Chapter 27
word, instead of to the purpose clause as a whole. Thus:--
ut nōn ējectus ad aliēnōs, sed invītātus ad tuōs videāre, _that you may seem not driven out among strangers, but invited to your own friends._
d. To say '_and that not_' or '_or that not_,' the Latin regularly uses nēve (neu); as,--
ut eārum rērum vīs minuerētur, neu pontī nocērent, _that the violence of these things might be lessened, and that they might not harm the bridge_;
profūgit, nē caperētur nēve interficerētur, _he fled, that he might not be captured or killed._
e. But neque (for nēve) is sometimes used in a second Purpose Clause when ut stands in the first, and, after the Augustan era, even when the first clause is introduced by nē.
f. Purpose Clauses sometimes stand in apposition with a preceding noun or pronoun: as,--
hāc causā, ut pācem habērent, _on this account, that they might have peace._
2. A Relative Pronoun (quī) or Adverb (ubi, unde, quō) is frequently used to introduce a Purpose Clause; as,--
Helvētiī lēgātōs mittunt, quī dīcerent, _the Helvetii sent envoys to say_ (lit. _who should say_);
haec habuī, dē senectūte quae dīcerem, _I had these things to say about old age_;
nōn habēbant quō sē reciperent, _they had no place to which to flee_ (lit. _whither they might flee_).
a. Quī in such clauses is equivalent to ut is, ut ego, etc.; ubi to ut ibi; unde to ut inde; quō to ut eō.
3. Relative Clauses of purpose follow dignus, indignus, and idōneus; as,--
idōneus fuit nēmō quem imitārēre, _there was no one suitable for you to imitate_ (_cf_. nēmō fuit quem imitārēre, _there was no one for you to imitate_);
dignus est quī aliquandō imperet, _he is worthy to rule sometime_.
4. Purpose Clauses often depend upon something to be supplied from the context instead of upon the principal verb of their own sentences; as,--
ut haec omnia omittam, abiimus, _to pass over all this,_ (_I will say that_) _we departed_.
Clauses of Characteristic.
283. 1. A relative clause used _to express a quality or characteristic of a general or indefinite antecedent_ is called a Clause of Characteristic, and usually stands in the Subjunctive; as,--
multa sunt, quae mentem acuant, _there are many things which sharpen the wits._
Clauses of Characteristic are opposed to those relative clauses which are used merely to state some fact about a definite antecedent, and which therefore take the Indicative; as,--
Catō, senex jūcundus, quī Sapiēns appellātus est, _Cato, a delightful old man, who was called 'The Wise.'_
The Clause of Characteristic implies '_a person of the sort that does something_'; the Indicative relative clause implies '_a particular person who does something_.'
2. Clauses of Characteristic are used especially after such expressions as, est quī; sunt quī; nēmō est quī; nūllus est quī; ūnus est quī; sōlus est quī; quis est quī; is quī; etc. Thus:--
sunt quī dīcant, _there are (some) who say_;
nēmō est quī nesciat, _there is nobody who is ignorant_;
sapientia est ūna quae maestitiam pellat, _philosophy is the only thing that drives away sorrow_;
quae cīvitās est quae nōn ēvertī possit, _what state is there that cannot be overthrown?_
nōn is sum quī improbōs laudem, _I am not the sort of man that praises the wicked._
a. Sometimes (very rarely in Cicero and Caesar) the clause of characteristic is used after comparatives; as,--
nōn longius hostēs aberant quam quō tēlum adigī posset, _the enemy were not too far off for a dart to reach them_ (lit. _further off than [a point] to which a dart could be cast_).
3. The Clause of Characteristic often conveys an accessory notion of cause (_since_) or opposition (_although_). Thus:--
a) Cause. The relative is then frequently accompanied by ut, quīppe, utpote; as,--
ō fortūnāte adulēscēns, quī tuae virtūtis Homērum praecōnem invēnerīs, _O fortunate man, since you have found a Homer as the herald of your valor_;
ut quī optimō jūre eam prōvinciam obtinuerit, _since he held that province by excellent right_.
b) Opposition:--
egomet quī sērō Graecās litterās attigissem, tamen complūrēs diēs Athēnīs commorātus sum, _I, although I had taken up Greek literature late in life, nevertheless tarried several days at Athens_.
4. Clauses of Characteristic may also be introduced by quīn = quī (quae, quod) nōn; as,--
nēmō est quīn saepe audierit, _there is no one who has not often heard_;
nēmō fuit mīlitum quīn vulnerārētur, _there was no one of the soldiers who was not wounded_.
5. Related to Clauses of Characteristic are also phrases of the type:
quod sciam, _so far as I know_; quem (quam, quod), audierim, _so far as I have heard_.
Clauses of Result.
284. 1. Clauses of Result are usually introduced by ut (_that_, _so that_), negative ut nōn (_so that not_), and take the Subjunctive. The main clause often contains tantus, tālis, tot, is (= tālis), tam, ita, sīc, adeō, or some similar word. Thus:--
quis tam dēmēns est ut suā voluntāte maereat, _who is so senseless as to mourn of his own volition?_
Siciliam ita vāstāvit ut restituī in antīquum statum nōn possit, _he so ravaged Sicily that it cannot be restored to its former condition_;
mōns altissimus impendēbat, ut facile perpaucī prohibēre possent, _a very high mountain overhung, so that a very few could easily stop them_;
nōn is es ut tē pudor umquam ā turpitūdine āvocārit, _you are not so constituted that shame ever called you back from baseness_.
2. A Result Clause is often introduced by a Relative Pronoun or Adverb, quī (= ut is), quō (= ut eō), etc.; as,--
nēmō est tam senex quī sē annum nōn putet posse vīvere, _nobody is so old as not to think he can live a year_;
habētis eum cōnsulem quī pārēre vestrīs dēcrētīs nōn dubitet, _you have a consul such as does not hesitate to obey your decrees_.
a. These Relative Clauses of Result are closely related to the Clause of Characteristic, and sometimes it is difficult to distinguish the two constructions. It is best to class the relative clause as one of Characteristic, unless the result idea is clear and unmistakable.
3. Result clauses may also be introduced by quīn = ut nōn; as,--
nihil tam difficile est quīn quaerendō invēstīgārī possit, _nothing is so difficult that it cannot be discovered by searching_;
nēmō est tam fortis quīn reī novitāte perturbētur, _no one is so steadfast as not to be thrown into confusion by a strange occurrence_.
4. Note the use of quam ut (sometimes quam alone) to denote Result after comparatives; as,--
urbs erat mūnītior quam ut prīmō impetū capī posset, _the city was too strongly fortified to be taken at the first attack_ (lit. _more strongly fortified than [so] that it could be taken, etc._).
Causal Clauses.
285. Causal clauses are introduced chiefly by the following particles:--
1. Quod, quia, quoniam. 2. Cum. 3. Quandō.
286. The use of moods is as follows:--
1. Quod, quia, quoniam take the Indicative when the reason is _that of the writer or speaker;_ they take the Subjunctive when the reason is viewed _as that of another._ Thus:--
Parthōs timeō quod diffīdō cōpiīs nostrīs, _I fear the Parthians, because I distrust our troops_.
Themistoclēs, quia nōn tūtus erat, Corcyram dēmigrāvit, _Themistocles, since he was not safe, moved to Corcyra_.
neque mē vīxisse paenitet, quoniam bene vīxī, _I do not regret having lived, since I have lived well_.
Sōcratēs accūsātus est quod corrumperet juventūtem, _Socrates was arraigned on the ground that he was corrupting the young_. (Here the reason is not that of the writer but of the accuser. Hence the Subjunctive.)
Haeduī Caesarī grātiās ēgērunt quod sē perīculō līberāvisset, _the Haedui thanked Caesar because he had delivered them from danger_. (The reason of the Haedui.)
quoniam Miltiadēs dīcere nōn posset, verba prō eō fēcit Tīsagorās, _since Miltiades could not speak, Tisagoras spoke for him_. (The reason of Tisagoras.)
noctū ambulābat Themistoclēs, quod somnum capere nōn posset, _Themistocles used to walk at night because (as he said) he couldn't sleep_.
a. Verbs of _thinking_ and _saying_ often stand in the Subjunctive in causal clauses as though the act of thinking or saying, and not the contents of the thought or language, constituted the reason. Thus:--
Bellovacī suum numerum nōn complēvērunt quod sē suō nōmine cum Rōmānīs bellum gestūrōs dīcerent, _the Bellovaci did not furnish their complement, because they said they were going to wage war with the Romans on their own account_.
b. Nōn quod, nōn quō (by attraction for nōn eō quod), nōn quia, _not that_, _not because_; and nōn quod nōn, nōn quō nōn, nōn quīn, _not that ... not_; _not because ... not_; _not but that_, are usually employed merely to introduce a hypothetical reason, and hence take the Subjunctive; as,--
id fēcī, nōn quod vōs hanc dēfēnsiōnem dēsīderāre arbitrārer, sed ut omnēs intellegerent, _this I did, not because I thought you needed this defense, but that all might perceive_;
Crassō commendātiōnem nōn sum pollicitus, nōn quīn eam valitūram apud tē arbitrārer, sed egēre mihi commendātiōne nōn vidēbātur, _I did not promise a recommendation to Crassus, not that I did not think it would have weight with you, but because he did not seem to me to need recommendation_.
c. But clauses introduced by nōn quod, nōn quīa take the Indicative _if they state a fact_, even though that fact is denied to be the reason for something; as,--
hōc ita sentiō, nōn quia sum ipse augur, sed quia sīc exīstimāre nōs est necesse, _this I think, not because I am myself an augur (which I really am), but because it is necessary for us to think so_.
2. Cum causal regularly takes the Subjunctive; as,--
quae cum īta sint, _since this is so_;
cum sīs mortālis, quae mortālia sunt, cūrā, _since you are mortal, care for what is mortal_.
a. Note the phrase cum praesertim (praesertim cum), _especially since;_ as,--
Haeduōs accūsat, praesertim cum eōrum precibus adductus bellum suscēperit, _he blamed the Haedui, especially since he had undertaken the war at their entreaties_.
3. Quandō (less frequent than the other causal particles) governs the Indicative; as,--
id omittō, quandō vōbīs ita placet, _I pass over that, since you so wish_.
Temporal Clauses introduced by _Postquam_, _Ut_, _Ubi_, _Simul ac_, etc.
287. 1. Postquam (posteāquam), _after_; ut, ubi, _when_; cum prīmum, simul, simul ac (simul atque), _as soon as_, when used to refer _to a single past act_ regularly take the Perfect Indicative; as,--
Epamīnōndās postquam audīvit vīcisse Boeōtiōs, 'Satis' inquit 'vīxī,' _Epaminondas, after he heard that the Boeotians had conquered, said, 'I have lived enough;'_
id ut audīvit, Corcyram dēmigrāvit, _when he heard this, he moved to Corcyra_;
Caesar cum prīmum potuit, ad exercitum contendit, _Caesar, as soon as he could, hurried to the army_;
ubi dē Caesaris adventū certiōrēs factī sunt, lēgātōs ad eum mittunt, _when they were informed of Caesar's arrival, they sent envoys to him_.
a. The Historical Present may take the place of the Perfect in this construction.
2. To denote _the repeated occurrence_ of an act, ut, ubi, simul atque, _as often as_, when following an historical tense, take the Pluperfect Indicative (compare §§ 288, 3; 302, 3); as,--
ut quisque Verris animum offenderat, in lautumiās statim coniciēbātur, _whenever anybody had offended Verres's feelings, he was forthwith put in the stone-quarry_;
hostēs, ubi aliquōs ēgredientēs cōnspexerant, adoriēbantur, _whenever the enemy had seen any men disembarking, they attacked them_.
a. In Livy and succeeding historians the Imperfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive are used to denote this repeated occurrence of an act ('Indefinite Frequency'); as,--
id ubi dīxisset hastam mittēbat, _whenever he had said that, he hurled a spear_.
3. Occasionally the above conjunctions are followed by the Pluperfect Indicative of a single occurrence. This is regularly the case with postquam in expressions denoting a definite interval of time (days, months, years, etc.), such as post tertium annum quam, trienniō postquam. Thus:--
quīnque post diēbus quam Lūcā discesserat, ad Sardiniam vēnit _five days after he had departed from Luca he came to Sardinia_;
postquam occupātae Syrācūsae erant, profectus est Carthāginem, _after Syracuse had been seized, he set out for Carthage_.
4. The Imperfect Indicative also sometimes occurs, to denote _a continued state;_ as,--
postquam Rōmam adventābant, senātus cōnsultus est, _after they were on the march toward Rome, the Senate was consulted_;
postquam strūctī utrimque stābant, _after they had been drawn up on both sides and were in position_.
5. Rarely postquam, posteāquam, following the analogy of cum, take the Subjunctive, but only in the historical tenses; as,--
posteāquam sūmptuōsa fieri fūnera coepissent, lēge sublāta sunt, _after funerals had begun to be elaborate, they were done away with by law_.
Temporal Clauses introduced by _Cum_.
A. Cum REFERRING TO THE PAST.
288. 1. Cum, when referring to the past, takes,--
A. The Indicative (Imperfect, Historical Perfect, or Pluperfect) to denote _the point of time at which_ something occurs.
B. The Subjunctive (Imperfect or Pluperfect) to denote _the situation or circumstances under which_ something occurs.
Examples:--
INDICATIVE.
an tum erās cōnsul, cum in Palātiō mea domus ārdēbat, _or were you consul at the time when my house burned up on the Palatine?_
crēdō tum cum Sicilia flōrēbat opibus et cōpiīs magna artificia fuisse in eā īnsulā, _I believe that at the time when Sicily was powerful in riches and resources there were great crafts in that island_;
eō tempore pāruit cum pārēre necesse erat, _he obeyed at the time when it was necessary to obey_;
illō diē, cum est lāta lēx dē mē, _on that day when the law concerning me was passed_.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Lysander cum vellet Lycūrgī lēgēs commūtāre, prohibitus est, _when Lysander desired to change the laws of Lycurgus, he was prevented_;
Pythagorās cum in geōmetriā quiddam novī invēnisset, Mūsīs bovem immolāsse dīcitur, _when Pythagoras had discovered something new in geometry, he is said to have sacrificed an ox to the Muses_.
a. Note that the Indicative is much less frequent in such clauses than the Subjunctive, and is regularly confined to those cases where the main clause has tum, eō diē, eō annō, eō tempore or some similar correlative of the cum. Sometimes it depends entirely upon the point of view of the writer whether he shall employ the Indicative or Subjunctive.
2. Cum Inversum. When the logical order of the clauses is inverted, we find cum with the Perfect Indicative or Historical Present, in the sense of _when_, _when suddenly_. The main clause in such cases often has jam, vix, aegrē, nōndum; as,--
jam Gallī ex oppidō fugere apparābant, cum mātrēs familiae repente prōcurrērunt, _the Gauls were already preparing to flee, when suddenly the matrons rushed forth_ (logically, _the matrons rushed forth as the Gauls were preparing to flee_);
Trēvirī Labiēnum adorīrī parābant, cum duās legiōnēs vēnisse cognōscunt, _the Treviri were preparing to attack, when (suddenly) they learned that two legions had arrived_.
3. To denote a _recurring action_ in the past, cum is followed by the Indicative, particularly of the Pluperfect (compare §§ 287, 2; 302, 3); as,--
cum ād aliquod oppidum vēnerat, eādem lectīcā ad cubiculum dēferēbātur, _whenever he had arrived at some town, he was (always) carried in the same litter to his room_;
cum equitātus noster sē in agrōs ējēcerat, essedāriōs ex silvīs ēmittēbat, _whenever our cavalry had advanced into the fields, he would send his charioteers out from the woods_.
a. Sometimes the Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive is thus used; as,--
saepe cum aliquem vidēret minus bene vestītum, suum amiculum dedit, _often, wherever he saw some one more poorly clothed, he gave him his own mantle_;
cum prōcucurrissent, Numidae effugiēbant, _as often as they had advanced, the Numidians ran away_.
This construction is frequent in Livy and subsequent historians.
B. Cum REFERRING TO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE.
289. When cum refers to the Present or Future it regularly takes the Indicative; as,--
tum tua rēs agitur, pariēs cum proximus ārdet, _your own interests are at stake when your neighbor's house is burning_;
cum vidēbis, tum sciēs, _when you see, then you will know._
a. The Indicative of the Present or Future may denote also a _recurring action;_ as,--
stabilitās amīcitiae cōnfirmārī potest, cum hominēs cupīdinibus imperābunt, _firm friendship can be established whenever men shall control their desires._
C. OTHER USES OF Cum.
290. 1. Cum Explicative. Cum, with the Indicative, is sometimes used to indicate the identity of one act with another; as,--
cum tacent clāmant, _their silence is a shout_ (lit. _when they are silent, they shout_).
2. Cum ... tum. When cum ... tum mean _both ... and_, the cum-clause is in the Indicative; but when cum has the force of _while_, _though_, it may take the Subjunctive; as,--
cum tē semper dīlēxerim, tum tuīs factīs incēnsus sum, _while I have always loved you, at the same time I am stirred by your conduct_.
Clauses introduced by _Antequam_ and _Priusquam_.
A. WITH THE INDICATIVE.
291. Antequam and priusquam (often written ante ... quam, prius ... quam) take the Indicative to denote _an actual fact_.
1. Sometimes the Present or Future Perfect; as,--
prius respondēs quam rogō, _you answer before I ask_;
nihil contrā disputābō priusquam dīxerit, _I will say nothing in opposition, before he speaks_.
2. Sometimes the Perfect, especially after negative clauses; as,--
nōn prius jugulandī fīnis fuit, quam Sulla omnēs suōs dīvitiīs explēvit, _there was no end of murder until Sulla satisfied all his henchmen with wealth_.
B. WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE.
292. Antequam and priusquam take the Subjunctive to denote an act as _anticipated_.
1. Thus the Subjunctive may denote--
a) An act in preparation for which the main act takes place; as,--
priusquam dīmicārent, foedus īctum est, _i.e. in anticipation of the fight, a treaty was struck._
By an extension of this usage, the Subjunctive is sometimes used of _general truths_, where the anticipatory notion has faded out; as,--
tempestās minātur antequam surgat, _the tempest threatens before it rises_.
b) An act anticipated and forestalled; as,--
priusquam tēlum adicī posset, omnis aciēs terga vertit, _before a spear could be hurled, the whole army fled._
c) An act anticipated and deprecated; as,--
animum omittunt priusquam locō dēmigrent, _they die rather than quit their post._
2. After historical tenses the Imperfect Subjunctive is used, especially by some writers, where the notion of anticipation has practically vanished; as,--
sōl antequam sē abderet fugientem vīdit Antōnium, _the sun before it set saw Antony fleeing._
Clauses introduced by _Dum_, _Dōnec_, _Quoad_.
293. 1. Dum, _while_, regularly takes the Indicative of the Historical Present; as,--
Alexander, dum inter prīmōrēs pugnat, sagittā ictus est, _Alexander, while he was fighting in the van, was struck by an arrow_;
dum haec geruntur, in fīnēs Venellōrum pervēnit, _while these things were being done, he arrived in the territory of the Venelli_.
II. Dum, dōnec, and quoad, _as long as_, take the Indicative; as,--
dum anima est, spēs est, _as long as there is life, there is hope_;
Lacedaemoniōrum gēns fortis fuit, dum Lycūrgī lēgēs vigēbant, _the race of the Lacedaemonians was powerful, as long as the laws of Lycurgus were in force_;
Catō, quoad vīxit, virtūtum laude crēvit, _Cato, at long as he lived, increased in the fame of his virtues_.
III. Dum, dōnec, and quoad, _until_, take:--
1. The Indicative, to denote _an actual event_; as,--
dōnec rediit, fuit silentium, _there was silence till he came_;
ferrum in corpore retinuit, quoad renūntiātum est Boeōtiōs vīcisse, _he kept the iron in his body until word was brought that the Boeotians had conquered_.
a. In Livy and subsequent historians dum and dōnec in this sense often take the Subjunctive instead of the Indicative; as,--
trepidātiōnis aliquantum ēdēbant dōnec timor quiētem fēcisset, _they showed some trepidation, until fear produced quiet_.
2. The Subjunctive, to denote _anticipation_ or _expectancy_; as,--
exspectāvit Caesar dum nāvēs convenīrent, _Caesar waited for the ships to assemble_;
dum litterae veniant, morābor, _I shall wait for the letter to come_.
Substantive Clauses.
294. A Substantive Clause is one which as a whole serves as the Subject or Object of a verb, or stands in some other case relation.
A. Substantive Clauses developed from the Volitive.
295. Substantive Clauses Developed from the Volitive are used with the following classes of verbs:--
1. With verbs signifying _to admonish_, _request_, _command_, _urge_, _persuade_, _induce_,[51] etc. (conjunctions ut, nē, or ut nē); as,--
postulō ut fīat, _I demand that it be done_ (dependent form of the Jussive fīat, _let it be done!_);
ōrat, nē abeās, _he begs that you will not go away_;
mīlitēs cohortātus est ut hostium impetum sustinērent, _he exhorted his soldiers to withstand the attack of the enemy_;
Helvētiīs persuāsit ut exīrent, _he persuaded the Helvetii to march forth_.
a. Jubeō, _command_, _order_, regularly takes the Infinitive.
2. With verbs signifying _to grant_, _concede_, _permit_, _allow_,[52] etc. (conjunction ut); as,--
huic concēdō ut ea praetereat, _I allow him to pass that by_ (dependent form of the Jussive ea praetereat, _let him pass that by!_);
cōnsulī permissum est ut duās legiōnēs scrīberet, _the consul was permitted to enroll two legions_.
3. With verbs of _hindering_, _preventing_,[53] etc. (conjunctions nē, quōminus, quīn); as,--
nē lūstrum perficeret, mors prohibuit, _death prevented him from finishing the lustrum_ (dependent form after past tense of nē lūstrum perficiat, _let him not finish_, etc.);
prohibuit quōminus in ūnum coīrent, _he prevented them from coming together_;
nec quīn ērumperet, prohibērī poterat, _nor could he be prevented from rushing forth_.
a. Quīn is used only when the verb of _hindering_ is accompanied by a negative, or stands in a question implying a negative; it is not _necessarily_ used even then.
4. With verbs of _deciding_, _resolving_,[54] etc. (conjunctions ut, nē, or ut nē); as,--
cōnstitueram ut prīdiē Īdūs Aquīnī manērem, _I had decided to remain at Aquinum on the 12th_;
dēcrēvit senātus ut Opīmius vidēret, _the Senate decreed that Opimius should see to it_;
convēnit ut ūnīs castrīs miscērentur, _it was agreed that they should be united in one camp_.
5. With verbs of _striving_,[55] etc. (conjunctions ut, nē, or ut nē); as,--
fac ut eum exōrēs, _see to it that you prevail upon him!_
cūrā ut vir sīs, _see to it that you are a man!_
labōrābat ut reliquās cīvitātēs adjungeret, _he was striving to join the remaining states to him_.
a. Cōnor, _try_, always takes the Infinitive.
NOTE.--Verbs of all the above classes also admit the Infinitive, especially in poetry.
6. With a few other expressions, such as necesse est, reliquus est, sequitur, licet, oportet; as,--
sequitur ut doceam, _it remains for me to show_;
licet redeās, _you may return_;
oportet loquāmur, _we must speak_.
On the absence of ut with licet and oportet, see paragraph 8.
7. Here also belong phrases of the type: nūlla causa est cūr, quīn; nōn est cūr, etc.; nihil est cūr, etc.; as,--
nūlla causa est cūr timeam, _there is no reason why I should fear_ (originally Deliberative: _why should I fear? There's no reason_);
nihil est quīn dīcam, _there is no reason why I should not say_.
8. Many of the above classes of verbs at times take the simple Subjunctive without ut. In such cases we must not recognize any omission of ut, but simply an earlier form of expression which existed before the ut-clause arose. This is regularly the case with necesse est, licet, and oportet; see 6. Other examples are:--
eōs moneō dēsinant, _I warn them to stop_;
huic imperat adeat cīvitātēs, _he orders him to visit the states_.
B. Substantive Clauses developed from the Optative.
296. Substantive Clauses Developed from the Optative occur:--
1. With verbs of _wishing_, _desiring_, especially cupiō, optō, volō, mālō (conjunctions ut, nē, ut nē); as,--
optō ut in hōc jūdiciō nēmō improbus reperiātur, _I hope that in this court no bad man may be found_ (here ut reperiātur represents a simple optative of direct statement, viz. reperiātur, _may no bad man be found_!);
cupiō nē veniat, _I desire that he may not come_.
a. The simple Subjunctive (without ut) sometimes occurs with verbs of this class. (See § 295, 8.) Examples are: velim scrībās, _I wish you would write_; vellem scrīpsisset, _I wish he had written_.
2. With expressions of _fearing_ (timeō, metuō, vereor, etc.). Here nē means _that_, _lest_, and ut means _that not_; as,--
timeō nē veniat, _I fear that he will come_ (originally: _may he not come! I'm afraid_ [_he will_]);
timeō ut veniat, _I fear that he will not come_ (originally: _may he come! I'm afraid_ [_he won't_]).
a. Nē nōn sometimes occurs instead of ut, especially where the verb of _fearing_ has a negative, or where the writer desires to emphasize some particular word in the dependent clause; as,--
nōn vereor ne hōc nōn fīat, _I am not afraid that this will not happen;_
vereor nē exercitum fīrmum habēre nōn possit, _I fear that he is unable_ (nōn possit) _to have a strong army._
C. Substantive Clauses of Result.
297. Substantive Clauses of Result (introduced by ut, ut nōn) are a development of pure Result clauses, and occur with the following classes of words:--
1. As object clauses after verbs of _doing_, _accomplishing_ (especially faciō, efficiō, cōnficiō). Thus:--
gravitās morbī facit ut medicīnā egeāmus, _the severity of disease makes us need medicine._
2. As the subject of several impersonal verbs, particularly fit, efficitur, accidit, ēvenit, contingit, accēdit, fierī potest, fore, sequitur, relinquitur. Thus:--
ex quō efficitur, ut voluptās nōn sit summum bonum, _from which it follows that pleasure is not the greatest good_;
ita fit, ut nēmō esse possit beātus, _thus it happens that no one can be happy_;
accēdēbat ut nāvēs deessent, _another thing was the lack of ships_ (lit. _it was added that ships were lacking_).
3. As predicate or appositive after expressions like jūs est, mōs est, cōnsuētūdō est; also after neuter pronouns, hōc, illud, etc. Thus:--
est mōs hominum ut nōlint eundem plūribus rēbus excellere, _it is the way of men not to wish the same person to excel in many things._
D. Substantive Clauses introduced by _Quīn_.
298. Substantive Clauses introduced by quīn (used sometimes as subject, sometimes as object) occur after negative and interrogative expressions of _doubt_, _omission,_ and the like, particularly after nōn dubitō, _I do not doubt_; quis dubitat, _who doubts?_; nōn (haud) dubium est, _there is no doubt_. The mood is the Subjunctive. Examples:--
quis dubitat quīn in virtūte dīvitiae sint, _who doubts that in virtue there are riches?_
nōn dubium erat quīn ventūrus esset, _there was no doubt that he was about to come._
a. In Nepos, Livy, and post-Augustan writers an Infinitive sometimes takes the place of the quīn-clause after nōn dubitō; as,--
nōn dubitāmus inventōs esse, _we do not doubt that men were found_
b. Nōn dubitō, _I do not hesitate_, is regularly followed by the Infinitive, though sometimes by a quīn-clause.
E. Substantive Clauses Introduced by _Quod_.
299. 1. Quod, _the fact that_, _that_, introduces Substantive Clauses in the Indicative. This construction occurs especially--
a) In apposition with a preceding demonstrative, as hōc, id, illud, illa, ex eō, inde, etc. Thus:--
illud est admīrātiōne dignum, quod captīvōs retinendōs cēnsuit, _this is especially worthy of admiration, that he thought the prisoners ought to be kept_;
hōc ūnō praestāmus vel maximē ferīs, quod colloquimur inter nōs, _in this one respect we are especially superior to the beasts, that we talk with each other_.
b) After bene fit, bene accidit, male fit, bene facere, mīror, etc.; as,--
bene mihi ēvenit, quod mittor ad mortem, _it is well for me that I am sent to death_;
bene fēcistī quod mānsistī, _you did well in remaining._
2. Quod at the beginning of the sentence sometimes has the force of _as regards the fact that_. Thus:--
quod multitūdinem Germānōrum in Galliam trādūcō, id meī mūniendī causā faciō, _as regards the fact that I am transporting a multitude of Germans into Gaul, I am doing it for the sake of strengthening myself;_
quod mē Agamemnona aemulārī putās, falleris, _as regards your thinking that I emulate Agamemnon, you are mistaken_.
F. Indirect Questions.
300. 1. Indirect Questions are Substantive Clauses used after verbs of _asking_, _inquiring_, _telling_, and the like. They take their verb in the Subjunctive[56]. Like Direct Questions (see § 162) they may be introduced--
a) By Interrogative Pronouns or Adverbs; as,--
dīc mihi ubi fuerīs, quid fēcerīs, _tell me where you were, what you did_;
oculīs jūdicārī nōn potest in utram partem fluat Arar, _it cannot be determined by the eye in which direction the Arar flows_;
bis bīna quot essent, nesciēbat, _he did not know how many two times two were_.
NOTE.--Care should be taken to distinguish Indirect Questions from Relative Clauses. The difference between the two appears clearly in the following:--
effugere nēmō id potest quod futūrum est, _no one can escape what is destined to come to pass;_ but saepe autem ne ūtile quidem est scīre quid futūrum sit, _but often it is not even useful to know what is coming to pass._
b) By num or -ne, without distinction of meaning; as,--
Epamīnōndās quaesīvit num salvus esset clipeus, or salvusne esset clipeus, _Epaminondas asked whether his shield was safe_;
disputātur num interīre virtūs in homine possit, _the question is raised whether virtue can die in a man_;
ex Sōcrate quaesītum est nōnne Archelāum beātum putāret, _the question was asked of Socrates whether he did not think Archelaus happy_.
NOTE.--Nōnne in Indirect Questions occurs only after quaerō, as in the last example above.
2. Often the Indirect Question represents a Deliberative Subjunctive of the direct discourse; as,--
nesciō quid faciam, _I do not know what to do._ (Direct: quid faciam, _what shall I do!_)
3. After verbs of _expectation_ and _endeavor_ (exspectō, cōnor, experior, temptō) we sometimes find an Indirect Question introduced by sī; as,--
cōnantur sī perrumpere possint, _they try whether they can break through._
a. Sometimes the governing verb is omitted; as,--
pergit ad proximam spēluncam sī forte eō vēstīgia ferrent, _he proceeded to the nearest cave (to see) if the tracks led thither._
4. Indirect Double Questions are introduced in the main by the same particles as direct double questions (§ 162, 4); viz.;--
utrum ... an; -ne ... an; ---- ... an; ---- ... ne.
Examples:--
quaerō utrum vērum an falsum sit, } quaerō vērumne an falsum sit, } _I ask whether it_ quaerō vērum an falsum sit, } _is true or false?_ quaerō vērum falsumne sit, }
a. _'Or not'_ in the second member of the double question is ordinarily expressed by necne, less frequently by an nōn; as,--
dī utrum sint necne, quaeritur, _it is asked whether there are gods or not._
5. Haud sciō an, nesciō an, by omission of the first member of the double question, occur with the Subjunctive in the sense: _I am inclined to think, probably, perhaps;_ as,--
haud sciō an ita sit, _I am inclined to think this is so._
6. In early Latin and in poetry the Indicative is sometimes used in indirect Questions.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.
301. Conditional Sentences are compound sentences (§ 164) consisting of two parts, the Protasis (or _condition_), usually introduced by sī, nisi, or sīn, and the Apodosis (or _conclusion_). There are the following types of Conditional Sentences:--
First Type.--Nothing Implied as to the Reality of the Supposed Case.
302. 1. Here we regularly have the Indicative in both Protasis and Apodosis. Any tense may be used; as,--
sī hōc crēdis, errās, _if you believe this, you are mistaken_;
nātūram sī sequēmur, numquam aberrābimus, _if we follow Nature, we shall never go astray_;
sī hōc dīxistī, errāstī, _if you said this, you were in error_.
2. Sometimes the Protasis takes the Indefinite Second Person Singular (§ 356, 3) of the Present or Perfect Subjunctive, with the force of the Indicative; as,--
memoria minuitur, nisi eam exerceās, _memory is impaired unless you exercise it_.
3. Here belong also those conditional sentences in which the Protasis denotes a repeated action (compare §§ 287, 2; 288, 3); as,--
sī quis equitum dēciderat, peditēs circumsistēbant, _if any one of the horsemen fell, the foot-soldiers gathered about him_.
a. Instead of the Indicative, Livy and subsequent writers employ the Subjunctive of the Historical tenses in the Protasis to denote repeated action; as,--
sī dīcendō quis diem eximeret, _if (ever) anybody consumed a day in pleading_; sī quandō adsidēret, _if ever he sat by_.
4. Where the sense demands it, the Apodosis in conditional sentences of the First Type may be an Imperative or one of the Independent Subjunctives (Hortatory, Deliberative, etc.); as,--
sī hōc crēditis, tacēte, _if you believe this, be silent_;
sī hōc crēdimus, taceāmus, _if we believe this, let us keep silent_.
Second Type.--'Should'-'Would' Conditions.
303. Here we regularly have the Subjunctive (of the Present or Perfect tense) in both Protasis and Apodosis; as,--
sī hōc dīcās, errēs, or sī hōc dīxerīs, errāverīs, _if you should say this, you would be mistaken_;
sī velim Hannibalis proelia omnia dēscrībere, diēs mē dēficiat, _if I should wish to describe all the battles of Hannibal, time would fail me_;
mentiar, sī negem, _I should lie, if I should deny it_;
haec sī tēcum patria loquātur, nōnne impetrāre dēbeat, _if your country should plead thus with you, would she not deserve to obtain her request?_
a. The Subjunctive in the Apodosis of conditional sentences of this type is of the Potential variety.
b. Sometimes we find the Indicative in the Apodosis of sentences of the Second Type, where the writer wishes to assert the accomplishment of a result more positively; as,--
aliter sī faciat, nūllam habet auctōritātem, _if he should do otherwise, he has no authority_.
Third Type.--Supposed Case Represented as Contrary to Fact.
304. 1. Here we regularly have the Subjunctive in both Protasis and Apodosis, the Imperfect referring _to present time_, and the Pluperfect referring _to past_; as,--
sī amīcī meī adessent, opis nōn indigērem, _if my friends were here, I should not lack assistance_;
sī hōc dīxissēs, errāssēs, _if you had said this, you would have erred_;
sapientia nōn expeterētur, sī nihil efficeret, _philosophy would not be desired, if it accomplished nothing_;
cōnsilium, ratiō, sententia nisi essent in senibus, nōn summum cōnsilium majōrēs nostrī appellāssent senātum, _unless deliberation, reason, and wisdom existed in old men, our ancestors would not have called their highest deliberative body a senate_.
2. Sometimes the Imperfect Subjunctive is found referring to the past, especially to denote _a continued act, or a state of things still existing_; as,--
Laelius, Fūrius, Catō sī nihil litterīs adjuvārentur, numquam sē ad eārum studium contulissent, _Laelius, Furius, and Cato would never have devoted themselves to the study of letters, unless they had been (constantly) helped by them_;
num igitur sī ad centēsimum annum vīxisset, senectūtis eum suae paenitēret, _if he had lived to his hundredth year, would he have regretted (and now be regretting) his old age?_
3. The Apodosis in conditional sentences of this type sometimes stands in the Indicative (Imperfect, Perfect, or Pluperfect), viz.--
a) Frequently in expressions of _ability_, _obligation_, or _necessity_; as,--
nisi fēlīcitās in sōcordiam vertisset, exuere jugum potuērunt, _unless their prosperity had turned to folly, they could have thrown off the yoke_;
NOTE.--In sentences of this type, however, it is not the _possibility_ that is represented as-contrary-to-fact, but something to be supplied in thought from the context. Thus in the foregoing sentence the logical apodosis is _et exuissent_ understood (_and they would have shaken it off_). When the _possibility_ itself is conditioned, the Subjunctive is used.
eum patris locō colere dēbēbās, sī ūlla in tē pietās esset, _you ought to revere him as a father, if you had any sense of devotion_.
b) With both the Periphrastic Conjugations; as,--
sī Sēstius occīsus esset, fuistisne ad arma itūrī, _if Sestius had been slain, would you have proceeded to arms?_
sī ūnum diem morātī essētis, moriendum omnibus fuit, _if you had delayed one day, you would all have had to die_.
Protasis expressed without _Sī_.
305. 1. The Protasis is not always expressed by a clause with sī, but may be implied in a word, a phrase, or merely by the context; as,--
aliōquī haec nōn scrīberentur, _otherwise_ (i.e. if matters were otherwise) _these things would not be written_;
nōn potestis, voluptāte omnia dīrigentēs, retinēre virtūtem, _you cannot retain virtue, if you direct everything with reference to pleasure_.
2. Sometimes an Imperative, or a Jussive Subjunctive, serves as Protasis. Thus:--
crās petitō, dabitur, _if you ask to-morrow, it shall be given you_ (lit. _ask to-morrow_, etc.);
haec reputent, vidēbunt, _if they consider this, they will see_ (lit. _let them consider_, etc.);
rogēs Zēnōnem, respondeat, _if you should ask Zeno, he would answer_.
Use of _Nisi_, _Sī Nōn_, _Sīn_.
306. 1. Nisi, _unless_, negatives the entire protasis; sī nōn negatives a single word; as,--
ferreus essem, nisi tē amārem, _I should be hard-hearted unless I loved you_; but--
ferreus essem, sī tē nōn amārem, _I should be hard-hearted if I did _NOT_ love you_.
In the first example, it is the notion of _loving you_ that is negatived, in the second, the notion of _loving_.
2. Sī nōn (sī minus) is regularly employed:--
a) When an apodosis with at, tamen, certē follows; as,--
dolōrem sī nōn potuerō frangere, tamen occultābō, _if I cannot crush my sorrow, yet I will hide it._
b) When an affirmative protasis is repeated in negative form; as,--
sī fēceris, magnam habēbō grātiam; sī nōn fēceris, ignōscam, _if you do it, I shall be deeply grateful; if you do not do it, I shall pardon you_.
a. But if the verb is omitted in the repetition, only si minus or sin minus is admissible; as,--
hōc sī assecūtus sum, gaudeō; sī minus, mē cōnsōlor, _if I have attained this, I am glad; if not, I console myself_.
3. Sīn. Where one protasis is followed by another opposed in meaning, but affirmative in form, the second is introduced by sīn; as,--
hunc mihi timōrem ēripe; sī vērus est, nē opprimar, sīn falsus, ut timēre dēsinam, _relieve me of this fear; if it is well founded, that I may not be destroyed; but if it is groundless, that I may cease to fear_.
4. Nisi has a fondness for combining with negatives (nōn, nēmō, nihil); as,--
nihil cōgitāvit nisi caedem, _he had no thought but murder_.
a. Nōn and nisi are always separated in the best Latinity.
5. Nisi forte, nisi vērō, nisi sī, _unless perchance, unless indeed_ (often with ironical force), take the Indicative; as,--
nisi vērō, quia perfecta rēs nōn est, nōn vidētur pūnienda, _unless indeed, because an act is not consummated, it does not seem to merit punishment_.
Conditional Clauses of Comparison.
307. 1. Conditional Clauses of Comparison are introduced by the particles, ac sī, ut sī, quasi, quam sī, tamquam sī, velut sī, or simply by velut or tamquam. They stand in the Subjunctive mood and regularly involve an ellipsis (see § 374, 1), as indicated in the following examples:--
tantus patrēs metus cēpit, velut sī jam ad portās hostis esset, _as great fear seized the senators as (would have seized them) if the enemy were already at the gates_;
sed quid ego hīs testibus ūtor quasi rēs dubia aut obscūra sit, _but why do I use these witnesses, as (I should do) if the matter were doubtful or obscure_;
serviam tibi tam quasi ēmerīs mē argentō, _I will serve you as though you had bought me for money_.
2. Note that in sentences of this kind the Latin observes the regular principles for the Sequence of Tenses. Thus after principal tenses the Latin uses the Present and Perfect (as in the second and third examples), where the English uses the Past and Past Perfect.
Concessive Clauses.
308. The term 'Concessive' is best restricted to those clauses developed from the Jussive Subjunctive which have the force of _granted that_, etc.; (see § 278) as,--
sit fūr, sit sacrilegus, at est bonus imperātor, _granted that he is a thief and a robber, yet he is a good commander_;
haec sint falsa, _granted that this is false_;
nē sit summum malum dolor, malum certē est, _granted that pain is not the greatest evil, yet it is certainly an evil_.
Adversative Clauses with _Quamvīs_, _Quamquam_, etc.
309. Clauses introduced by quamvīs, quamquam, etsī, tametsī, cum, _although_, while often classed as 'Concessive,' are yet essentially different from genuine Concessive clauses. As a rule, they do not _grant_ or _concede_ anything, but rather state that something is true _in spite of something else_. They accordingly emphasize the adversative idea, and are properly Subordinate Adversative Clauses. The different particles used to introduce these clauses have different meanings and take different constructions, as follows:--
1. Quamvīs, _however much_, _although_, does not introduce a statement of fact, but represents an act merely as conceived. It is followed by the Subjunctive, usually of the present tense; as,--
hominēs quamvīs in turbidīs rēbus sint, tamen interdum animīs relaxantur, _in however stirring events men may engage, yet at times they relax their energies;_
nōn est potestās opitulandī reī pūblicae quamvīs ea premātur perīculīs, _there is no opportunity to succor the state, though it be beset by dangers._
2. Quamquam, etsī, tametsī, _although_, introduce a statement of fact, and are followed by the Indicative (of any tense); as,--
quamquam omnis virtūs nōs allicit, tamen jūstitia id maximē efficit, _although all virtue attracts us, yet justice does so especially;_
Caesar, etsī nōndum cōnsilium hostium cognōverat, tamen id quod accidit suspicābātur, _Caesar, though he did not yet know the plans of the enemy, yet was suspecting what actually occurred_.
a. Etsī, _although_, must be distinguished from etsī, _even if_. The latter is a conditional particle and takes any of the constructions admissible for sī. (See §§ 302-304.)
3. Cum, _although_, is followed by the Subjunctive; as,--
Atticus honōrēs nōn petiit, cum eī patērent, _Atticus did not seek honors, though they were open to him_.
4. Licet sometimes loses its verbal force (see § 295, 6) and sinks to the level of a conjunction with the force of _although_. It takes the Subjunctive, Present or Perfect; as,--
licet omnēs terrōrēs impendeant, succurram, _though all terrors hang over me, (yet) I will lend aid_.
5. Quamquam, with the force _and yet_, is often used to introduce principal clauses; as,--
quamquam quid loquor, _and yet why do I speak?_
6. In post-Augustan writers quamquam is freely construed with the Subjunctive, while quamvīs is often used to introduce statements of fact, and takes either the Indicative or the Subjunctive. Thus:--
quamquam movērētur hīs vōcibus, _although he was moved by these words_;
quamvīs multī opīnārentur, _though many thought_;
quamvīs īnfēstō animō pervēnerās, _though you had come with hostile intent_.
Clauses with _Dum_, _Modo_, _Dummodo_, denoting a Wish or a Proviso.
310. These particles are followed by the Subjunctive (negative nē) and have two distinct uses:--
I. They are used to introduce clauses _embodying a wish_ entertained by the subject of the leading verb; as,--
multī honesta neglegunt dummodo potentiam cōnsequantur, _many neglect honor in their desire to obtain power_ (_if only they may attain_);
omnia postposuī, dum praeceptīs patris pārērem, _I made everything else secondary, in my desire to obey the injunctions of my father_;
nīl obstat tibi, dum nē sit dītior alter, _nothing hinders you in your desire that your neighbor may not be richer than you_.
II. They are used to express a _proviso_ ('_provided that_'); as,--
ōderint, dum metuant, _let them hate, provided they fear_;
manent ingenia senibus, modo permaneat studium et industria, _old men retain their faculties, provided only they retain their interest and vigor_;
nūbant, dum nē dōs fiat comes, _let them marry, provided no dowry goes with it_.
Relative Clauses.
311. Relative Clauses are introduced by Relative Pronouns, Adjectives, or Adverbs.
312. 1. Relative clauses usually stand in the Indicative Mood, especially clauses introduced by those General Relatives which are doubled or have the suffix -oumque; as,--
quidquid id est, timeō Danaōs et dōna ferentēs, _whatever it is, I fear the Greeks even when they offer gifts;_
quidquid oritur, quālecumque est, causam ā nātūrā habet, _whatever comes into being, of whatever sort it is, has its primal cause in Nature._
2. Any simple Relative may introduce a conditional sentence of any of the three types mentioned in §§ 302-304; as,--
quī hōc dīcit, errat, _he who says this is mistaken_ (First Type);
quī hōc dīcat, erret, _he would be mistaken who should say this_ (Second Type);
quī hōc dīxisset, errāsset, _the man who had said this would have been mistaken._
INDIRECT DISCOURSE (_ŌRĀTIŌ OBLĪQUA_).
313. When the language or thought of any person is reproduced without change, that is called Direct Discourse (_Ōrātiō Recta_); as, _Caesar said, 'The die is cast.'_ When, on the other hand, one's language or thought is made to depend upon a verb of _saying_, _thinking_, etc., that is called Indirect Discourse (_Ōrātiō Oblīqua_); as, _Caesar said that the die was cast; Caesar thought that his troops were victorious._
a. For the verbs most frequently employed to introduce Indirect Discourse, see § 331.
MOODS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
Declarative Sentences.
314. 1. Declarative Sentences upon becoming Indirect change their main clause to the Infinitive with Subject Accusative, while all subordinate clauses take the Subjunctive; as,--
Rēgulus dīxit quam diū jūre jūrandō hostium tenērētur nōn esse sē senātōrem, _Regulus said that as long as he was held by his pledge to the enemy he was not a senator._ (Direct: quam diū teneor nōn sum senātor.)
2. The verb of _saying_, _thinking_, etc., is sometimes to be inferred from the context; as,--
tum Rōmulus lēgātōs circā vīcīnās gentēs mīsit quī societātem cōnūbiumque peterent: urbēs quoque, ut cētera, ex īnfimō nāscī, _then Romulus sent envoys around among the neighboring tribes, to ask for alliance and the right of intermarriage, (saying that) cities, like everything else, start from a modest beginning_.
3. Subordinate clauses which contain an explanatory statement of the writer and so are not properly a part of the Indirect Discourse, or which emphasize the fact stated, take the Indicative; as,--
nūntiātum est Ariovistum ad occupandum Vesontiōnem, quod est oppidum maximum Sēquanōrum contendere, _it was reported that Ariovistus was hastening to seize Vesontio, which is the largest town of the Sequani_.
4. Sometimes a subordinate clause is such only in its external form, and in sense is principal. It then takes the Infinitive with Subject Accusative. This occurs especially in case of relative clauses, where quī is equivalent to et hīc, nam hīc, etc.; as,--
dīxit urbem Athēniēnsium prōpugnāculum oppositum esse barbarīs, apud quam jam bis classēs rēgiās fēcisse naufragium, _he said the city of the Athenians had been set against the barbarians like a bulwark, near which (= and near it) the fleets of the King had twice met disaster_.
5. The Subject Accusative of the Infinitive is sometimes omitted when it refers to the same person as the subject of the leading verb, or can easily be supplied from the context; as,--
cum id nescīre Māgō dīceret, _when Mago said he did not know this_ (for sē nescīre).
Interrogative Sentences.
315. 1. Real questions of the Direct Discourse, upon becoming indirect, are regularly put in the Subjunctive; as,--
Ariovistus Caesarī respondit: sē prius in Galliam vēnisse quam populum Rōmānum. Quid sibi vellet? Cūr in suās possessiōnēs venīret, _Ariovistus replied to Caesar that he had come into Gaul before the Roman people. What did he (Caesar) mean? Why did he come into his domain?_ (Direct: quid tibi vīs? cūr in meās possessiōnēs venīs?)
2. Rhetorical questions, on the other hand, being asked merely for effect, and being equivalent in force to emphatic statements, regularly stand in the Infinitive in Indirect Discourse. Thus :--
quid est levius (lit. _what is more trivial_, = nothing is more trivial) of the Direct Discourse becomes quid esse levius in the Indirect.
3. Deliberative Subjunctives of the Direct Discourse remain unchanged in mood in the Indirect: as,--
quid faceret, _what was he to do?_ (Direct: quid faciat?)
Imperative Sentences.
316. All Imperatives or Jussive Subjunctives of the Direct Discourse appear as Subjunctives in the Indirect; as,--
mīlitēs certiōrēs fēcit paulisper intermitterent proelium, _he told the soldiers to stop the battle for a little_. (Direct: intermittite.)
a. The negative in such sentences is nē; as,--
nē suae virtūtī tribueret, _let him not attribute it to his own valor!_
TENSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
A. Tenses of the Infinitive.
317. These are used in accordance with the regular principles for the use of the Infinitive as given in § 270.
a. The Perfect Infinitive may represent any past tense of the Indicative of Direct Discourse. Thus:--
sciō tē haec ēgisse may mean--
_I know you were doing this_.(Direct: haec agēbās.)
_I know you did this_. (Direct: haec ēgistī.)
_I know you had done this_. (Direct: haec ēgerās.)
B. Tenses of the Subjunctive.
318. These follow the regular principle for the Sequence of Tenses, being Principal if the verb of _saying_ is Principal; Historical if it is Historical. Yet for the sake of vividness, we often find the Present Subjunctive used after an historical tense (_Repraesentātiō_); as,--
Caesar respondit, sī obsidēs dentur, sēsē pācem esse factūrum, _Caesar replied that, if hostages be given, he would make peace_.
a. For the sequence after the Perfect Infinitive, see § 268, 2.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
Conditional Sentences of the First Type.
319. A. THE APODOSIS. Any tense of the Indicative is changed to the corresponding tense of the Infinitive (§§ 270; 317, a).
B. THE PROTASIS. The protasis takes those tenses of the Subjunctive which are required by the Sequence of Tenses.
Examples:--
DIRECT. INDIRECT. sī hōc crēdis, errās, dīcō, sī hōc crēdās, tē errāre; dīxī, sī hōc crēderēs, tē errāre. sī hōc crēdēs, errābis, dīcō, sī hōc crēdās, tē errātūrum esse; dīxī, sī hōc crēderēs, tē errātūrum esse. sī hōc crēdideris, errābis, dīcō, sī hōc crēderīs, tē errātūrum esse; dīxī, sī hōc crēdidissēs, tē errātūrum esse. sī hōc crēdēbās, errāvistī, dīcō, sī hōc crēderēs, tē errāvisse; dīxī, sī hōc crēderēs, tē errāvisse.
a. Note that a Future Perfect Indicative of the Direct Discourse regularly appears in the Indirect as a Perfect Subjunctive after a principal tense, and as a Pluperfect Subjunctive after an historical tense.
Conditional Sentences of the Second Type.
320. A. THE APODOSIS. The Present Subjunctive of the Direct Discourse regularly becomes the Future Infinitive of the Indirect.
B. THE PROTASIS. The Protasis takes those tenses of the Subjunctive demanded by the sequence of tenses.
Examples:--
sī hōc crēdās, errēs, dīcō, sī hōc crēdās, tē errātūrum esse; dīxī, sī hōc crēderēs, tē errātūrum esse;
Conditional Sentences of the Third Type.
321. A. THE APODOSIS.
1. The Imperfect Subjunctive of the Direct Discourse becomes the Future Infinitive.
a. But this construction is rare, being represented in the classical Latinity by a single example (Caesar, V. 29. 2). Some scholars question the correctness of this passage.
2. The Pluperfect Subjunctive of the Direct Discourse becomes:--
a) In the Active Voice the Infinitive in -ūrus fuisse.
b) In the Passive Voice it takes the form futūrum fuisse ut with the Imperfect Subjunctive.
B. THE PROTASIS. The protasis in Conditional Sentences of this type always remains unchanged.
Examples:--
sī hōc crēderēs, errārēs, dīcō (dīxī), sī hōc crēderēs, tē errātūrum esse; sī hōc crēdidissēs, dīcō (dīxī), sī hōc crēdidissēs, tē errāvissēs, errātūrum fuisse; sī hōc dīxissēs, pūnītus dīcō (dīxī), sī hōc dīxissēs, futūrum essēs. fuisse ut pūnīrēris.
322. When an apodosis of a conditional sentence of the Third Type referring to the past is at the same time a Result clause or a quīn-clause (after nōn dubitō, etc.), it stands in the Perfect Subjunctive in the form -ūrus fuerim; as,--
ita territī sunt, ut arma trāditūrī fuerint,[57] nisi Caesar subitō advēnisset, _they were so frightened that they would have given up their arms, had not Caesar suddenly arrived_;
nōn dubitō quīn, sī hōc dīxissēs, errātūrus fuerīs,[57] _I do not doubt that, if you had said this, you would have made a mistake_.
a. This peculiarity is confined to the Active Voice. In the Passive, such sentences, when they become dependent, remain unchanged; as,--
nōn dubitō quīn, sī hōc dīxissēs, vituperātus essēs, _I do not doubt that, if you had said this, you would have been blamed_.
b. When an Indirect Question becomes an apodosis in a conditional sentence of the Third Type, -ūrus fuerim (rarely -ūrus fuissem) is used; as,--
quaerō, num, sī hōc dīxissēs, errātūrus fuerīs (or fuissēs).