_ luō luere luī ---- _wash_ polluō polluere polluī pollūtus _defile_ minuō minuere minuī minūtus _lessen_ statuō statuere statuī statūtus _set up_ cōnstituō cōnstituere cōnstituī cōnstitūtus _determine_ suō suere suī sūtus _sew_ tribuō tribuere tribuī tribūtus _allot_ ruō ruere ruī ruitūrus _fall_ dīruō dīruere dīruī dīrutus _destroy_ obruō obruere obruī obrutus _overwhelm_ acuō acuere acuī ---- _sharpen_ arguō arguere arguī ---- _accuse_ congruō congruere congruī ---- _agree_ metuō metuere metuī ---- _fear_ ab-nuō abnuere abnuī ---- _decline_ re-spuō respuere respuī ---- _reject_ struō struere strūxī strūctus _build_ fluō fluere flūxi (flūxus, as _flow_ Adj.)
III. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN -I.
capiō cupere cupīvī cupītus _wish_ sapiō sapere sapīvī ---- _taste_ rapiō rapere rapuī raptus _snatch_ dīripiō dīripere dīripuī dīreptus _plunder_ cōnspiciō cōnspicere cōnspexī cōnspectus _gaze at_ aspiciō aspicere aspexī aspectus _behold_ illiciō illicere illexī illectus _allure_ pelliciō pellicere pellexī pellectus _allure_ ēliciō ēlicere ēlicuī ēlicitus _elicit_ quatiō quatere ---- quassus _shake_ concutiō concutere concussī concussus _shake_ pariō parere peperī partus _bring forth_ capiō capere cēpī captus _take_ accipiō accipere accēpī acceptus _accept_ incipiō incipere incēpī inceptus _begin_ faciō facere fēcī factus _make_ afficiō afficere affēcī affectus _affect_ _Passive_, afficior, afficī, affectus sum. So other prepositional compounds, _perficiō_, _perficior_; _interficiō_, _interficior_; etc. But-- assuēfaciō assuēfacere assuēfēcī assuēfactus _accustom_ _Passive_, assuēfiō, assuēfieri, assuēfactus sum. So also _patefaciō_, _patefīō_; _calefaciō_, _calefīō_; and all non-prepositional compounds. jaciō jacere jēcī jactus _hurl_ abiciō abicere abjēcī abjectus _throw away_ fodiō fodere fōdī fossus _dig_ fugiō fugere fūgī fugitūrus _flee_ effugiō effugere effūgī ---- _escape_
IV. VERBS IN -SCŌ.
1. Verbs in -scō from Simple Roots.
poscō poscere poposcī ---- _demand_ discō discere didicī ---- _learn_ pāscō pāscere pāvī pāstus _feed_ pāscor pāscī pāstus sum _graze_ crēscō crēscere crēvī crētus _grow_ cōnsuēscō cōnsuēscere cōnsuēvī cōnsuētus _accustom one's self_ quiēscō quiēscere quiēvī quiētūrus _be still_ adolēscō adolēscere adolēvi adultus _grow up_ obsolēscō obsolēscerē obsolēvī ---- _grow old_ nōscō nōscere nōvī ---- _become acquainted with_ ignōscō ignōscere ignōvī ignōtūrus _pardon_ agnōscō agnōscere agnōvī agnitus _recognize_ cognōscō cognōscere cognōvī cognitus _get acquainted with_
2. Verbs in -scō formed from other Verbs.
These usually have Inchoative or Inceptive meaning (see § 155, 1). When they have the Perfect, it is the same as that of the Verbs from which they are derived.
flōrēscō flōrēscere flōruī _begin to (flōreō) bloom_ scīscō scīscere scīvī _enact_ (scīo) ārēscō ārēscere āruī _become dry_ (āreō) calēscō calēscere caluī _become hot_ (caleō) cōnsenēscō cōnsenēscere cōnsenuī _grow old_ (seneō) extimēscō extimēscere extimuī _fear greatly_ (timeō) ingemīscō ingemīscere ingemuī _sigh_ (gemō) adhaerēscō adhaerēscere adhaesī _stick_ (haereō)
3. Verbs in -scō derived from Adjectives, usually with Inchoative meaning.
obdūrēscō obdūrēscere obdūruī _grow hard_ (dūrus) ēvanēscō ēvanēscere ēvinuī _disappear_ (vānus) percrēbrēsco percrēbrēscere percrēbruī _grow fresh_ (crēber) mātūrescō mātūrēscere mātūruī _grow ripe_ (mātūrus) obmūtēscō obmūtēscere obmūtuī _grow dumb_ (mūtus)
V. DEPONENTS.
fungor fungi fūnctus sum _perform_ queror querī questus sum _complain_ loquor loquī locūtus sum _speak_ sequor sequī secūtus sum _follow_ fruor fruī fruitūrus _enjoy_ perfruor perfruī perfrūctus sum _thoroughly enjoy_ lābor lābi lāpsus sum _glide_ amplector amplectī amplexus sum _embrace_ nītor nītī nīsus sum, _strive_ nīxus sum gradior gradī gressus sum _walk_ patior patī passus sum _suffer_ perpetior perpetī perpessus sum _endure_ ūtor ūtī ūsus sum _use_ morior morī mortuus sum _die_ adipīscor adipīscī adeptus sum _acquire_ comminīscor comminīscī commentus sum _invent_ reminīscor reminīscī ---- _remember_ nancīscor nancīscī nanctus _acquire_ (nactus) sum nāscor nāscī nātus sum _be born_ oblīvīscor oblīvīscī oblītus sum _forget_ pacīscor pacīscī pactus sum _covenant_ proficīscor proficīscī profectus sum _set out_ ulcīscor ulcīscī ultus sum _avenge_ īrāscor īrāscī (īrātus, as _be angry_ Adj.) vescor vescī ---- _eat_
Fourth Conjugation.
123. I. PERFECT ENDS IN -VĪ.
audiō audīre audīvī audītus _hear_ So all regular Verbs of the Fourth Conjugation. sepeliō sepelīre sepelīvī sepultus _bury_
II. PERFECT ENDS IN -UĪ.
aperiō aperīre aperuī apertus _open_ operiō operīre operuī opertus _cover_ saliō salīre saluī ---- _leap_
III. PERFECT ENDS IN -SĪ.
saepiō saepīre saepsī saeptus _hedge in_ sanciō sancīre sānxī sānctus _ratify_ vinciō vincīre vinxī vinctus _bind_ amiciō amicīre ---- amictus _envelop_ fulciō fulcīre fulsī fultus _prop up_ referciō refercīre refersī refertus _fill_ sarciō sarcīre sarsī sartus _patch_ hauriō haurīre hausī haustus _draw_ sentiō sentīre sēnsī sēnsus _feel_
IV. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.
veniō venīre vēnī ventum (est) _come_ adveniō advenīre advēnī adventum (est) _arrive_ inveniō invenīre invēnī inventus _find_
V. PERFECT WITH LOSS OF REDUPLICATION.
reperiō reperīre repperī repertus _find_ comperiō comperīre comperī compertus _learn_
VI. USED ONLY IN THE PRESENT.
feriō ferīre ---- ---- _strike_ ēsuriō ēsurīre ---- ---- _be hungry_
VII. DEPONENTS.
largior largīrī largītus sum _bestow_ So many others. experior experīrī expertus sum _try_ opperior opperīrī oppertus sum _await_ ōrdior ōrdīrī ōrsus sum _begin_ orior orīrī ortus sum _arise_ _Orior_ usually follows the Third Conjugation in its inflection; as _oreris_, _orĭtur_, _orĭmur_; _orerer_ (Imp. Subj.); _orere_ (Imper.). mētior mētīrī mēnsus sum _measure_ assentior assentīrī assēnsus sum _assent_
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IRREGULAR VERBS.
124. A number of Verbs are called Irregular. The most important are sum, dō, edō, ferō, volō, nōlō, mālō, eō, fīō. The peculiarity of these Verbs is that they append the personal endings in many forms directly to the stem, instead of employing a connecting vowel, as fer-s (2d Sing. of fer-ō), instead of fer-i-s. They are but the relics of what was once in Latin a large class of Verbs.
125. The Inflection of sum has already been given. Its various compounds are inflected in the same way. They are--
absum abesse āfuī _am absent_ _Pres. Partic_. absēns (absentis), _absent_. adsum adesse adfuī _am present_ dēsum deesse dēfuī _am lacking_ insum inesse īnfuī _am in_ intersum interesse interfuī _am among_ praesum praeesse praefuī _am in charge of_ _Pres. Partic_. praesēns (praesentis), _present_ obsum obesse obfuī _hinder_ prōsum prōdesse prōfuī _am of advantage_ subsum subesse subfuī _am underneath_ supersum superesse superfuī _am left_
NOTE.--Prōsum is compounded of prōd (earlier form of prō) and sum; the d disappears before consonants, as prōsumus; but prōdestis.
126. Possum. In its Present System possum is a compound of pot- (for pote, able) and sum; potuī is from an obsolete potēre.
PRINCIPAL PARTS. possum, posse, potuī, _to be able_.
INDICATIVE MOOD. SINGULAR. PLURAL. _Pres._ possum, potes, potest; possumus, potestis, possunt. _Imp._ poteram; poterāmus. _Fut._ poterō; poterimus. _Perf._ potuī; potuimus. _Plup._ potueram; potuerāmus. _Fut. P._ potuerō; potuerimus.
SUBJUNCTIVE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. _Pres._ possim, possīs, possit; possīmus, possītis, possint. _Imp._ possem; possēmus. _Perf._ potuerim; potuerīmus. _Plup._ potuissem; potuissēmus.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. _Pres._ posse. _Pres._ potēns (_as an adjective_). _Perf._ potuisse.
127. Dō, _I give_.
PRINCIPAL PARTS. dō, dăre, dedī, dătus.
Active Voice.
INDICATIVE MOOD. SINGULAR. PLURAL. _Pres._ dō, dās, dat; dămus, dătis, dant. _Imp._ dăbam, etc.; dăbāmus. _Fut._ dăbō, etc.; dăbimus. _Perf._ dedī; dedimus. _Plup._ dederam; dederāmus. _Fut. P._ dederō; dederimus.
SUBJUNCTIVE _Pres._ dem; dēmus. _Imp._ dărem; dărēmus. _Perf._ dederim; dederīmus. _Plup._ dedissem; dedissēmus.
IMPERATIVE. _Pres._ dā; dăte. _Fut._ dătō; dătōte. dătō. dantō.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. _Pres._ dăre. dāns. _Perf._ dedisse. _Fut._ dătūrus esse. dătūrus.
GERUND. SUPINE. dandī, etc. dătum, dătū.
1. The passive is inflected regularly with the short vowel. Thus: dărī, dătur, dărētur, etc.
2. The archaic and poetic Present Subjunctive forms duim, duint, perduit, perduint, etc., are not from the root da-, but from du-, a collateral root of similar meaning.
128. Edō, _I eat_.
PRINCIPAL PARTS. edō, ēsse, ēdī, ēsus.
Active Voice.
INDICATIVE MOOD. _Pres._ edō, edimus, ēs, ēstis, ēst; edunt.
SUBJUNCTIVE. _Imp._ ēssem, ēssēmus, ēssēs, ēssētis, ēsset; ēssent.
IMPERATIVE. _Pres._ ēs; ēste. _Fut._ ēstō; ēstōte. ēstō; eduntō.
INFINITIVE. _Pres._ ēsse.
Passive Voice.
INDICATIVE MOOD. _Pres. 3d Sing_. ēstur.
SUBJUNCTIVE. _Imp. 3d Sing_. ēssētur.
1. Observe the long vowel of the forms in ēs-, which alone distinguishes them from the corresponding forms of esse, _to be_.
2. Note comedō, comēsse, comēdī, comēsus or comēstus, _consume_.
3. The Present Subjunctive has edim, -īs, -it, etc., less often edam, -ās, etc.
129. Ferō, _I bear_.
PRINCIPAL PARTS. ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus.
Active Voice.
INDICATIVE MOOD. PLURAL. SINGULAR. _Pres._ ferō, fers, fert; ferimus, fertis, ferunt.[46] _Imp._ ferēbam; ferēbāmus. _Fut._ feram; ferēmus. _Perf._ tulī; tulimus. _Plup._ tuleram; tulerāmus. _Fut. P._ tulerō; tulerimus.
SUBJUNCTIVE. _Pres._ feram; ferāmus. _Imp._ ferrem; ferrēmus. _Perf._ tulerim; tulerīmus. _Plup._ tulissem; tulissēmus.
IMPERATIVE _Pres._ fer; ferte. _Fut._ fertō; fertōte. fertō; feruntō.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. _Pres._ ferre. _Pres._ ferēns. _Perf._ tulisse. _Fut._ lātūrus esse. _Fut._ lātūrus.
GERUND. SUPINE. _Gen._ ferendī. _Dat._ ferendō. _Acc._ ferendum. _Acc._ lātum. _Abl._ ferendō. _Abl._ lātū.
Passive Voice. feror, ferrī, lātus sum, _to be borne_.
INDICATIVE MOOD. PLURAL. SINGULAR. _Pres._ feror, ferris, fertur; ferimur, feriminī, feruntur. _Imp._ ferēbar; ferēbāmur. _Fut._ ferar; ferēmur. _Perf._ lātus sum; lātī sumus. _Plup._ lātus eram; lātī erāmus. _Fut. P._ lātus erō; lātī erimus.
SUBJUNCTIVE. _Pres._ ferar; ferāmur. _Imp._ ferrer; ferrēmur. _Perf._ lātus sim; lātī sīmus. _Plup._ lātus essem; lātī essēmus.
IMPERATIVE. _Pres._ ferre; ferimimī. _Fut._ fertor; ---- fertor; feruntor.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. _Pres._ ferrī. _Perf._ lātus esse. _Perf._ lātus. _Fut._ lātum īrī. _Fut._ ferendus.
So also the Compounds--
afferō afferre attulī allātus _bring toward_ auferō auferre abstulī ablātus _take away_ cōnferō cōnferre contulī collātus _compare_ differō differre distulī dīlātus _put off_ efferō efferre extulī ēlātus _carry out_ īnferō īnferre intulī illātus _bring against_ offerō offerre obtulī oblātus _present_ referō referre rettulī relātus _bring back_
NOTE.--The forms sustulī and sublātus belong to tollō.
130. volō, nōlō, mālō.
PRINCIPAL PARTS. volō, velle, voluī, _to wish._ nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, _to be unwilling._ mālō, mālle, māluī, _to prefer._
INDICATIVE MOOD. _Pres._ volō, nōlō, mālō, vīs, nōn vīs, māvīs, vult; nōn vult; māvult; volumus, nōlumus, mālumus, vultis, nōn vultis, māvultis, volunt. nōlunt. mālunt. _Imp._ volēbam. nōlēbam. mālēbam. _Fut._ volam. nōlam. mālam. _Perf._ voluī. nōluī. māluī. _Plup._ volueram. nōlueram. mālueram. _Fut. P._ voluerō. nōluerō. māluerō.
SUBJUNCTIVE. _Pres._ velim, -īs, -it, nōlim. mālīm. etc. _Inf._ vellem, -ēs, -et, nōllem. māllem. etc. _Perf._ voluerim. nōluerim. māluerim. _Pluf._ voluissem. nōluissem. māluissem.
IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ nōlī; nōlīte. _Fut._ nōlītō; nōlītōte. nōlītō; nōluntō.
INFINITIVE. _Pres._ velle. nōlle. mālle. _Perf._ voluisse. nōluisse. māluisse
PARTICIPLE. _Pres._ volēns nōlēns. ----
131. Fīō.
PRINCIPAL PARTS. fīō, fīerī, factus sum, _to become_, _be made_.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR, PLURAL. _Pres._ fīō, fīs, fit; fīmus, fītis, fīunt. _Inf._ fīēbam; fīēbāmus. _Fut._ fīam; fīēmus. _Perf._ factus sum; factī sumus. _Pluf._ factus eram; factī erāmus. _Fut. P._ factus erō; factī erimus.
SUBJUNCTIVE. _Pres._ fīam; fīāmus. _Imp._ fierem; fierēmus. _Perf._ factus sim; factī sīmus. _Plup._ factus essem; factī essēmus.
IMPERATIVE. _Pres._ fī; fīte. PARTICIPLE. INFINITIVE. _Pres._ fierī. _Perf._ factus esse. _Perf._ factus. _Fut._ factum īrī. _Ger._ faciendus.
NOTE.--A few isolated forms of compounds of fīō occur; as, dēfit _lacks_; īnfit, _begins_.
132. Eō.
PRINCIPAL PARTS. eō, īre, īvī, itum (est), _to go_.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. _Pres._ eō, īs, it; īmus, ītis, eunt. _Imp._ ībam; ībāmus. _Fut._ ībō; ībimus. _Perf._ īvī (iī); īvimus (iimus). _Plup._ īveram (ieram); īverāmus (ierāmus) _Fut. P._ īverō (ierō); īverimus (ierimus).
SUBJUNCTIVE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. _Pres._ eam; eāmus. _Inf._ īrem; īrēmus. _Perf._ īverim (ierim); īverīmus (ierīmus). _Pluf._ īvissem (iissem, īssem); īvissēmus (iissēmus, īssēmus).
IMPERATIVE. _Pres._ ī; īte. _Fut._ ītō; ītōte, ītō; euntō.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. _Pres._ īre. _Pres._ iēns. _Perf._ īvisse (īsse). (_Gen._ euntis.) _Fut._ itūrus esse. _Fut._ itūrus. _Gerundive_, eundum.
GERUND. SUPINE. eundī, etc. itum, itū.
1. Transitive compounds of eō admit the full Passive inflection; as adeor, adīris, adītur, etc.
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DEFECTIVE VERBS.
Defective Verbs lack certain forms. The following are the most important:--
133. USED MAINLY IN THE PERFECT SYSTEM.
Coepī, Meminī, Ōdī, _I have _I remember_. _I hate_. begun._
INDICATIVE MOOD. _Perf._ coepī. meminī. ōdī. _Plup._ coeperam. memineram. ōderam. _Fut. P._ coeperō. meminerō. ōderō.
SUBJUNCTIVE. _Perf._ coeperim. meminerim. ōderim. _Pluf._ coepissem. meminissem. ōdissem.
IMPERATIVE. _Sing._ mementō; _Plur._ mementōte.
INFINITIVE. _Perf._ coepisse. meminisse. ōdisse. _Fut._ coeptūrus esse. ōsūrus esse.
PARTICIPLE. _Perf._ coeptus, _begun_. ōsus. _Fut._ coeptūrus. ōsūrus.
1. When coepī governs a Passive Infinitive it usually takes the form coeptus est; as, amārī coeptus est, _he began to be loved_.
2. Note that meminī and ōdī, though Perfect in form, are Present in sense. Similarly the Pluperfect and Future Perfect have the force of the Imperfect and Future; as, memineram, _I remembered_; ōderō, _I shall hate_.
134. Inquam, _I say_ (inserted between words of a direct quotation)
INDICATIVE MOOD. SINGULAR. PLURAL. _Pres._ inquam, ---- inquis, ---- inquit; inquiunt. _Fut._ ---- ---- inquiēs, ---- inquiet. ---- _Perf. 3d Sing._ inquit.
135. Ajō, _I say_.
INDICATIVE MOOD. SINGULAR. PLURAL _Pres._ ajō, ---- aīs, ---- ait; ajunt. _Imp._ ajēbam, ajēbāmus, ajēbās, ajēbātis, ajēbat; ajēbant. _Perf 3d Sing._ aït.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Pres 3d Sing._ ajat.
NOTE.--For aīsne, _do you mean?_ aīn is common.
136. Fārī, _to speak._
This is inflected regularly in the perfect tenses. In the Present System it has--
INDICATIVE MOOD. SINGULAR. PLURAL. _Pres._ ---- ---- ---- ---- fātur. ---- _Fut._ fābor, ---- ---- ---- fābitur. ---- _Impv._ fāre. _Inf._ fārī. _Pres. fantis, fantī, etc. Partic._ _Gerund_, fandī; _D. and Abl._, fandō. _G._, _Gerundive_, fandus.
NOTE.--Forms of fārī are rare. More frequent are its compounds; as,-- affātur, _he addresses_; praefāmur, _we say in advance._
137. OTHER DEFECTIVE FORMS.
1. Queō, quīre, quīvī, _to be able_, and nequeō, nequīre, nequīvī, _to be unable_, are inflected like eō, but occur chiefly in the Present Tense, and there only in special forms.
2. Quaesō, _I entreat_; quaesumus, _we entreat_.
3. Cedo (2d sing. Impv.), cette (2d plu.); _give me_, _tell me_.
4. Salvē, salvēte, _hail_. Also Infinitive, salvēre.
5. Havē (avē), havēte, _hail_. Also Infinitive, havēre.
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IMPERSONAL VERBS.
138. Impersonal Verbs correspond to the English, _it snows, it seems, etc._ They have no personal subject, but may take an Infinitive, a Clause, or a Neuter Pronoun; as, mē pudet hōc fēcisse, lit. _it shames me to have done this_; hōc decet, _this is fitting_. Here belong--
I. Verbs denoting operations of the weather; as,--
fulget fulsit _it lightens_ tonat tonuit _it thunders_ grandinat ---- _it hails_ ningit ninxit _it snows_ pluit pluit _it rains_
II. Special Verbs.
paenitet paenitēre paenituit _it repents_ piget pigēre piguit _it grieves_ pudet pudēre puduit _it causes shame_ taedet taedēre taeduit _it disgusts_ miseret miserēre miseruit _it causes pity_ libet libēre libuit _it pleases_ licet licēre licuit _it is lawful_ oportet oportēre oportuit _it is fitting_ decet decēre decuit _it is becoming_ dēdecet dēdecēre dēdecuit _it is unbecoming_ rēfert rēferre rētulit _it concerns_
III. Verbs Impersonal only in Special Senses.
cōnstat cōnstāre cōnstitit _it is evident_ praestat praestāre praestitit _it is better_ juvat juvāre jūvit _it delights_ appāret appārēre appāruit _it appears_ placet placēre placuit _it pleases_ (placitum est) accēdit accēdere accessit _it is added_ accidit accidere accidit _it happens_ contingit contingere contigit _it happens_ ēvenit ēvenīre ēvēnit _it turns out_ interest interesse interfuit _it concerns_
IV. The Passive of Intransitive Verbs; as,--
ītur lit. _it is gone_ _i.e. some one goes_ curritur lit. _it is run_ _i.e. some one runs_ ventum est lit. _it has been come_ _i.e. some one has come_ veniendum est lit. _it must be come_ _i.e. somebody must come_ pugnārī potest lit. _it can be fought_ _i.e. somebody can fight_
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