Chapter 14
A. NOUNS.
12. A Noun is the name of a _person_, _place_, _thing_, or _quality_; as, Caesar, _Caesar_; Rōma, _Rome_; penna, _feather_; virtūs, _courage_.
1. Nouns are either Proper or Common. Proper nouns are permanent names of persons or places; as, Caesar, Rōma. Other nouns are Common: as, penna, virtūs.
2. Nouns are also distinguished as Concrete or Abstract.
a) Concrete nouns are those which designate individual objects; as, mōns, _mountain_; pēs, _foot_; diēs, _day_; mēns, _mind_.
Under concrete nouns are included, also, collective nouns; as, legiō, _legion_; comitātus, _retinue_.
b) Abstract nouns designate qualities; as, cōnstantia, _steadfastness_; paupertās, _poverty_.
GENDER OF NOUNS.
13. There are three Genders,--Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter. Gender in Latin is either natural or grammatical.
Natural Gender.
14. The gender of nouns is natural when it is based upon sex. Natural gender is confined entirely to names of persons; and these are--
1. Masculine, if they denote males; as,--
nauta, _sailor_; agricola, _farmer_.
2. Feminine, if they denote females; as,--
māter, _mother_; rēgīna, _queen_.
Grammatical Gender.
15. Grammatical gender is determined not by sex, but by the general signification of the word, or the ending of its Nominative Singular. By grammatical gender, nouns denoting things or qualities are often Masculine or Feminine, simply by virtue of their signification or the ending of the Nominative Singular. The following are the general principles for determining grammatical gender:--
_A. Gender determined by Signification._
1. Names of _Rivers_, _Winds_, and _Months_ are Masculine; as,--
Sēquana, _Seine_; Eurus, _east wind_; Aprīlis, _April_.
2. Names of _Trees_, and such names of _Towns_ and _Islands_ as end in -us, are Feminine; as,--
quercus, _oak_; Corinthus, _Corinth_; Rhodus, _Rhodes_.
Other names of towns and islands follow the gender of their endings (see _B_, below); as,--
Delphī, n.; Leuctra, n.; Tībur, n.; Carthāgō, f.
3. Indeclinable nouns, also infinitives and phrases, are Neuter; as,--
nihil, _nothing_; nefās, _wrong_; amāre, _to love_.
NOTE.--Exceptions to the above principles sometimes occur; as, Allia (the river), f.
_B. Gender determined by Ending of Nominative Singular._
The gender of other nouns is determined by the ending of the Nominative Singular.[11]
NOTE 1.--_Common Gender._ Certain nouns are sometimes Masculine, sometimes Feminine. Thus, sacerdōs may mean either _priest_ or _priestess_, and is Masculine or Feminine accordingly. So also cīvis, _citizen_; parēns, _parent_; etc. The gender of such nouns is said to be _common_.
NOTE 2.--Names of animals usually have grammatical gender, according to the ending of the Nominative Singular, but the one form may designate either the male or female; as, ānser, m., _goose_ or _gander_. So vulpēs, f., _fox_; aquīla, f., _eagle_.
NUMBER.
16. The Latin has two Numbers,--the Singular and Plural. The Singular denotes one object, the Plural, more than one.
CASES.
17. There are six Cases in Latin:--
Nominative, Case of Subject; Genitive, Objective with _of_, or Possessive; Dative, Objective with _to_ or _for_; Accusative, Case of Direct Object; Vocative, Case of Address; Ablative, Objective with _by_, _from_, _in_, _with_.
1. LOCATIVE. Vestiges of another case, the Locative (denoting place where), occur in names of towns and in a few other words.
2. OBLIQUE CASES. The Genitive, Dative, Accusative, and Ablative are called Oblique Cases.
3. STEM AND CASE-ENDINGS. The different cases are formed by appending certain case-endings to a fundamental part called the Stem.[12] Thus, _portam_ (Accusative Singular) is formed by adding the case-ending -m to the stem porta-. But in most cases the final vowel of the stem has coalesced so closely with the actual case-ending that the latter has become more or less obscured. The _apparent case-ending_ thus resulting is called a termination.
THE FIVE DECLENSIONS.
18. There are five Declensions in Latin, distinguished from each other by the final letter of the Stem, and also by the Termination of the Genitive Singular, as follows:--
DECLENSION. FINAL LETTER OF STEM. GEN. TERMINATION. First ā -ae Second ŏ -ī Third ĭ / Some consonant -īs Fourth ŭ -ūs Fifth ē -ēī / -ĕī
Cases alike in Form.
19. 1. The Vocative is regularly like the Nominative, except in the singular of nouns in -us of the Second Declension.
2. The Dative and Ablative Plural are always alike.
3. In Neuters the Accusative and Nominative are always alike, and in the Plural end in -ă.
4. In the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Declensions, the Accusative Plural is regularly like the Nominative.
* * * * *
FIRST DECLENSION.
ā-Stems.
20. Pure Latin nouns of the First Declension regularly end, in the Nominative Singular, in -ă, weakened from -ā, and are of the Feminine Gender. They are declined as follows:--
Porta, _gate_; stem, portā-.
SINGULAR. CASES. MEANINGS. TERMINATIONS. _Nom._ porta _a gate_ (as subject) -ă _Gen._ portae _of a gate_ -ae _Dat._ portae _to_ or _for a gate_ -ae _Acc._ portam _a gate_ (as object) -am _Voc._ porta _O gate!_ -ă _Abl._ portā _with, by, from, in a gate_ -ā
PLURAL. _Nom._ portae _gates_ (as subject) -ae _Gen._ portārum _of gates_ -ārum _Dat._ portīs _to_ or _for gates_ -īs _Acc._ portās _gates_ (as object) -ās _Voc._ portae _O gates!_ -ae _Abl._ portīs _with, by, from, in gates_ -īs
1. The Latin has no article, and porta may mean either _a gate_ or _the gate_; and in the Plural, _gates_ or _the gates_.
Peculiarities of Nouns of the First Declension.
21. 1. EXCEPTIONS IN GENDER. Nouns denoting males are Masculine; as, nauta, _sailor_; agricola, _farmer_; also, Hadria, _Adriatic Sea_.
2. Rare Case-Endings,--
a) An old form of the Genitive Singular in -ās is preserved in the combination pater familiās, _father of a family_; also in māter familiās, fīlius familiās, fīlia familiās. But the regular form of the Genitive in -ae is also admissible in these expressions; as, pater familiae.
b) In poetry a Genitive in -āī also occurs; as, aulāī.
c) The Locative Singular ends in -ae; as, Rōmae, _at Rome_.
d) A Genitive Plural in -um instead of -ārum sometimes occurs; as, Dardanidum instead of Dardanidārum. This termination -um is not a contraction of -ārum, but represents an entirely different case-ending.
e) Instead of the regular ending -īs, we usually find -ābus in the Dative and Ablative Plural of dea, _goddess_, and fīlia, _daughter_, especially when it is important to distinguish these nouns from the corresponding forms of deus, _god_, and fīlius, _son_. A few other words sometimes have the same peculiarity; as, lībertābus (from līberta, _freedwoman_), equābus (_mares_), to avoid confusion with lībertīs (from lībertus, _freedman_) and equīs (from equus, _horse_).
Greek Nouns.
22. These end in -ē (Feminine); -ās and -ēs (Masculine). In the Plural they are declined like regular Latin nouns of the First Declension. In the Singular they are declined as follows:--
Archiās, Epitomē, Comētēs, _comet_. _Archias_. _epitome_. _Nom._ Archiās epitomē comētēs _Gen._ Archiae epitomēs comētae _Dat._ Archiae epitomae comētae _Acc._ Archiam (or -ān) epitomēn comētēn _Voc._ Archiā epitomē comētē (or -ă) _Abl._ Archiā epitomē comētē (or -ā)
1. But most Greek nouns in -ē become regular Latin nouns in -a, and are declined like porta; as, grammatica, _grammar_; mūsica, _music_; rhētorica, _rhetoric_.
2. Some other peculiarities occur, especially in poetry.
* * * * *
SECOND DECLENSION.
ŏ-Stems.
23. Pure Latin nouns of the Second Declension end in -us, -er, -ir, Masculine; -um, Neuter. Originally -us in the Nominative of the Masculine was -os; and -um of the Neuters -om. So also in the Accusative.
Nouns in -us and -um are declined as follows:--
Hortus, _garden_; Bellum, _war_; stem, hortŏ-. stem, bellŏ-. SINGULAR. TERMINATION. TERMINATION. _Nom._ hortus -us bellum -um _Gen._ hortī -ī bellī -ī _Dat._ hortō -ō bellō -ō _Acc._ hortum -um bellum -um _Voc._ horte -e bellum -um _Abl._ hortō -ō bellō -ō
PLURAL. _Nom._ hortī -ī bella -a _Gen._ hortōrum -ōrum bellōrum -ōrum _Dat._ hortīs -īs bellīs -īs _Acc._ hortōs -ōs bella -a _Voc._ hortī -ī bella -a _Abl._ hortīs -īs bellīs -īs
Nouns in -er and -ir are declined as follows:--
Puer, _boy_; Ager, _field_; Vir, _man_; stem, puerŏ- stem, agrŏ- stem, virŏ- SINGULAR. TERMINATION. _Nom._ puer ager vir Wanting _Gen._ puerī agrī virī -ī _Dat._ puerō agrō virō -ō _Acc._ puerum agrum virum -um _Voc._ puer ager vir Wanting _Abl._ puerō agrō virō -ō
PLURAL. _Nom._ puerī agrī virī -ī _Gen._ puerōrum agrōrum virōrum -ōrum _Dat._ puerīs agrīs virīs -īs _Acc._ puerōs agrōs virōs -ōs _Voc._ puerī agrī virī -ī _Abl._ puerīs agrīs virīs -īs
1. Note that in words of the type of puer and vir the final vowel of the stem has disappeared in the Nominative and Vocative Singular.
In the Nominative and Vocative Singular of ager, the stem is further modified by the development of e before r.
2. The following nouns in -er are declined like puer: adulter, _adulterer_; gener, _son-in-law_; Līber, _Bacchus_; socer, _father-in-law_; vesper, _evening_; and compounds in -fer and -ger, as signifer, armiger.
Nouns in _-vus_, _-vum_, _-quus_.
24. Nouns ending in the Nominative Singular in -vus, -vum, -quus, exhibited two types of inflection in the classical Latin,--an earlier and a later,--as follows:--
_Earlier Inflection (including Caesar and Cicero)._ Servos, m., Aevom, n., Equos, m., _slave_. _age_. _horse_. SINGULAR. _Nom._ servos aevom equos _Gen._ servī aevī equī _Dat._ servō aevō equō _Acc._ servom aevom equom _Voc._ serve aevom eque _Abl._ servō aevō equō
_Later inflection (after Cicero)._ SINGULAR. _Nom._ servus aevum equus _Gen._ servī aevī equī _Dat._ servō aevō equō _Act._ servum aevum equum _Voc._ serve aevum eque _Abl._ servō aevō equō
1. The Plural of these nouns is regular, and always uniform.
Peculiarities of Inflection in the Second Declension.
25. 1. Proper names in -ius regularly form the Genitive Singular in -ī (instead of -iī), and the Vocative Singular in -ī (for -ie); as Vergílī, _of Virgil_, or _O Virgil_ (instead of Vergiliī, Vergilie). In such words the accent stands upon the penult, even though that be short. Nouns in -ajus, -ejus form the Gen. in -aī, -eī, as Pompejus, Pompeī.
2. Nouns in -ius and -ium, until after the beginning of the reign of Augustus (31 B.C.), regularly formed the Genitive Singular in -i (instead of -iī); as,--
_Nom._ ingenium fīlius _Gen._ ingénī fīlī
These Genitives accent the penult, even when it is short.
3. Fīlius forms the Vocative Singular in -ī (for -ie); _viz_. fīlī, _O son!_
4. Deus, _god_, lacks the Vocative Singular. The Plural is inflected as follows:--
_Nom._ dī (deī) _Gen._ deōrum (deum) _Dat._ dīs (deīs) _Acc._ deōs _Voc._ dī (deī) _Abl._ dīs (deīs)
5. The Locative Singular ends in -ī; as, Corinthī, _at Corinth_.
6. The Genitive Plural has -um, instead of -ōrum,--
a) in words denoting money and measure; as, talentum, _of talents_; modium, _of pecks_; sēstertium, _of sesterces_.
b) in duumvir, triumvir, decemvir; as, duumvirum.
c) sometimes in other words; as, līberum, _of the children_; socium, _of the allies_.
Exceptions to Gender in the Second Declension.
26. 1. The following nouns in -us are Feminine by exception:--
a) Names of towns, islands, trees--according to the general rule laid down in § 15, 2; also some names of countries; as Aegyptus, _Egypt_.
b) Five special words,--
alvus, _belly_; carbasus, _flax_; colus, _distaff_; humus, _ground_; vannus, _winnowing-fan_.
c) A few Greek Feminines; as,--
atomus, _atom_; diphthongus, _diphthong_.
2. The following nouns in -us are Neuter:--
pelagus, _sea_; vīrus, _poison_; vulgus, _crowd_.
Greek Nouns of the Second Declension.
27. These end in -os, -ōs, Masculine or Feminine; and -on, Neuter. They are mainly proper names, and are declined as follows:--
Barbitos, m. Androgeōs, m., Īlion, n., and f., _Androgeos._ _Troy._ _lyre._ _Nom._ barbitos Androgeōs Īlion _Gen._ barbitī Androgeō, -ī Īliī _Dat._ barbitō Androgeō Īliō _Acc._ barbiton Androgeō, -ōn Īlion _Voc._ barbite Androgeōs Īlion _Abl._ barbitō Androgeō Īliō
1. Nouns in -os sometimes form the Accusative Singular in -um instead of -on; as, Dēlum, _Delos_.
2. The Plural of Greek nouns, when it occurs, is usually regular.
3. For other rare forms of Greek nouns the lexicon may be consulted.
* * * * *
THIRD DECLENSION.
28. Nouns of the Third Declension end in -a, -e, -ī, -ō, -y, -c, -l, -n, -r, -s, -t, -x. The Third Declension includes several distinct classes of Stems,--
I. Pure Consonant-Stems. II. ĭ-Stems. III. Consonant-Stems which have partially adapted themselves to the inflection of ĭ-Stems. IV. A very few stems ending in a long vowel or a diphthong. V. Irregular Nouns.
I. Consonant-Stems.
29. 1. In these the stem appears in its unaltered form in all the oblique cases, so that the actual case-endings may be clearly recognized.
2. Consonant-Stems fall into several natural subdivisions, according as the stem ends in a Mute, Liquid, Nasal, or Spirant.
_A. Mute-Stems._
30. Mute-Stems may end,--
1. In a Labial (p); as, prīncep-s.
2. In a Guttural (g or c); as, rēmex (rēmeg-s); dux (duc-s).
3. In a Dental (d or t); as, lapis (lapid-s); mīles (mīlet-s).
1. STEMS IN A LABIAL MUTE (p).
31. Prīnceps, m., _chief_.
SINGULAR. TERMINATION. _Nom._ prīnceps -s _Gen._ prīncipis -is _Dat._ prīncipī -ī _Acc._ prīncipem -em _Voc._ prīnceps -s _Abl._ prīncipe -e
PLURAL. _Nom._ prīncipēs -ēs _Gen._ prīncipum -um _Dat._ prīncipibus -ibus _Acc._ prīncipēs -ēs _Voc._ prīncipēs -ēs _Abl._ prīncipibus -ibus
2. STEMS IN A GUTTURAL MUTE (g, c).
32. In these the termination -s of the Nominative Singular unites with the guttural, thus producing -x.
Rēmex, m., _rower_. Dux, c., _leader_. SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL. _Nom._ rēmex rēmigēs dux ducēs _Gen._ rēmigis rēmigum ducis ducum _Dat._ rēmigī rēmigibus ducī ducibus _Acc._ rēmigem rēmigēs ducem ducēs _Voc._ rēmex rēmigēs dux ducēs _Abl._ rēmige rēmigibus duce ducibus
3. STEMS IN A DENTAL MUTE (d, t).
33. In these the final d or t of the stem disappears in the Nominative Singular before the ending -s.
Lapis, m., _stone_. Mīles, m., _soldier_. SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL. _Nom._ lapis lapidēs mīles mīlitēs _Gen._ lapidis lapidum mīlitis mīlitum _Dat._ lapidī lapidibus mīlitī mīlitibus _Acc._ lapidem lapidēs mīlitem mīlitēs _Voc._ lapis lapidēs mīles mīlitēs _Abl._ lapide lapidibus mīlite mīlitibus
_B. Liquid Stems._
34. These end in -l or -r.
Vigil, m., Victor, m., Aequor, n., _watchman_. _conqueror_. _sea_.
SINGULAR. _Nom._ vigil victor aequor _Gen._ vigilis victōris aequoris _Dat._ vigilī victōrī aequorī _Acc._ vigilem victōrem aequor _Voc._ vigil victor aequor _Abl._ vigile victōre aequore
PLURAL. _Nom._ vigilēs victōrēs aequora _Gen._ vigilum victōrum aequorum _Dat._ vigilibus victōribus aequoribus _Acc._ vigilēs victōrēs aequora _Voc._ vigilēs victōrēs aequora _Abl._ vigilibus victōribus aequoribus
1. Masculine and Feminine stems ending in a liquid form the Nominative and Vocative Singular without termination.
2. The termination is also lacking in the Nominative, Accusative and Vocative Singular of all neuters of the Third Declension.
_C. Nasal Stems._
35. These end in -n,[13] which often disappears in the Nom. Sing.
Leō, m., _lion_. Nōmen, n., _name_ SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL. _Nom._ leō leōnēs nōmen nōmina _Gen._ leōnis leōnum nōminis nōminum _Dat._ leōnī leōnibus nōminī nōminibus _Acc._ leōnem leōnēs nōmen nōmina _Voc._ leō leōnēs nōmen nōmina _Abl._ leōne leōnibus nōmine nōminibus
_D. s-Stems._
36. Mōs, m. Genus, n., Honor, m., _custom_. _race_. _honor_.
SINGULAR. _Nom._ mōs genus honor _Gen._ mōris generis honōris _Dat._ mōrī generī honōrī _Acc._ mōrem genus honōrem _Voc._ mōs genus honor _Abl._ mōre genere honōre
PLURAL. _Nom._ mōrēs genera honōrēs _Gen._ mōrum generum honōrum _Dat._ mōribus generibus honōribus _Acc._ mōrēs genera honōrēs _Voc._ mōrēs genera honōrēs _Abl._ mōribus generibus honōribus
1. Note that the final s of the stem becomes r (between vowels) in the oblique cases. In many words (honor, color, and the like) the r of the oblique cases has, by analogy, crept into the Nominative, displacing the earlier s, though the forms honōs, colōs, etc., also occur, particularly in early Latin and in poetry.
II. ĭ-Stems.
_A. Masculine and Feminine ĭ-Stems._
37. These regularly end in -is in the Nominative Singular, and always have -ium in the Genitive Plural. Originally the Accusative Singular ended in -im, the Ablative Singular in -ī, and the Accusative Plural in -īs; but these endings have been largely displaced by -em, -e, and -ēs, the endings of Consonant-Stems.
38. Tussis, f., Īgnis, m., Hostis, c., _cough_; stem, _fire_; stem, _enemy_; stem, tussi-. īgni-. hosti-.
SINGULAR. TERMINATION. _Nom._ tussis īgnis hostis -is _Gen._ tussis īgnis hostis -is _Dat._ tussī īgnī hostī -ī _Acc._ tussim īgnem hostem -im, -em _Voc._ tussis īgnis hostis -is _Abl._ tussī īgnī or e hoste -ī, -e
PLURAL. _Nom._ tussēs īgnēs hostēs -ēs _Gen._ tussium īgnium hostium -ium _Dat._ tussibus īgnibus hostibus -ibus _Acc._ tussīs or -ēs īgnīs or -ēs hostīs or -ēs -īs, -ēs _Voc._ tussēs īgnēs hostēs -ēs _Abl._ tussibus īgnibus hostibus -ibus
1. To the same class belong--
apis, _bee_. crātis, _hurdle_. †*secūris, _axe_. auris, _ear_. *febris, _fever_. sēmentis, _sowing_. avis, _bird_. orbis, _circle_. †*sitis, _thirst_. axis, _axle_. ovis, _sheep_. torris, _brand_. *būris, _plough-beam_. pelvis, _basin_. †*turris, _tower_. clāvis, _key_. puppis, _stern_. trudis, _pole_. collis, _hill_. restis, _rope_. vectis, _lever_. and many others.
Words marked with a star regularly have Acc. -im; those marked with a † regularly have Abl. -ī. Of the others, many at times show -im and -ī. Town and river names in -is regularly have -im, -ī.
2. Not all nouns in -is are ĭ-Stems. Some are genuine consonant-stems, and have the regular consonant terminations throughout, notably, canis, _dog_; juvenis, _youth_.[14]
3. Some genuine ĭ-Stems have become disguised in the Nominative Singular; as, pars, _part_, for par(ti)s; anas, _duck_, for ana(ti)s; so also mors, _death_; dōs, _dowry_; nox, _night_; sors, _lot_; mēns, _mind_; ars, _art_; gēns, _tribe_; and some others.
_B. Neuter ĭ-Stems._
39. These end in the Nominative Singular in -e, -al, and -ar. They always have -ī in the Ablative Singular, -ia in the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative Plural, and -ium in the Genitive Plural, thus holding more steadfastly to the i-character than do Masculine and Feminine ĭ-Stems.
Sedile, Animal, Calcar, _seat_; _animal_; _spur_; stem, sedīli-. stem, stem, animāli-. calcāri-.
SINGULAR. TERMINATION. _Nom._ sedīle animal calcar -e or wanting _Gen._ sedīlis animālis calcāris -is _Dat._ sedīlī animālī calcārī -ī _Acc._ sedīle animal calcar -e or wanting _Voc._ sedīle animal calcar -e or wanting _Abl._ sedīlī animālī calcārī -ī
PLURAL. _Nom._ sedīlia animālia calcāria -ia _Gen._ sedīlium animālium calcārium -ium _Dat._ sedīlibus animālibus calcāribus -ibus _Acc._ sedīlia animālia calcāria -ia _Voc._ sedīlia animālia calcāria -ia _Abl._ sedīlibus animālibus calcāribus -ibus
1. In most words of this class the final -i of the stem is lost in the Nominative Singular; in others it appears as -e.
2. Proper names in -e form the Ablative Singular in -e; as, Sōracte, _Mt. Soracte_; so also sometimes mare, _sea_.
III. Consonant-Stems that have partially adapted themselves to the Inflection of _ĭ_-Stems.
40. Many Consonant-Stems have so far adapted themselves to the inflection of ĭ-stems as to take -ium in the Genitive Plural, and -īs in the Accusative Plural. Their true character as Consonant-Stems, however, is shown by the fact that they never take -im in the Accusative Singular, or -ī in the Ablative Singular. The following words are examples of this class:--
Caedēs, f., Arx, f., Linter, f., _slaughter_; _citadel_; _skiff_; stem, caed-. stem, arc-. stem, lintr-.
SINGULAR. _Nom._ caedēs arx linter _Gen._ caedis arcis lintris _Dat._ caedī arcī lintrī _Acc._ caedem arcem lintrem _Voc._ caedēs arx linter _Abl._ caede arce lintre
PLURAL. _Nom._ caedēs arcēs lintrēs _Gen._ caedium arcium lintrium _Dat._ caedibus arcibus lintribus _Acc._ caedēs, -īs arcēs, -īs lintrēs, -īs _Voc._ caedēs arcēs lintrēs _Abl._ caedibus arcibus lintribus
1. The following classes of nouns belong here:--
a) Nouns in -ēs, with Genitive in -is; as, nūbēs, aedēs, clādēs, etc.
b) Many monosyllables in -s or -x preceded by one or more consonants; as, urbs, mōns, stirps, lanx.
c) Most nouns in -ns and -rs as, cliēns, cohors.
d) Ūter, venter; fūr, līs, mās, mūs, nix; and the Plurals faucēs, penātēs, Optimātēs, Samnitēs, Quirītēs.
e) Sometimes nouns in -tās with Genitive -tātis; as, cīvitās, aetās. Cīvitās _usually_ has cīvitātium.
IV. Stems in _-ī_, _-ū_, and Diphthongs.
41. Vis, f., Sūs, c., Bōs, c., _ox_, Juppiter, m., _force_; _swine_; _cow_; _Jupiter_; stem, vī-. stem, sū-. stem, bou-. stem, Jou-.
SINGULAR. _Nom._ vīs sūs bōs Juppiter _Gen._ ---- suis bovis Jovis _Dat._ ---- suī bovī Jovī _Acc._ vim suem bovem Jovem _Voc._ vīs sūs bōs Juppiter _Abl._ vī sue bove Jove
PLURAL. _Nom._ vīrēs suēs bovēs _Gen._ vīrium suum bovum, boum _Dat._ vīribus suibus, subus bōbus, būbus _Acc._ vīrēs suēs bovēs _Voc._ vīrēs suēs bovēs _Abl._ vīribus suibus, subus bōbus, būbus
1. Notice that the oblique cases of sūs have ŭ in the root syllable.
2. Grūs is declined like sūs, except that the Dative and Ablative Plural are always gruibus.
3. Juppiter is for Jou-pater, and therefore contains the same stem as in Jov-is, Jov-ī, etc.
Nāvis was originally a diphthong stem ending in au-, but it has passed over to the ĭ-stems (§ 37). Its ablative often ends in -ī.
V. Irregular Nouns.
42. Senex, m., Carō, f., Os, n., _old man_. _flesh_. _bone_.
SINGULAR. _Nom._ senex carō os _Gen._ senis carnis ossis _Dat._ senī carnī ossī _Acc._ senem carnem os _Voc._ senex carō os _Abl._ sene carne osse
PLURAL. _Nom._ senēs carnēs ossa _Gen._ senum carnium ossium _Dat._ senibus carnibus ossibus _Acc._ senēs carnēs ossa _Voc._ senēs carnēs ossa _Abl._ senibus carnibus ossibus
1. Iter, itineris, n., _way_, is inflected regularly throughout from the stem itiner-.
2. Supellex, supellectilis, f., _furniture_, is confined to the Singular. The oblique cases are formed from the stem supellectil-. The ablative has both -ī and -e.
3. Jecur, n., _liver_, forms its oblique cases from two stems,--jecor- and jecinor-. Thus, Gen. jecoris or jecinoris.
4. Femur, n., _thigh_, usually forms its oblique cases from the stem femor-, but sometimes from the stem femin-. Thus, Gen. femoris or feminis.
General Principles of Gender in the Third Declension.
43. 1. Nouns in -ō, -or, -ōs, -er, -ĕs are Masculine.
2. Nouns in -ās, -ēs, -is, -ys, -x, -s (preceded by a consonant); -dō, -gō (Genitive -inis); -iō (abstract and collective), -ūs (Genitive -ātis or -ūdis) are Feminine.
3. Nouns ending in -a, -e, -i, -y, -o, -l, -n, -t, -ar, -ur, -ŭs are Neuter.
Chief Exceptions to Gender in the Third Declension.
44. Exceptions to the Rule for Masculines.
1. Nouns in -ō.
a. Feminine: carō, _flesh_.
2. Nouns in -or.
a. Feminine: arbor, _tree_.
b. Neuter: aequor, _sea_; cor, _heart_; marmor, _marble_.
3. Nouns in -ōs.
a. Feminine: dōs, _dowry_.
b. Neuter: ōs (ōris), _mouth_.
4. Nouns in -er.
a. Feminine: linter, _skiff_.
b. Neuter: cadāver, _corpse_; iter, _way_; tūber, _tumor_; ūber, _udder_. Also botanical names in -er; as, acer, _maple_.
5. Nouns in -ĕs.
a. Feminine: seges, _crop_.
45. Exceptions to the Rule for Feminines.
1. Nouns in -ās.
a. Masculine: vās, _bondsman_.
b. Neuter: vās, _vessel_.
2. Nouns in -ēs.
a. Masculine: ariēs, _ram_; pariēs, _wall_; pēs, _foot_.
3. Nouns in -is.
a. Masculine: all nouns in -nis and -guis; as, amnis, _river_; īgnis, _fire_; pānis, _bread_; sanguis, _blood_; unguis, _nail_.
Also--
axis, _axle_. piscis, _fish_. collis, _hill_. postis, _post_. fascis, _bundle_. pulvis, _dust_. lapis, _stone_. orbis, _circle_. mēnsis, _month_. sentis, _brier_.
4. Nouns in -x.
a. Masculine: apex, _peak_; cōdex, _tree-trunk_; grex, _flock_; imbrex, _tile_; pollex, _thumb_; vertex, _summit_; calix, _cup_.
5. Nouns in -s preceded by a consonant.
a. Masculine: dēns, _tooth_; fōns, _fountain_; mōns, _mountain_; pōns, _bridge_.
6. Nouns in -dō.
a. Masculine: cardō, _hinge_; ōrdō, _order_.
46. Exceptions to the Rule for Neuters.
1. Nouns in -l.
a. Masculine: sōl, _sun_; sāl, _salt_.
2. Nouns in -n.
a. Masculine: pecten, _comb_.
3. Nouns in -ur.
a. Masculine: vultur, _vulture_.
4. Nouns in -ŭs.
a. Masculine: lepus, _hare_.
Greek Nouns of the Third Declension.
47. The following are the chief peculiarities of these:--
1. The ending -ă in the Accusative Singular; as, aetheră, _aether_; Salamīnă, _Salamis_.
2. The ending -ĕs in the Nominative Plural; as, Phrygĕs, _Phrygians_.
3. The ending -ăs in the Accusative Plural; as, Phrygăs, _Phrygians_.
4. Proper names in -ās (Genitive -antis) have -ā in the Vocative Singular; as, Atlās (Atlantis), Vocative Atlā, _Atlas_.
5. Neuters in -ma (Genitive -matis) have -īs instead of -ibus in the Dative and Ablative Plural; as, poēmatīs, _poems_.
6. Orpheus, and other proper names ending in -eus, form the Vocative Singular in -eu (Orpheu, etc.). But in prose the other cases usually follow the second declension; as, Orpheī, Orpheō, etc.
7. Proper names in -ēs, like Periclēs, form the Genitive Singular sometimes in -is, sometimes in -ī, as, Periclis or Periclī.
8. Feminine proper names in -ō have -ūs in the Genitive, but -ō in the other oblique cases; as,--
_Nom._ Didō _Acc._ Didō _Gen._ Didūs _Voc._ Didō _Dat._ Didō _Abl._ Didō
9. The regular Latin endings often occur in Greek nouns.
* * * * *
FOURTH DECLENSION.
_ŭ_-Stems.
48. Nouns of the Fourth Declension end in -us Masculine, and -ū Neuter. They are declined as follows:--
Frūctus, m., _fruit_. Cornū, n., _horn_. SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL. _Nom._ frūctus frūctūs cornū cornua _Gen._ frūctūs frūctuum cornūs cornuum _Dat._ frūctuī frūctibus cornū cornibus _Acc._ frūctum frūctūs cornū cornua _Voc._ frūctus frūctūs cornū cornua _Abl._ frūctū frūctibus cornū cornibus
Peculiarities of Nouns of the Fourth Declension.
49. 1. Nouns in -us, particularly in early Latin, often form the Genitive Singular in -ī, following the analogy of nouns in -us of the Second Declension; as, senātī, ōrnātī. This is usually the case in Plautus and Terence.
2. Nouns in -us sometimes have -ū in the Dative Singular, instead of -uī; as, frūctū (for frūctuī).
3. The ending -ubus, instead of -ibus, occurs in the Dative and Ablative Plural of artūs (Plural), _limbs_; tribus, _tribe_; and in dis-syllables in -cus; as, artubus, tribubus, arcubus, lacubus. But with the exception of tribus, all these words admit the forms in -ibus as well as those in -ubus.
4. Domus, _house_, is declined according to the Fourth Declension, but has also the following forms of the Second:--
domī (locative), _at home_; domō, _from home_; domum, _homewards_, _to one's home_; domōs, _homewards_, _to their_ (etc.) _homes_
5. The only Neuters of this declension in common use are: cornū, _horn_; genū, _knee_; and verū, _spit_.
Exceptions to Gender in the Fourth Declension.
50. The following nouns in -us are Feminine: acus, _needle_; domus, _house_; manus, _hand_; porticus, _colonnade_; tribus, _tribe_; Īdūs (Plural), _Ides_; also names of trees (§ 15, 2).
* * * * *
FIFTH DECLENSION.
ē-Stems.
51. Nouns of the Fifth Declension end in -ēs, and are declined as follows:--
Diēs, m., _day_. Rēs, f., _thing_. SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL. _Nom._ diēs diēs rēs rēs _Gen._ diēī diērum rĕī rērum _Dat._ diēī diēbus rĕī rēbus _Acc._ diem diēs rem rēs _Voc._ diēs diēs rēs rēs _Abl._ diē diēbus rē rēbus
Peculiarities of Nouns of the Fifth Declension.
52. 1. The ending of the Genitive and Dative Singular is -ĕī, instead of -ēī, when a consonant precedes; as, spĕī, rĕī, fidĕī.
2. A Genitive ending -ī (for -ĕī) is found in plēbī (from plēbēs = plēbs) in the expressions tribūnus plēbī, _tribune of the people_, and plēbī scītum, _decree of the people_; sometimes also in other words.
3. A Genitive and Dative form in -ē sometimes occurs; as, aciē.
4. With the exception of diēs and rēs, most nouns of the Fifth Declension are not declined in the Plural. But aciēs, seriēs, speciēs, spēs, and a few others are used in the Nominative and Accusative Plural.
Gender in the Fifth Declension.
53. Nouns of the Fifth Declension are regularly Feminine, except diēs, _day_, and merīdiēs, _mid-day_. But diēs is sometimes Feminine in the Singular, particularly when it means an _appointed day_.
* * * * *
DEFECTIVE NOUNS.
54. Here belong--
1. Nouns used in the Singular only.
2. Nouns used in the Plural only.
3. Nouns used only in certain cases.
4. Indeclinable Nouns.
Nouns used in the Singular only.
55. Many nouns, from the nature of their signification, are regularly used in the Singular only. Thus:--
1. Proper names; as, Cicerō, _Cicero_; Italia, _Italy_.
2. Nouns denoting material; as, aes, _copper_; lac, _milk_.
3. Abstract nouns; as, ignōrantia, _ignorance_; bonitās, _goodness_.
4. But the above classes of words are sometimes used in the Plural. Thus:--
a) Proper names,--to denote different members of a family, or specimens of a type; as, Cicerōnēs, _the Ciceros_; Catōnēs, _men like Cato_.
b) Names of materials,--to denote objects made of the material, or different kinds of the substance; as, aera, _bronzes_ (i.e. bronze figures); ligna, _woods_.
c) Abstract nouns,--to denote instances of the quality; as, ignōrantiae, _cases of ignorance_.
Nouns used in the Plural only.
56. Here belong--
1. Many geographical names; as, Thēbae, _Thebes_; Leuctra, _Leuctra_; Pompejī, _Pompeii_.
2. Many names of festivals; as, Megalēsia, _the Megalesian festival_.
3. Many special words, of which the following are the most important:--
angustiae, _narrow pass_. mānēs, _spirits of the arma, _weapons_. dead_. dēliciae, _delight_. moenia, _city walls_. dīvitiae, _riches_. minae, _threats_. Īdūs, _Ides_. nūptiae, _marriage_. indūtiae, _truce_. posterī, _descendants_. īnsidiae, _ambush_. reliquiae, _remainder_. majōrēs, _ancestors_. tenebrae, _darkness_. verbera, _blows_.
Also in classical prose regularly--
cervīcēs, _neck_. nārēs, _nose_. fidēs, _lyre_. vīscerā, _viscera_.
Nouns used only in Certain Cases.
57. 1. Used in only One Case. Many nouns of the Fourth Declension are found only in the Ablative Singular as, jussū, _by the order_; injussū, _without the order_; nātū, _by birth_.
2. Used in Two Cases.
a. Fors (_chance_), Nom. Sing.; forte, Abl. Sing.
b. Spontis (_free-will_), Gen. Sing.; sponte, Abl. Sing.
3. Used in Three Cases. Nēmō, _no one_ (Nom.), has also the Dat. nēminī and the Acc. nēminem. The Gen. and Abl. are supplied by the corresponding cases of nūllus; viz. nūllīus and nūllō.
4. Impetus has the Nom., Acc., and Abl. Sing., and the Nom. and Acc. Plu.; viz. impetus, impetum, impetū, impetūs.
5. a. Precī, precem, prece, lacks the Nom. and Gen. Sing.
b. Vicis, vicem, vice, lacks the Nom. and Dat. Sing.
6. Opis, dapis, and frūgis,--all lack the Nom. Sing.
7. Many monosyllables of the Third Declension lack the Gen. Plu.: as, cor, lūx, sōl, aes, ōs (ōris), rūs, sāl, tūs.
Indeclinable Nouns.
58. Here belong--
fās, n., _right_. nefās, n., _impiety_. īnstar, n., _likeness_. nihil, n., _nothing_. māne, n., _morning_. secus, n., _sex_.
1. With the exception of māne (which may serve also as Ablative, _in the morning_), the nouns in this list are simply Neuters confined in use to the Nominative and Accusative Singular.
Heteroclites.
59. These are nouns whose forms are partly of one declension, and partly of another. Thus:--
1. Several nouns have the entire Singular of one declension, while the Plural is of another; as,--
vās, vāsis (_vessel_); Plu., vāsa, vāsorōum, vāsīs, etc. jūgerum, jūgerī (_acre_); Plu., jūgera, jūgerum, jūgeribus, etc.
2. Several nouns, while belonging in the main to one declension, have certain special forms belonging to another. Thus:--
a) Many nouns of the First Declension ending in -ia take also a Nom. and Acc. of the Fifth; as, māteriēs, māteriem, _material_, as well as māteria, māteriam.
b) Famēs, _hunger_, regularly of the Third Declension, has the Abl. famē of the Fifth.
c) Requiēs, requiētis, _rest_, regularly of the Third Declension, takes an Acc. of the Fifth, requiem, in addition to requiētem.
d) Besides plēbs, plēbis, _common people_, of the Third Declension, we find plēbēs, plēbĕī (also plēbī, see § 52, 2), of the Fifth.
Heterogeneous Nouns.
60. Heterogeneous nouns vary in Gender. Thus:--
1. Several nouns of the Second Declension have two forms,--one Masc. in -us, and one Neuter in -um; as, clipeus, clipeum, _shield_; carrus, carrum, _cart_.
2. Other nouns have one gender in the Singular, another in the Plural; as,--
SINGULAR. PLURAL. balneum, n., _bath_; balneae, f., _bath-house_. epulum, n., _feast_; epulae, f., _feast_. frēnum, n., _bridle_; frēnī, m.(rarely frēna, n.), _bridle_. jocus, m., _jest_; joca, n. (also jocī, m.), _jests_. locus, m., _place_; loca, n., _places_; locī, m., _passages or topics in an author_. rāstrum, n., _rake_; rāstrī, m.; rāstra, n., _rakes_.
a. Heterogeneous nouns may at the same time be heteroclites, as in case of the first two examples above.
Plurals with Change of Meaning.
61. The following nouns have one meaning in the Singular, and another in the Plural:--
SINGULAR. PLURAL. aedēs, _temple_; aedēs, _house_. auxilium, _help_; auxilia, _auxiliary troops_. carcer, _prison_; carcerēs, _stalls for racing-chariot_. castrum, _fort_; castra, _camp_. cōpia, _abundance_; cōpiae, _troops_, _resources_. fīnis, _end_; fīnēs, _borders_, _territory_. fortūna, _fortune_; fortūnae, _possessions_, _wealth_. grātia, _favor_, grātiae, _thanks_. _gratitude_; impedīmentum, impedīmenta, _baggage_. _hindrance_; littera, _letter_ (of the litterae, _epistle; literature_. alphabet); mōs, _habit_, _custom_; mōrēs, _character_. opera, _help_, _service_; operae, _laborers_. (ops) opis, _help_; opēs, _resources_. pars, _part_; partēs, _party_; _rôle_. sāl, _salt_; sălēs, _wit_.
* * * * *
B. ADJECTIVES.
62. Adjectives denote _quality_. They are declined like nouns, and fall into two classes,--
1. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions.
2. Adjectives of the Third Declension.
* * * * *
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.
63. In these the Masculine is declined like hortus, puer, or ager, the Feminine like porta, and the Neuter like bellum. Thus, Masculine like hortus:--
Bonus, _good_.
SINGULAR. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. _Nom._ bonus bona bonum _Gen._ bonī bonae bonī _Dat._ bonō bonae bonō _Acc._ bonum bonam bonum _Voc._ bone bona bonum _Abl._ bonō bonā bonō
PLURAL. _Nom._ bonī bonae bona _Gen._ bonōrum bonārum bonōrum _Dat._ bonīs bonīs bonīs _Acc._ bonōs bonās bona _Voc._ bonī bonae bona _Abl._ bonīs bonīs bonīs
1. The Gen. Sing. Masc. and Neut. of Adjectives in -ius ends in -iī (not in -ī as in case of Nouns; see § 25, 1; 2). So also the Voc. Sing. of such Adjectives ends in -ie, not in ī. Thus eximius forms Gen. eximiī; Voc. eximie.
2. Distributives (see § 78, 1, c) regularly form the Gen. Plu. Masc. and Neut. in -um instead of -ōrum (compare § 25, 6); as, dēnum centēnum; but always singulōrum.
64. Masculine like puer:--
Tener, _tender_.
SINGULAR. MASCULINE. FEMININE NEUTER. _Nom._ tener tenera tenerum _Gen._ tenerī tenerae tenerī _Dat._ tenerō tenerae tenerō _Acc._ tenerum teneram tenerum _Voc._ tener tenera tenerum _Abl._ tenerō tenerā tenerō
PLURAL. _Nom._ tenerī tenerae tenera _Gen._ tenerōrum tenerārum tenerōrum _Dat._ tenerīs tenerīs tenerīs _Acc._ tenerōs tenerās tenera _Voc._ tenerī tenerae tenera _Abl._ tenerīs tenerīs tenerīs
65. Masculine like ager:--
Sacer, _sacred_.
SINGULAR. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. _Nom._ sacer sacra sacrum _Gen._ sacrī sacrae sacrī _Dat._ sacrō sacrae sacrō _Acc._ sacrum sacram sacrum _Voc._ sacer sacra sacrum _Abl._ sacrō sacrā sacrō
PLURAL. _Nom._ sacrī sacrae sacra _Gen._ sacrōrum sacrārum sacrōrum _Dat._ sacrīs sacrīs sacrīs _Acc._ sacrōs sacrās sacra _Voc._ sacrī sacrae sacra _Abl._ sacrīs sacrīs sacrīs
1. Most adjectives in -er are declined like sacer. The following however, are declined like tener: asper, _rough_; lacer, _torn_; līber, _free_; miser, _wretched_; prōsper, _prosperous_; compounds in -fer and -ger; sometimes dexter, _right_.
2. Satur, _full_, is declined: satur, satura, saturum.
Nine Irregular Adjectives.
66. Here belong--
alius, _another_; alter, _the other_; ūllus, _any_; nūllus, _none_; uter, _which?_ (of two); neuter, _neither_; sōlus, _alone_; tōtus, _whole_; ūnus, _one_, _alone_.
They are declined as follows:--
SINGULAR. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. _Nom._ alius alia aliud _Gen._ alterĭus alterĭus alterĭus[15] _Dat._ aliī aliī aliī _Acc._ alium aliam aliud _Voc._ ---- ---- ---- _Abl._ aliō aliā aliō
_Nom._ alter altera alterum _Gen._ alterĭus alterĭus alterĭus _Dat._ alterī alterī[16] alterī _Acc._ alterum alteram alterum _Voc._ ---- ---- ---- _Abl._ alterō alterā alterō
_Nom._ uter utra utrum _Gen._ utrīus utrīus utrīus _Dat._ utrī utrī utrī _Acc._ utrum utram utrum _Voc._ ---- ---- ---- _Abl._ utrō utrā utrō
_Nom._ tōtus tōta tōtum _Gen._ tōtīus tōtīus tōtīus _Dat._ tōtī tōtī tōtī _Acc._ tōtum tōtam tōtum _Voc._ ---- ---- ---- _Abl._ tōtō tōtā tōtō
1. All these words lack the Vocative. The Plural is regular.
2. Neuter is declined like uter.
* * * * *
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
67. These fall into three classes,--
1. Adjectives of three terminations in the Nominative Singular,--one for each gender.
2. Adjectives of two terminations.
3. Adjectives of one termination.
a. With the exception of Comparatives, and a few other words mentioned below in § 70, 1, all Adjectives of the Third Declension follow the inflection of ĭ-stems; i.e. they have the Ablative Singular in -ī, the Genitive Plural in -ium, the Accusative Plural in -īs (as well as -ēs) in the Masculine and Feminine, and the Nominative and Accusative Plural in -ia in Neuters.
Adjectives of Three Terminations.
68. These are declined as follows:--
Ācer, _sharp_.
SINGULAR. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. _Nom._ ācer ācris ācre _Gen._ ācris ācris ācris _Dat._ ācrī ācrī ācrī _Acc._ ācrem ācrem ācre _Voc._ ācer ācris ācre _Abl._ ācrī ācrī ācrī
PLURAL. _Nom._ ācrēs ācrēs ācria _Gen._ ācrium ācrium ācrium _Dat_, ācribus ācribus ācribus _Acc._ ācrēs, -īs ācrēs, -īs ācria _Voc._ ācrēs ācrēs ācria _Abl._ ācribus ācribus ācribus
1. Like ācer are declined alacer, _lively_; campester, _level_; celeber, _famous_; equester, _equestrian_; palūster, _marshy_; pedester, _pedestrian_; puter, _rotten_; salūber, _wholesome_; silvester, _woody_; terrester, _terrestrial_; volucer, _winged_; also names of months in -ber, as September.
2. Celer, celeris, celere, _swift_, retains the e before r, but lacks the Genitive Plural.
3. In the Nominative Singular of Adjectives of this class the Feminine form is sometimes used for the Masculine. This is regularly true of salūbris, silvestris, and terrestris. In case of the other words in the list, the use of the Feminine for the Masculine is confined chiefly to early and late Latin, and to poetry.
Adjectives of Two Terminations.
69. These are declined as follows:--
Fortis, _strong._ Fortior, _stronger._ SINGULAR. M. AND F. NEUT. M. AND F. NEUT. _Nom._ fortis forte fortior fortius _Gen._ fortis fortis fortiōris fortiōris _Dat._ fortī fortī fortiōrī fortiōrī _Acc._ fortem forte fortiōrem fortius _Voc._ fortis forte fortior fortius _Abl._ fortī fortī fortiōre fortiōre
PLURAL. _Nom._ fortēs fortia fortiōrēs fortiōra _Gen._ fortium fortium fortiōrum fortiōrum _Dat._ fortibus fortibus fortiōribus fortiōribus _Acc._ fortēs, -īs fortia fortiōrēs, -īs fortiōra _Voc._ fortēs fortia fortiōrēs fortiōra _Abl._ fortibus fortibus fortiōribus fortiōribus
1. Fortior is the Comparative of fortis. All Comparatives are regularly declined in the same way. The Acc. Plu. in -īs is rare.
Adjectives of One Termination.
70. Fēlīx, _happy._. Prūdēns, _prudent._
SINGULAR. M. AND F. NEUT. M. AND F. NEUT. _Nom._ fēlīx fēlīx prūdēns prūdēns _Gen._ fēlīcīs fēlīcis prūdentis prūdentis _Dat._ fēlīcī fēlīcī prūdentī prūdentī _Acc._ fēlīcem fēlīx prūdentem prūdēns _Voc._ fēlīx fēlīx prūdēns prūdēns _Abl._ fēlīcī fēlīcī prūdentī prūdentī
PLURAL. _Nom._ fēlīcēs fēlīcia prūdentēs prūdentia _Gen._ fēlīcium fēlīcium prūdentium prūdentium _Dat._ fēlīcibus fēlīcibus prūdentibus prūdentibus _Acc._ fēlīcēs, -īs fēlīcia prūdentēs, -īs prūdentia _Voc._ fēlīcēs fēlīcia prūdentēs prūdentia _Abl._ fēlīcibus fēlīcibus prūdentibus prūdentibus
Vetus, _old_. Plūs, _more_.
SINGULAR. M. AND F. NEUT. M. AND F. NEUT. _Nom._ vetus vetus ---- plūs _Gen._ veteris veteris ---- plūris _Dat._ veterī veterī ---- ---- _Acc._ veterem vetus ---- plūs _Voc._ vetus vetus ---- ---- _Abl._ vetere vetere ---- plūre
PLURAL. _Nom._ veterēs vetera plūrēs plūra _Gen._ veterum veterum plūrium plūrium _Dat._ veteribus veteribus plūribus plūribus _Acc._ veterēs vetera plūrēs, -īs plūra _Voc._ veterēs vetera ---- ---- _Abl._ veteribus veteribus plūribus plūribus
1. It will be observed that vetus is declined as a pure Consonant-Stem; i.e. Ablative Singular in -e, Genitive Plural in -um, Nominative Plural Neuter in -a, and Accusative Plural Masculine and Feminine in -ēs only. In the same way are declined compos, _controlling_; dīves, _rich_; particeps, _sharing_; pauper, _poor_; prīnceps, _chief_; sōspes, _safe_; superstes, _surviving_. Yet dīves always has Neut. Plu. dītia.
2. Inops, _needy_, and memor, _mindful_, have Ablative Singular inopī, memorī, but Genitive Plural inopum, memorum.
3. Participles in -āns and -ēns follow the declension of ī-stems. But they do not have -ī the Ablative, except when employed as adjectives; when used as participles or as substantives, they have -e; as,--
ā sapientī virō, _by a wise man_; but ā sapiente, _by a philosopher._ Tarquiniō rēgnante, _under the reign of Tarquin._
4. Plūs, in the Singular, is always a noun.
5. In the Ablative Singular, adjectives, when used as substantives,--
a) usually retain the adjective declension; as,--
aequālis, _contemporary_, Abl. aequālī. cōnsulāris, _ex-consul_, Abl. cōnsulārī
So names of Months; as, Aprīlī, _April_; Decembrī, _December_.
b) But adjectives used as proper names have -e in the Ablative Singular; as, Celere, Celer; Juvenāle, _Juvenal_.
c) Patrials in -ās, -ātis and -īs, -ītis, when designating places regularly have -ī; as, in Arpīnātī, _on the estate at Arpinum_, yet -e, when used of persons; as, ab Arpīnāte, _by an Arpinatian_.
6. A very few indeclinable adjectives occur, the chief of which are frūgī, _frugal_; nēquam, _worthless_.
7. In poetry, adjectives and participles in -ns sometimes form the Gen. Plu. in -um instead of -ium; as, venientum, _of those coming_.
* * * * *
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
71. 1. There are three degrees of Comparison,--the Positive, the Comparative, and the Superlative.
2. The Comparative is regularly formed by adding -ior (Neut. -ius), and the Superlative by adding -issimus (-a, -um), to the Stem of the Positive deprived of its final vowel; as,--
altus, _high_, altior, _higher_, altissimus, _highest_, _very high_. fortis, _brave_, fortior, fortissimus. fēlīx, _fortunate_, fēlīcior, fēlīcissimus.
So also Participles, when used as Adjectives; as,--
doctus, _learned_, doctior, doctissimus. egēns, _needy_, egentior, egentissimus.
3. Adjectives in -er form the Superlative by appending -rimus to the Nominative of the Positive. The Comparative is regular. Thus:--
asper, _rough_, asperior, asperrimus. pulcher, _beautiful_, pulchrior, pulcherrimus. ācer, _sharp_, ācrior, ācerrimus. celer, _swift_, celerior, celerrimus.
a. Notice mātūrus, mātūrior, mātūrissimus or mātūrrimus.
4. Five Adjectives in -ilis form the Superlative by adding -limus to the Stem of the Positive deprived of its final vowel. The Comparative is regular. Thus:--
facilis, _easy_, facilior, facillimus. difficilis, _diffcult_, difficilior, difficillimus. similis, _like_, similior, simillimus. dissimilis, _unlike_, dissimilior, dissimillimus. humilis, _low_, humilior, humillimus.
5. Adjectives in -dicus, -ficus, and -volus form the Comparative and Superlative as though from forms in -dīcēns, -ficēns, -volēns. Thus:--
maledicus, _slanderous_, maledīcentior, maledīcentissimus. magnificus, _magnificent_, magnificentior, magnificentissimus. benevolus, _kindly_, benevolentior, benevolentissimus.
a. Positives in -dīcēns and -volēns occur in early Latin; as maledīcēns, benevolēns.
6. Dīves has the Comparative dīvitior or dītior; Superlative dīvitissimus or dītissimus.
Irregular Comparison.
72. Several Adjectives vary the Stem in Comparison; _viz_.--
bonus, _good_, melior, optimus. malus, _bad_, pejor, pessimus. parvus, _small_, minor, minimus. magnus, _large_, major, maximus. multus, _much_, plūs, plūrimus, frūgī, _thrifty_, frūgālior, frūgālissimus, nēquam, _worthless_, nēquior, nēquissimus.
Defective Comparison.
73. 1. Positive lacking entirely,--
(Cf. prae, _in front prior, _former_, prīmus, _first_ of_.) (Cf. citrā, _this side citerior, _on this citimus, _near_. of_.) side_, (Cf. ultrā, _beyond_.) ulterior, _farther_, ultimus, _farthest_. (Cf. intrā, _within_.) interior, _inner_, intimus, _inmost_ (Cf. prope, _near_.) propior, _nearer_, proximus, _nearest_. (Cf. dē, _down_.) dēterior, _inferior_, dēterrimus, _worst_. (Cf. archaic potis, potior, _preferable_, potissimus, _chiefest_ _possible_.)
2. Positive occurring only in special cases,--
posterō diē, annō, posterior, _later_, postrēmus, _latest_, etc. _the following _last_. day_, etc., postumus, _late-born_, posterī, _posthumous_. _descendants_, exteri, exterior, _outer_ extrēmus, extimus, _foreigners_, _outermost_. nātiōnēs exterae, _foreign nations_, inferī, _gods of the īnferior, _lower_, īnfimus, īmus, lower world_, _lowest_. Mare Inferum, _Mediterranean Sea_, superī, _gods superior, _higher_, suprēmus, _last_. above_, summus, _highest_. Mare Superum, _Adriatic Sea_,
3. Comparative lacking.
vetus, _old_, ----[17] veterrimus. fīdus, _faithful_, ---- fīdissimus. novus, _new_, ----[18] novissimus,[19] _last_. sacer, _sacred_, ---- sacerrimus. falsus, _false_, ---- falsissimus.
Also in some other words less frequently used.
4. Superlative lacking.
alacer, _lively_, alacrior, ---- ingēns, _great_, ingentior, ---- salūtāris, _wholesome_, salūtārior, ---- juvenis, _young_, jūnior, ----[20] senex, _old_, senior. ----[21]
a. The Superlative is lacking also in many adjectives in -ālis, -īlis, -ĭlis, -bilis, and in a few others.
Comparison by _Magis_ and _Maximē_.
74. Many adjectives do not admit terminational comparison, but form the Comparative and Superlative degrees by prefixing magis (_more_) and maximē (_most_). Here belong--
1. Many adjectives ending in -ālis, -āris, -idus, -īlis, -icus, imus, īnus, -ōrus.
2. Adjectives in -us, preceded by a vowel; as, idōneus, _adapted_; arduus, _steep_; necessārius, _necessary_.
a. Adjectives in -quus, of course, do not come under this rule. The first u in such cases is not a vowel, but a consonant.
Adjectives not admitting Comparison.
75. Here belong--
1. Many adjectives, which, from the nature of their signification, do not admit of comparison; as, hodiernus, _of to-day_; annuus, _annual_; mortālis, _mortal_.
2. Some special words; as, mīrus, gnārus, merus; and a few others.
* * * * *
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.
76. Adverbs are for the most part derived from adjectives, and depend upon them for their comparison.
1. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the First and Second Declensions form the Positive by changing -ī of the Genitive Singular to -ē; those derived from adjectives of the Third Declension, by changing -is of the Genitive Singular to -iter; as,--
cārus, cārē, _dearly_; pulcher, pulchrē, _beautifully_; ācer, ācriter, _fiercely_; levis, leviter, _lightly_.
a. But Adjectives in -ns, and a few others, add -er (instead of -iter), to form the Adverb; as,--
sapiēns, sapienter, _wisely_; sollers, sollerter, _skillfully_.
Note audāx, audācter, _boldly_.
2. The Comparative of all Adverbs regularly consists of the Accusative Singular Neuter of the Comparative of the Adjective; while the Superlative of the Adverb is formed by changing the -ī of the Genitive Singular of the Superlative of the Adjective to -ē. Thus--
(cārus) cārē, _dearly_, cārius, cārissimē. (pulcher) pulchrē, _beautifully_, pulchrius, pulcherrimē. (ācer) ācriter, _fiercely_, ācrius, ācerrimē. (levis) leviter, _lightly_, levius, levissimē. (sapiēns) sapienter, _wisely_, sapientius, sapientissimē. (audāx) audācter, _boldly_, audācius, audācissimē.
Adverbs Peculiar in Comparison and Formation.
77. 1., _well_, melius, optimē. malĕ, _ill_, pejus, pessimē. magnopere, _greatly_, magis, maximē. multum, _much_, plūs, plūrimum. nōn multum, _little_, minus, minimē. parum, diū, _long_, diūtius, diūtissimē. nēquiter, _worthlessly_, nēquius, nēquissimē. saepe, _often_, saepius, saepissimē. mātūrē, _betimes_, mātūrius, mātūrrimē. mātūrissimē. prope, _near_, propius, proximē. nūper, _recently_, ---- nūperrimē. ---- potius, _rather_, potissimum, _especially_. ---- prius, _previously_, prīmum, _first_. _before_, secus, _otherwise_, sētius, _less_.
2. A number of adjectives of the First and Second Declensions form an Adverb in -ō, instead of -ē; as,--
crēbrō, _frequently_; falsō, _falsely_; continuō, subitō, _suddenly_; _immediately_; rārō, _rarely_, and a few others.
a. cito, quickly, has -ŏ.
3. A few adjectives employ the Accusative Singular Neuter as the Positive of the Adverb; as,--
multum, _much_; paulum, facile, _little_; _easily_.
4. A few adjectives of the First and Second Declensions form the Positive in -iter; as,--
fīrmus, fīrmiter, _firmly_; hūmānus, hūmāniter, _humanly_; largus, largiter, _copiously_; alius, aliter, _otherwise_.
a. violentus has violenter.
5. Various other adverbial suffixes occur, the most important of which are -tus and -tim; as, antīquitus, _anciently_; paulātim, _gradually_.
* * * * *
NUMERALS.
78. Numerals may be divided into--
I. Numeral Adjectives, comprising--
a. _Cardinals_; as, ūnus, _one_; duo, _two_; etc.
b. _Ordinals_; as, prīmus, _first_; secundus, _second_; etc.
c. _Distributives_; as, singulī, _one by one_; bīnī, _two by two_; etc.
II. Numeral Adverbs; as, semel, _once_; bis, _twice_; etc.
79. TABLE OF NUMERAL ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.
CARDINALS. ORDINALS. 1. ūnus, ūna, ūnum prīmus, _first_ 2. duo, duae, duo secundus, _second_ 3. trēs, tria tertius, _third_ 4. quattuor quārtus, _fourth_ 5. quīnque quīntus, _fifth_ 6. sex sextus 7. septem septimus 8. octo octāvus 9. novem nōnus 10. decem decimus 11. ūndecim ūndecimus 12. duodecim duodecimus 13. tredecim tertius decimus 14. quattuordecim quārtus decimus 15. quīndecim quīntus decimus 16. sēdecim, sextus decimus sexdecim 17. septendecim septimus decimus 18. duodēvīgintī duodēvīcēsimus 19. ūndēvīgintī ūndēvīcēsimus 20. vīgintī vīcēsimus 21. vīgintī ūnus, vīcēsimus prīmus, ūnus et vīgintī ūnus et vīcēsimus 22. vīgintī duo, vīcēsimus secundus, duo et vīgintī alter et vīcēsimus 30. trīgintā trīcēsimus 40. quadrāgintā quadrāgēsimus 50. quīnquāgintā quīnquāgēsimus 60. sexāgintā sexāgēsimus 70. septuāgintā septuāgēsimus 80. octōgintā octōgēsimus 90. nōnāgintā nōnāgēsimus 100. centum centēsimus 101. centum ūnus, centēsimus prīmus, centum et ūnus centēsimus et prīmus 200. ducentī, -ae, -a ducentēsimus 300. trecentī trecentēsimus 400. quadringentī quadringentēsimus 500. quīngentī quīngentēsimus 600. sescentī sescentēsimus 700. septingentī septingentēsimus 800. octingentī octingentēsimus 900. nōngentī nōngentēsimus 1,000. mīlle mīllēsimus 2,000. duo mīlia bis mīllēsimus 100,000. centum mīlia centiēs mīllēsimus 1,000,000. deciēs centēna mīlia deciēs centiēs mīllēsimus
DISTRIBUTIVES. ADVERBS. 1. singuli, _one by one_ semel, _once_ 2. bīnī, _two by two_ bis 3. ternī (trīnī) ter 4. quaternī quater 5. quīnī quīnquiēs 6. sēnī sexiēs 7. septēnī septiēs 8. octōnī octiēs 9. novēnī noviēs 10. dēnī deciēs 11. ūndēnī ūndeciēs 12. duodēnī duodeciēs 13. ternī denī terdeciēs 14. quaternī denī quaterdeciēs 15. quīnī dēnī quīnquiēs deciēs 16. sēnī dēnī sexiēs deciēs 17. septēnī dēnī septiēs deciēs 18. duodēvicēnī octiēs deciēs 19. ūndēvīcēnī noviēs deciēs 20. vīcēnī vīciēs 21. vīcēnī singulī, vīciēs semel singulī et vīcēnī 22. vīcēni bīnī, vīciēs bis bīnī et vīcēnī 30. trīcēnī trīciēs 40. quadrāgēnī quadrāgiēs 50. quīnquāgēnī quīnquāgiēs 60. sexāgēnī sexāgiēs 70. septuāgēnī septuāgiēs 80. octōgēnī octōgiēs 90. nōnāgēnī nōnāgiēs 100. centēnī centiēs 101. centēnī singulī, centiēs semel centēnī et singulī 200. ducēnī ducentiēs 300. trecēnī trecentiēs 400. quadringēnī quadringentiēs 500. quīngēnī quīngentiēs 600. sescēnī sescentiēs 700. septingēnī septingentiēs 800. octingēnī octingentiēs 900. nōngēnī nōngentiēs 1,000. singula mīlia mīliēs 2,000. bīna mīlia bis mīliēs 100,000. centēna mīlia centiēs mīliēs 1,000,000. deciēs centēna mīlia deciēs centiēs mīliēs
NOTE.-- -ēnsimus and -iēns are often written in the numerals instead of -ēsimus and -iēs.
Declension of the Cardinals.
80. 1. The declension of ūnus has already been given under § 66.
2. Duo is declined as follows:--
_Nom._ duo duae duo _Gen._ duōrum duārum duōrum _Dat._ duōbus duābus duōbus _Acc._ duōs, duo duās duo _Abl._ duōbus duābus duōbus
a. So ambō, _both_, except that its final o is long.
3. Trēs is declined,--
_Nom._ trēs tria _Gen._ trium trium _Dat._ tribus tribus _Acc._ trēs (trīs) tria _Abl._ tribus tribus
4. The hundreds (except centum) are declined like the Plural of bonus.
5. Mīlle is regularly an adjective in the Singular, and indeclinable. In the Plural it is a substantive (followed by the Genitive of the objects enumerated; § 201, 1), and is declined,--
_Nom._ mīlia _Acc._ mīlia _Gen._ mīlium _Voc._ mīlia _Dat._ mīlibus _Abl._ mīlibus
Thus mīlle hominēs, _a thousand men_; but duo mīlia hominum, _two thousand men_, literally _two thousands of men_.
a. Occasionally the Singular admits the Genitive construction; as, mīlle hominum.
6. Other Cardinals are indeclinable. Ordinals and Distributives are declined like Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions.
Peculiarities in the Use of Numerals.
81. 1. The compounds from 21 to 99 may be expressed either with the larger or the smaller numeral first. In the latter case, et is used. Thus:--
trīgintā sex or sex et trīgintā, _thirty-six_.
2. The numerals under 90, ending in 8 and 9, are often expressed by subtraction; as,--
duodēvīgintī, _eighteen_ (but also octōdecim);
ūndēquadrāgintā, _thirty-nine_ (but also trīgintā novem or novem et trīgintā).
3. Compounds over 100 regularly have the largest number first; the others follow without et; as,--
centum vīgintī septem, _one hundred and twenty-seven_.
annō octingentēsimō octōgēsimō secundō, _in the year 882_.
Yet et may be inserted where the smaller number is either a digit or one of the tens; as,--
centum et septem, _one hundred and seven_;
centum et quadrāgintā, _one hundred and forty_.
4. The Distributives are used--
a) To denote _so much each_, _so many apiece_; as,--
bīna talenta eīs dedit, _he gave them two talents each_.
b) When those nouns that are ordinarily Plural in form, but Singular in meaning, are employed in a Plural sense; as,--
bīnae litterae, _two epistles_.
But in such cases, ūnī (not singulī) is regularly employed for _one_, and trīnī (not ternī) for three; as,--
ūnae litterae, _one epistle_; trīnae litterae, _three epistles_.
c) In multiplication; as,--
bis bīna sunt quattuor, _twice two are four_.
d) Often in poetry, instead of the cardinals; as,--
bīna hastīlia, _two spears_.
* * * * *
C. PRONOUNS.
82. A Pronoun is a word that indicates something without naming it.
83. There are the following classes of pronouns:--
I. Personal. V. Intensive. II. Reflexive. VI. Relative. III. Possessive. VII. Interrogative. IV. Demonstrative. VIII. Indefinite.
I. PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
84. These correspond to the English _I_, _you_, _he_, _she_, _it_, etc., and are declined as follows:--
First Person. Second Person. Third Person.
SINGULAR. _Nom._ ego, _I_ tū, _thou_ is, _he_; ea, _she_; id, _it_ _Gen._ meī tuī (For declension see § 87.) _Dat._ mihi[22] tibi[22] _Acc._ mē tē _Voc._ ---- tū _Abl._ mē tē
PLURAL. _Nom._ nōs, _we_ vōs, _you_ _Gen._ nostrum, nostrī vestrum, vestrī _Dat._ nōbīs vōbīs _Acc._ nōs vōs _Voc._ ---- vōs _Abl._ nōbīs vōbīs
1. A Dative Singular mī occurs in poetry.
2. Emphatic forms in -met are occasionally found; as, egomet, _I myself_; tibimet, _to you yourself_; tū has tūte and tūtemet (written also tūtimet).
3. In early Latin, mēd and tēd occur as Accusative and Ablative forms.
* * * * *
II. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.
85. These refer to the subject of the sentence or clause in which they stand; like _myself_, _yourself_, in '_I see myself_,' etc. They are declined as follows:--
_First Person._ _Second Person._ _Third Person._ Supplied by oblique Supplied by oblique cases of ego. cases of tū. _Gen._ meī, _of myself_ tuī, _of thyself_ suī _Dat._ mihi, _to myself_ tibi, _to thyself_ sibi[22] _Acc._ mē, _myself_ tē, _thyself_ sē or sēsē _Voc._ ---- ---- ---- _Abl._ mē, _with myself_, tē, _with thyself_, sē or sēsē etc. etc.
1. The Reflexive of the Third Person serves for _all genders_ and for _both numbers_. Thus sui may mean, _of himself_, _herself_, _itself_, or _of themselves_; and so with the other forms.
2. All of the Reflexive Pronouns have at times a _reciprocal_ force; as,--
inter sē pugnant, _they fight with each other_.
3. In early Latin, sēd occurs as Accusative and Ablative.
* * * * *
III. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
86. These are strictly adjectives of the First and Second Declensions, and are inflected as such. They are--
_First Person._ _Second Person._ meus, -a, -um, _my_; tuus, -a, -um, _thy_; noster, nostra, nostrum, vester, vestra, vestrum, _our_; _your_;
_Third Person._ suus, -a, -um, _his_, _her_, _its_, _their_.
1. Suus is exclusively Reflexive; as,--
pater līberōs suōs amat, _the father loves his children_.
Otherwise, _his_, _her_, _its_ are regularly expressed by the Genitive Singular of is, viz. ejus; and _their_ by the Genitive Plural, eōrum, eārum.
2. The Vocative Singular Masculine of meus is mī.
3. The enclitic -pte may be joined to the Ablative Singular of the Possessive Pronouns for the purpose of emphasis. This is particularly common in case of suō, suā; as, suōpte, suāpte.
* * * * *
IV. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
87. These point out an object as here or there, or as previously mentioned. They are--
hīc, _this_ (where I am); iste, _that_ (where you are); ille, _that_ (something distinct from the speaker); is, _that_ (weaker than ille); īdem, _the same_.
Hīc, iste, and ille are accordingly the Demonstratives of the First, Second, and Third Persons respectively.
Hīc, _this_. SINGULAR PLURAL. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. _Nom._ hīc haec hōc hī hae haec _Gen._ hūjus[23] hūjus hūjus hōrum hārum hōrum _Dat._ huic huic huic hīs hīs hīs _Acc._ hunc hanc hōc hōs hās haec _Abl._ hōc hāc hōc hīs hīs hīs
Iste, _that_, _that of yours._ SINGULAR. PLURAL. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. _Nom._ iste ista istud[24] istī istae ista[24] _Gen._ istīus istīus istīus istōrum istārum istōrum _Dat._ istī istī istī istīs istīs istīs _Acc._ istum istam istud istōs istās ista[24] _Abl._ istō istā istō istīs istīs istīs
Ille (archaic olle), _that_, _that one_, _he_, is declined like iste.[25]
Is, _he_, _this_, _that_. SINGULAR PLURAL. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. _Nom_. is ea id eī, iī, eae ea (ī) _Gen._ ejus ejus ejus eōrum eārum eōrum _Dat._ eī eī eī eīs, iīs eīs, iīs eīs, iīs _Acc._ eum eam id eōs eās ea _Abl._ eō eā eō eīs, iīs eīs, iīs eīs, iīs
Īdem, _the same_. SINGULAR. PLURAL. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. _Nom_. īdem eadem idem eīdem, eaedem eadem iīdem _Gen._ ejusdem ejusdem ejusdem eōrundem eārundem eōrundem _Dat._ eīdem eīdem eīdem eīsdem eīsdem eīsdem _Acc._ eundem eandem idem eōsdem eāsdem eadem _Abl._ eōdem eādem eōdem eīsdem eīsdem eīsdem
The Nom. Plu. Masc. also has īdem, and the Dat. Abl. Plu. īsdem or iīsdem
* * * * *
V. THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN.
88. The Intensive Pronoun in Latin is ipse. It corresponds to the English _myself_, etc., in '_I myself_, _he himself._'
SINGULAR PLURAL. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. _Nom._ ipse ipsa ipsum ipsī ipsae ipsa _Gen._ ipsīus ipsīus ipsīus ipsōrum ipsārum ipsōrum _Dat._ ipsī ipsī ipsī ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs _Acc._ ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsōs ipsās ipsa _Abl._ ipsō ipsā ipsō ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs
* * * * *
VI. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN.
89. The Relative Pronoun is quī, who. It is declined:--
SINGULAR PLURAL. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. _Nom._ quī quae quod quī quae quae _Gen._ cūjus cūjus cūjus quōrum quārum quōrum _Dat._ cui cui cui quibus[26] quibus quibus _Acc._ quem quam quod quōs quās quae _Abl._ quō[27] quā[27] quō quibus[26] quibus quibus
* * * * *
VII. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
90. The Interrogative Pronouns are quis, _who?_ (substantive) and quī, _what? what kind of?_ (adjective).
1. Quis, _who_?
SINGULAR. PLURAL. MASC. AND FEM. NEUTER _Nom._ quis quid The rare Plural _Gen._ cūjus cūjus follows the declension _Dat._ cui cui of the Relative Pronoun. _Acc._ quem quid _Abl._ quō quō
2. Quī, _what? what kind of?_ is declined precisely like the Relative Pronoun; viz. quī, quae, quod, etc.
a. An old Ablative quī occurs, in the sense of _how? why?_
b. Quī is sometimes used for quis in Indirect Questions.
c. Quis, when limiting words denoting persons, is sometimes an adjective. But in such cases quis homō = _what man?_ whereas quī homō = _what sort of man?_
d. Quis and quī may be strengthened by adding -nam. Thus:--
Substantive: quisnam, _who, pray?_ quidnam, _what, pray?_ Adjective: quīnam, quaenam, quodnam, _of what kind, pray?_
* * * * *
VIII. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
91. These have the general force of _some one_, _any one_.
SUBSTANTIVES. ADJECTIVES. M. AND F. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. quis, quid, quī, quae, qua, quod, _any one_, _anything_. _any_. aliquis, aliquid, aliquī, aliqua, aliquod, _some one_, _any_. _something_. quisquam, quidquam, quisquam, quidquam, _any one_, _anything_. _any_ (rare) quispiam, quidpiam, quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam, _any one_, _anything_. _any_. quisque, quidque, quisque, quaeque, quodque, _each_. _each_. quīvīs, quaevīs, quidvīs, quīvis, quaevīs, quodvis, quīlibet, quaelibet, quidlibet quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet, _any one_ (_anything_) _any you wish_ _you wish_ quīdam, quaedam, quiddam, quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, _a certain person_, or _a certain_ _thing_.
1. In the Indefinite Pronouns, only the pronominal part is declined. Thus: Genitive Singular alicūjus, cūjuslibet, etc.
2. Note that aliquī has aliqua in the Nominative Singular Feminine, also in the Nominative and Accusative Plural Neuter. Quī has both qua and quae in these same cases.
3. Quīdam forms Accusative Singular quendam, quandam; Genitive Plural quōrundam, quārundam; the m being assimilated to n before d.
4. Aliquis may be used adjectively, and (occasionally) aliquī substantively.
5. In combination with nē, sī, nisi, num, either quis or quī may stand as a Substantive. Thus: sī quis or sī quī.
6. Ecquis, _any one_, though strictly an Indefinite, generally has interrogative force. It has both substantive and adjective forms,--substantive, ecquis, ecquid; adjective, ecquī, ecquae and ecqua, ecquod.
7. Quisquam is not used in the Plural.
8. There are two Indefinite Relatives,--quīcumque and quisquis, _whoever_. Quīcumque declines only the first part; quisquis declines both but has only quisquis, quidquid, quōquō, in common use.
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PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.
92. The following adjectives, also, frequently have pronominal force:--
1. alius, _another;_ alter, _the other;_ uter, _which of two?_ (interr.); neuter, _neither;_ _whichever of two_ (rel.); ūnus, _one_; nūllus, _no one_ (in oblique cases)
2. The compounds,--
uterque, utraque, utrumque, _each of two;_ utercumque, utracumque, utrumcumque, _whoever of two;_ uterlibet, utralibet, utrumlibet, _either one you please;_ utervīs, utravīs, utrumvīs, _either one you please;_ alteruter, alterutra, alterutrum, _the one or the other_.
In these, uter alone is declined. The rest of the word remains unchanged, except in case of alteruter, which may decline both parts; as,--
_Nom._ alteruter altera utra alterum utrum _Gen._ alterius utrīus, etc.
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