Chapter 15
93. A Verb is a word which asserts something; as, est, _he is_; amat, _he loves_. The Inflection of Verbs is called Conjugation.
94. Verbs have Voice, Mood, Tense, Number, and Person:--
1. Two Voices,--Active and Passive.
2. Three Moods,--Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative.
3. Six Tenses,--
Present, Perfect, Imperfect, Pluperfect, Future, Future Perfect.
But the Subjunctive lacks the Future and Future Perfect; while the Imperative employs only the Present and Future.
4. Two Numbers,--Singular and Plural.
5. Three Persons,--First, Second, and Third.
95. These make up the so-called _Finite Verb_. Besides this, we have the following Noun and Adjective Forms:--
1. Noun Forms,--Infinitive, Gerund, and Supine.
2. Adjective Forms,--Participles (including the Gerundive).
96. The Personal Endings of the Verb are,--
Active. Passive. _Sing_. 1. -ō; -m; -ī (Perf. Ind.); -r. 2. -s; -stī (Perf Ind.); -rīs, -re; -tō or wanting (Impv.); -re, -tor (Impv.). 3. -t; -tō (Impv.); -tur; -tor (Impv.). _Plu_. 1. -mus; -mur. 2. -tis; -stis (Perf. Ind.); -minī. -te, -tōte (Impv.); 3. -nt; -ērunt (Perf Ind.); -ntur; -ntor (Impv.). -ntō (Impv.);
VERB STEMS.
97. Conjugation consists in appending certain endings to the Stem. We distinguish three different stems in a fully inflected verb,--
I. Present Stem, from which are formed-- 1. Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative, 2. Present and Imperfect Subjunctive, 3. The Imperative, 4. The Present Infinitive, - (Active and Passive.) 5. The Present Active Participle, the Gerund, and Gerundive. II. Perfect Stem, from which are formed-- 1. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative, 2. Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive, 3. Perfect Infinitive, - (Active.) III. Participial Stem, from which are formed-- 1. Perfect Participle, 2. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative, 3. Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive, 4. Perfect Infinitive, - (Passive.)
Apparently from the same stem, though really of different origin, are the Supine, the Future Active Participle, the Future Infinitive Active and Passive.
THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.
98. There are in Latin four regular Conjugations, distinguished from each other by the vowel of the termination of the Present Infinitive Active, as follows:--
INFINITIVE DISTINGUISHING CONJUGATION. TERMINATION. VOWEL. I. -āre ā II. -ēre ē III. -ĕre ĕ IV. -īre ī
99. PRINCIPAL PARTS. The Present Indicative, Present Infinitive, Perfect Indicative, and the Perfect Participle[28] constitute the Principal Parts of a Latin verb,--so called because they contain the different stems, from which the full conjugation of the verb may be derived.
* * * * *
CONJUGATION OF SUM.
100. The irregular verb sum is so important for the conjugation of all other verbs that its inflection is given at the outset.
PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. FUT. PARTIC.[29] sum esse fuī futūrus
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. sum, _I am_, sumus, _we are_, es, _thou art_, estis, _you are_, est, _he is_; sunt, _they are_.
IMPERFECT. eram, _I was_, erāmus, _we were_, erās, _thou wast_, erātis, _you were_, erat, _he was_; erant, _they were_.
FUTURE. erō, _I shall be_, erimus, _we shall be_, eris, _thou wilt be_, eritis, _you will be_, erit, _he will be_; erunt, _they will be_.
PERFECT. fuī, _I have been_, _I was_, fuimus, _we have been_, _we were_, fuistī, _thou hast been_, _thou fuistis, _you have been_, _you wast_, were_, fuit, _he has been_, _he was_; fuērunt, fuēre, _they have been_, _they were_.
PLUPERFECT. fueram, _I had been_, fuerāmus, _we had been_, fuerās, _thou hadst been_, fuerātis, _you had been_, fuerat, _he had been_; fuerant, _they had been_.
FUTURE PERFECT. fuerō, _I shall have been_, fuerimus, _we shall have been_, fueris, _thou wilt have been_, fueritis, _you will have been_, fuerit, _he will have been_; fuerint, _they will have been_.
SUBJUNCTIVE.[30]
PRESENT. SINGULAR. PLURAL. sim, _may I be_, sīmus, _let us be_, sīs, _mayst thou be_, sītis, _be ye_, _may you be_, sit, _let him be_, _may he be_; sint, _let them be_.
IMPERFECT. essem,[31] _I should be_, essēmus, _we should be_, essēs,[31] _thou wouldst be_, essētis, _you would be_, esset,[31] _he would be_; essent,[31] _they would be_.
PERFECT. fuerim, _I may have been_, fuerīmus, _we may have been_, fuerīs, _thou mayst have been_, fuerītis, _you may have been_, fuerit, _he may have been_; fuerint, _they may have been_.
PLUPERFECT. fuissem, _I should have been_, fuissēmus, _we should have been_. fuissēs, _thou wouldst have been_, fuissētis, _you would have been_, fuisset, _he would have been_; fuissent, _they would have been_.
IMPERATIVE. _Pres._ es, _be thou_; este, _be ye_, _Fut._ estō, _thou shalt be_, estōte, _ye shall be_, estō, _he shall be_; suntō, _they shall be_.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. _Pres._ esse, _to be_. _Perf._ fuisse, _to have been_. _Fut._ futūrus esse,[32] _to be _Fut._ futūrus,[33] _about to be_. about to be_.
* * * * *
FIRST (OR Ā-) CONJUGATION.
101. Active Voice.--Amō, _I love_.
PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC. amō amāre amāvī amātus
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. amō, _I love_, amāmus, _we love_, amās, _you love_, amātis, _you love_, amat, _he loves_; amant, _they love_.
IMPERFECT. amābam, _I was loving_,[34] amābāmus, _we were loving_, amābās, _you were loving_, amābātis, _you were loving_, amābat, _he was loving_; amābant, _they were loving_
FUTURE. amābō, _I shall love_, amābimus, _we shall love_, amābis, _you will love_, amābitis, _you will love_, amābit, _he will love_; amābunt, _they will love_.
PERFECT. amāvī, _I have loved_, _I loved_, amāvimus, _we have loved_, _we loved_, amāvistī, _you have loved_, _you amāvistis, _you have loved_, _you loved_ loved_, amāvit, _he has loved_, _he loved_; amāvērunt, -ēre, _they have loved_, _they loved_.
PLUPERFECT. amāveram, _I had loved_, amāverāmus, _we had loved_, amāverās, _you had loved_, amāverātis, _you had loved_, amāverat, _he had loved_; amāverant, _they had loved_.
FUTURE PERFECT. amāverō, _I shall have loved_, amāverimus, _we shall have loved_, amāveris, _you will have loved_, amāveritis, _you will have loved_, amāverit, _he will have loved_; amāverint, _they will have loved_.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT. amem, _may I love_, amēmus, _let us love_, amēs, _may you love_, amētis, _may you love_, amet, _let him love_; ament, _let them love_.
IMPERFECT. amārem, _I should love_, amārēmus, _we should love_, amārēs, _you would love_, amārētis, _you would love_, amāret, _he would love_; amārent, _they would love_.
PERFECT. amāverim, _I may have loved_, amāverīmus, _we may have loved_, amāverīs, _you may have loved_, amāverītis, _you may have loved_, amāverit, _he may have loved_; amāverint, _they may have loved_.
PLUPERFECT. amāvissem, _I should have loved_, amāvīssēmus, _we should have loved_, amāvissēs, _you would have loved_, amāvissētis, _you would have loved_, amāvisset, _he would have loved_; amāvissent, _they would have loved_.
IMPERATIVE. _Pres._ amā, _love thou_; amāte, _love ye_. _Fut._ amātō, _thou shalt love_, amātōte, _ye shall love_, amātō, _he shall love_; amantō, _they shall love_.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. _Pres._ amāre, _to love_. _Pres._ amāns,[35] _loving_. _Perf._ amāvisse, _to have loved_. (Gen. amantis.) _Fut._ amātūrus esse, _to be _Fut._ amātūrus, _about to love_. about to love_
GERUND. SUPINE. _Gen._ amandī, _of loving_, _Dat._ amandō, _for loving_, _Acc._ amandum, _loving_, _Acc._ amātum, _to love_, _Abl._ amandō, _by loving_. _Abl._ amātū, _to love_, _be loved_.
102. Passive Voice.--Amor, _I am loved_.
PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. amōr amārī amātus sum
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE. _I am loved._ SINGULAR. PLURAL. amor amāmur amāris amāminī amātur amantur
IMPERFECT _I was loved._ amābar amābāmur amābāris, _or_ -re amābāmini amābātur amābantur
FUTURE. _I shall be loved._ amābor amābimur amāberis, _or_ -re amābiminī amābitur amābuntur
PERFECT _I have been loved_, or _I was loved._ amātus (-a, -um) sum[36] amātī (-ae, -a) sumus amātus es amātī estis amātus est amātī sunt
PLUPERFECT. _I had been loved._ amātus eram[36] amātī erāmus amātus erās amātī erātis amātus erat amātī erant
FUTURE PERFECT. _I shall have been loved._ amātus erō[36] amātī erimus amātus eris amātī eritis amātus erit amātī erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT. _May I be loved_, _let him be loved._ amer amēmur amēris, _or_ -re amēmini amētur amentur
IMPERFECT.
_I should be loved_, _he would be loved._ amārer amārēmur amārēris, _or_ -re amārēminī amārētur amārentur
PERFECT.
_I may have been loved._ amātus sim[37] amātī sīmus amātus sīs amāti sītis amātus sit amāti sint
PLUPERFECT.
_I should have been loved_, _he would have been loved._ amātus essem[37] amātī essēmus amātus essēs amātī essētis amātus esset amāti essent
IMPERATIVE. _Pres._ amāre,[38] _be thou amāminī, _be ye loved._ loved_; _Fut._ amātor, _thou shalt be loved_, amātor, _he shall be amantor, _they shall be loved_. loved_;
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. _Pres._ amārī, _to be loved_. _Perf._ amātus esse, _to have been _Perfect._ amātus, _loved_, loved_. _having been loved_. _Fut._ amātum īrī, _to be about _Gerundive._ amandus, _to be to be loved_. loved_, _deserving to be loved._
* * * * *
SECOND (OR Ē-) CONJUGATION.
103. Active voice.--Moneō, _I advise._
PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC. moneō monēre monuī monitus
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE. _I advise._
SINGULAR. PLURAL. moneō monēmus monēs monētis monet monent
IMPERFECT. _I was advising_, or _I advised._ monēbam monēbāmus monēbās monēbātis monēbat monēbant
FUTURE. _I shall advise._ monēbō monēbimus monēbis monēbitis monēbit monēbunt
PERFECT. _I have advised_, or _I advised._ monuī monuimus monuistī monuistis monuit monuērunt, _or_ -ēre
PLUPERFECT. _I had advised._ monueram monuerāmus monuerās monuerātis monuerat monuerant
FUTURE PERFECT. _I shall have advised._ monuerō monuerimus monueris monueritis monuerit monuerint
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
_May I advise_, _let him advise._ moneam moneāmus moneās moneātis moneat moneant
IMPERFECT. _I should advise_, _he would advise._ monērem monērēmus monērēs monērētis monēret monērent
PERFECT. _I may have advised._ monuerim monuerīmus monuerīs monuerītis monuerit monuerint
PLUPERFECT. _I should have advised_, _he would have advised._ monuissem monuissēmus monuissēs monuissētis monuisset monuissent
IMPERATIVE. _Pres._ monē, _advise thou_; monēte, _advise ye_. _Fut._ monētō, _thou shall monētōte, _ye shall advise_, advise_, monētō, _he shall advise_; monentō, _they shall advise._
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. _Pres._ monēre, _to advise_. _Pres._ monēns, _advising_. _Perf._ monuisse, _to have (Gen. monentis.) advised_. _Fut._ monitūrus esse, _to be _Fut._ monitūrus, _about to about to advise_. advise_.
GERUND. SUPINE. _Gen._ monendī, _of advising_, _Dat._ monendō, _for advising_, _Acc._ monendum, _advising_, _Acc._ monitum, _to advise_, _Abl._ monendō, _by advising_. _Abl._ monitū, _to advise_, _be advised_.
104. Passive voice.--Moneor, _I am advised_.
PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. moneor monērī monitus sum
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE. _I am advised._
SINGULAR. PLURAL. moneor monēmur monēris monēminī monētur monentur
IMPERFECT. _I was advised._ monēbar monēbāmur monēbāris, _or_ -re monēbāminī monēbātur monēbantur
FUTURE. _I shall be advised._ monēbor monēbimur monēberis, _or_ -re monēbiminī monēbitur monēbuntur
PERFECT. _I have been advised_, _I was advised._ monitus sum monitī sumus monitus es monitī estis monitus est monitī sunt
PLUPERFECT. _I had been advised._ monitus eram monitī erāmus monitus erās monitī erātis monitus erat monitī erant
FUTURE PERFECT. _I shall have been advised._ monitus erō monitī erimus monitus eris monitī eritis monitus erit monitī erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT. _May I be advised_, _let him be advised._ monear moneāmur moneāris, _or_ -re moneāminī moneātur moneantur
IMPERFECT. _I should be advised_, _he would be advised._ monērer monērēmur monērēris, _or_ -re monērēminī monērētur monērentur
PERFECT. _I may have been advised._ monitus sim monitī sīmus monitus sīs monitī sītis monitus sit monitī sint
PLUPERFECT. _I should have been advised_, _he would have been advised._ monitus essem monitī essēmus monitus essēs monitī essētis monitus esset monitī essent
IMPERATIVE. _Pres._ monēre, _be thou advised_; monēminī, _be ye advised_. _Fut._ monētor, _thou shalt be advised_, monētor, _he shall be monentor, _they shall be advised_. advised_.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. _Pres._ monērī, _to be advised_. _Perfect._ monitus, _advised_, _having been advised_. _Perf._ monitus esse, _to have been advised_ _Fut._ monitum īrī, _to be about _Gerundive._ monendus, _to be to be advised._ advised_, _deserving to be advised._
* * * * *
THIRD (OR CONSONANT-) CONJUGATION.
105. Active Voice.--Regō, _I rule_.
PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC. regō regere rēxī rēctus
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE. _I rule_
SINGULAR. PLURAL. regō regimus regis regitis regit regunt
IMPERFECT. _I was ruling_, or _I ruled_. regēbam regēbāmus regēbās regēbātis regēbat regēbant
FUTURE. _I shall rule_. regam regēmus regēs regētis reget regent
PERFECT. _I have ruled_, or _I ruled_ rēxī rēximus rēxistī rēxistis rēxit rēxērunt, _or_ -ēre
PLUPERFECT. _I had ruled_. rēxeram rēxerāmus rēxerās rēxerātis rēxerat rēxerant
FUTURE PERFECT. _I shall have ruled_. rēxerō rēxerimus rēxeris rēxeritis rēxerit rēxerint
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT. _May I rule_, _let him rule._ regam regāmus regās regātis regat regant
IMPERFECT. _I should rule_, _he would rule._ regerem regerēmus regerēs regerētis regeret regerent
PERFECT. _I may have ruled._ rēxerim rēxerīmus rēxerīs rēxerītis rēxerit rēxerint
PLUPERFECT. _I should have ruled_, _he would have ruled._ rēxissem rēxissēmus rēxissēs rēxissētis rēxisset rēxissent
IMPERATIVE. rege, _rule thou_; regite, _rule ye_. regitō, _thou shall rule_, regitōte, _ye shall rule_, regitō, _he shall rule_; reguntō, _they shall rule_.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. regere, _to rule_. _Pres._ regēns, _ruling_. rēxisse, _to have ruled_. (Gen. regentis.) rēctūrus esse, _to be about to _Fut._ rēctūrus, _about to rule_ rule_.
GERUND. SUPINE. regendī, _of ruling_, regendō, _for ruling_, regendum, _ruling_, _Acc._ rēctum, _to rule_, regendō, _by ruling_. _Abl._ rēctū, _to rule_, _be ruled_.
106. Passive Voice.--Regor, _I am ruled_.
PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. regor regī rēctus sum
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE. _I am ruled._
SINGULAR. PLURAL. regor regimur regeris regiminī regitur reguntur
IMPERFECT. _I was ruled._ regēbar regēbāmur regēbāris, _or_ -re regēbāminī regēbātur regēbantur
FUTURE. _I shall be ruled._ regar regēmur regēris, _or_ -re regēminī regētur regentur
PERFECT. _I have been ruled_, or _I was ruled_. rēctus sum rēctī sumus rēctus es rēctī estis rēctus est rēctī sunt
PLUPERFECT. _I had been ruled._ rēctus eram rēctī erāmus rēctus erās rēctī erātis rēctus erat rēctī erant
FUTURE PERFECT. _I shall have been ruled_ rēctus erō rēctī erimus rēctus eris rēctī eritis rēctus erit rēctī erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT. _May I be ruled_, _let him be ruled._ regar regāmur regāris, _or_ -re regāminī regātur regantur
IMPERFECT. _I should be ruled_, _he would be ruled._ regerer regerēmur regerēris, _or_ -re regerēminī regerētur regerentur
PERFECT. _I may have been ruled._ rēctus sim rēctī sīmus rēctus sīs rēctī sītis rēctus sit rēctī sint
PLUPERFECT. _I should have been ruled_, _he would have been ruled._ rēctus essem rēctī essēmus rēctus essēs rectī essētis rēctus esset rectī essent
IMPERATIVE. _Pres._ regere, _be thou ruled_; regiminī, _be ye ruled_. _Fut._ regitor, _thou shalt be ruled_, regitor, _he shall be reguntor, _they shall be ruled_. ruled_;
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. _Pres._ regī, _to be ruled_. _Perfect._ rēctus, _ruled_, _having been ruled_. _Perf._ rēctus esse, _to have been _Gerundive._ regendus, _to be ruled_. ruled_, _deserving to be ruled_. _Fut._ rēctum īrī, _to be about to be ruled_.
* * * * *
FOURTH (OR Ī-) CONJUGATION.
107. Active voice.--Audiō, _I hear_.
PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC. audiō audīre audīvī audītus
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE. _I hear._
SINGULAR. PLURAL. audiō audīmus audīs audītis audit audiunt
IMPERFECT. _I was hearing_, or _I heard._ audiēbam audiēbāmus audiēbās audiēbātis audiēbat audiēbant
FUTURE. _I shall hear._ audiam audiēmus audiēs audiētis audiet audient
PERFECT. _I have heard_, or _I heard._ audīvī audīvimus audīvistī audīvistis audīvit audīvērunt, _or _-ēre
PLUPERFECT. _I had heard._ audīveram audīverāmus audīverās audīverātis audīverat audīverant
FUTURE PERFECT. _I shall have heard._ audīverō audīverimus audīveris audīveritis audīverit audīverint
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT. _May I hear_, _let him hear._ audiam audiāmus audiās audiātis audiat audiant
IMPERFECT. _I should hear_, _he would hear._ audīrem audīrēmus audīrēs audīrētis audīret audīrent
PERFECT. _I may have heard._ audīverim audīverīmus audīverīs audīverītis audīverit audīverint
PLUPERFECT. _I should have heard_, _he would have heard._ audīvissem audīvissēmus audīvissēs audīvissētis audīvisset audīvissent
IMPERATIVE. _Pres._ audī, _hear thou_; audīte, _hear ye_. _Fut._ audītō, _thou shalt hear_, audītōte, _ye shall hear_, audītō, _he shall hear_; audiuntō, _they shall hear_.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. _Pres._ audīre, _to hear_. _Pres._ audiēns, _hearing_. _Perf._ audīvisse, _to have (Gen. audientis.) heard_. _Fut._ audītūrus esse, _to be _Fut._ audītūrus, _about to about to hear_. hear_.
GERUND. SUPINE _Gen._ audiendī, _of hearing_, _Dat._ audiendō, _for hearing_, _Acc._ audiendum, _hearing_, _Acc._ audītum, _to hear_, _Abl._ audiendō, _by hearing_. _Abl._ audītū, _to hear, be heard_.
108. Passive Voice.--Audior, _I am heard_.
PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. audior audīrī audītus sum
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE. _I am heard_.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. audior audīmur audīris audīminī audītur audiuntur
IMPERFECT. _I was heard_. audiēbar audiēbāmur audiēbāris, _or_ -re audiēbāminī audiēbātur audiēbantur
FUTURE. _I shall be heard_. audiar audiēmur audiēris, _or_ -re audiēminī audiētur audientur
PERFECT. _I have been heard_, or _I was heard_. audītus sum audītī sumus audītus es audītī estis audītus est audītī sunt
PLUPERFECT. _I had been heard_. audītus eram audītī erāmus audītus erās audītī erātis audītus erat audītī erant
FUTURE PERFECT. _I shall have been heard_. audītus erō audītī erimus audītus eris audītī eritis audītus erit audītī erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
_May I be heard_, _let him be heard_. audiar audiāmur audiāris, _or_ -re audiāminī audiātur audiantur
IMPERFECT. _I should be heard_, _he would be heard_. audīrer audīrēmur audīrēris, _or_ -re audirēminī audīrētur audīrentur
PERFECT. _I may have been heard_. audītus sim audītī sīmus audītus sīs audītī sītis audītus sit audītī sint
PLUPERFECT.
_I should have been heard_, _he would have been heard_. audītus essem audītī essēmus audītus essēs audītī essētis audītus esset audītī essent
IMPERATIVE. _Pres._ audīre, _be thou heard_; audīminī, be ye heard. _Fut._ audītor, _thou shalt be heard_, audītor, _he shall be audiuntor, _they shall be heard_. heard_;
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. _Pres._ audīrī, _to be heard_. _Perfect._ audītus, _heard_, _having been heard_ _Perf._ audītus esse, _to have _Gerundive._ audiendus, _to be been heard_. heard_, _deserving to be heard_ _Fut._ audītum īrī, _to be about to be heard_.
* * * * *
VERBS IN -IŌ OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.
109. 1. Verbs in -iō of the Third Conjugation take the endings of the Fourth Conjugation wherever the latter endings have two successive vowels. This occurs only in the Present System.
2. Here belong--
a) capiō, _to take_; cupiō, _to desire_; faciō, _to make_; fodiō, _to dig_; fugiō, _to flee_; jaciō, _to throw_; pariō, _to bear_; quatiō, _to shake_; rapiō, _to seize_; sapiō, _to taste_.
b) Compounds of laciō and speciō (both ante-classical); as, alliciō, _entice_; cōnspiciō, _behold_.
c) The deponents gradior, _to go_; morior, _to die_, patior, _to suffer_.
110. Active voice.--Capiō, _I take_.
PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC. capiō, capere, cēpī, captus.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. capiō, capis, capit; capimus, capitis, capiunt.
IMPERFECT. capiēbam, -iēbās, -iēbat; capiēbāmus, -iēbātis, -iēbant.
FUTURE. capiam, -iēs, -iet; capiēmus, -iētis, -ient.
PERFECT. cēpī, -istī, -it; cēpimus, -istis, -ērunt or -ēre.
PLUPERFECT. cēperam, -erās, -erat; cēperāmus, -erātis, -erant.
FUTURE PERFECT. cēperō, -eris, -erit; cēperimus, -eritis, -erint.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT. capiam, -iās, -iat; capiāmus, -iātis, -iant.
IMPERFECT. caperem, -erēs, -eret; caperēmus, -erētis, -erent.
PERFECT. cēperim, -eris, -erit; cēperīmus, -erītis, -erint.
PLUPERFECT. cēpissem, -issēs, -isset; cēpissēmus, -issētis, -issent.
IMPERATIVE. _Pres._ cape; capite. _Fut._ capitō, capitōte, capitō; capiuntō.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. _Pres._ capere _Pres._ capiēns. _Perf._ cēpisse. _Fut._ captūrus esse. _Fut._ captūrus.
GERUND. SUPINE. _Gen._ capiendī, _Dat._ capiendō, _Acc._ capiendum, _Acc._ captum, _Abl._ capiendō. _Abl._ captū.
111. Passive Voice.--Capior, _I am taken_.
PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. capior, capī, captus sum.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. capior, caperis, capitur; capimur, capiminī, capiuntur.
IMPERFECT. capiēbar, -iēbāris, -iēbātur; capiēbāmur, -iēbāminī, -iēbantur.
FUTURE. capiar, -iēris, -iētur; capiēmur, -iēminī, -ientur.
PERFECT. captus sum, es, est; captī sumus, estis, sunt.
PLUPERFECT. captus eram, erās, erat; captī erāmus, erātis, erant.
FUTURE PERFECT. captus erō, eris, erit; captī erimus, eritis, erunt.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT. capiar, -iāris, -iātur; capiāmur, -iāminī, -iantur.
IMPERFECT. caperer, -erēris, -erētur; caperēmur, -erēminī, -erentur.
PERFECT. captus sim, sīs, sit; captī sīmus, sītis, sint.
PLUPERFECT. captus essem, essēs, esset; captī essēmus, essētis, essent.
IMPERATIVE. _Pres._ capere; capiminī. _Fut._ capitor, capitor; capiuntor.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. _Pres._ capī. _Perf._ captus esse. _Perfect._ captus. _Fut._ captum īrī. _Gerundive._ capiendus.
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DEPONENT VERBS.
112. Deponent Verbs have in the main Passive _forms_ with Active or Neuter _meaning_. But--
a. They have the following Active forms: Future Infinitive, Present and Future Participles, Gerund, and Supine.
b. They have the following Passive meanings: always in the Gerundive, and sometimes in the Perfect Passive Participle; as--
sequendus, _to be followed_; adeptus, _attained_.
113. Paradigms of Deponent Verbs are--
I. Conj. mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum, _admire_. II. Conj. vereor, vererī, veritus sum, _fear_. III. Conj. sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, _follow_. IV. Conj. largior, largīrī, largītus sum, _give_. III. (in -ior) patior, patī, passus sum, _suffer_.
INDICATIVE MOOD. I. II. III. IV. III (in -ior) _Pres._ mīror vereor sequor largior patior mīrāris verēris sequeris largiris pateris mīrātur verētur sequitur largītur patitur mīramur verēmur sequimur largīmur patimur mīrāminī verēminī sequiminī largīminī patiminī mīrantur verentur sequuntur largiuntur patiuntur _Impf._ mīrābar verēbar sequēbar largiēbar patiēbar _Fut._ mīrābor verēbor sequar largiar patiar _Perf._ mirātus sum veritus sum secūtus sum largītus sum passus sum _Plup._ mīrātus veritus secūtus largītus passus eram eram eram eram eram _F.P._ mīrātus erō veritus erō secūtus erō largītus erō passus erō
SUBJUNCTIVE. _Pres._ mīrer verear sequar largiar patiar _Impf._ mīrārer verērer sequerer largīrer paterer _Perf._ mīrātus sim veritus sim secūtus sim largītus sim passus sim _Plup._ mīrātus veritus sectūtus largītus passus essem essem essem essem essem
IMPERATIVE. _Pres._ mīrāre, verēre, sequere, largīre, patere, etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. _Fut._ mīrātor, verētor, sequitor, largītor, patitor, etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.
INFINITIVE. _Pres._ mīrāri verērī sequī largīrī patī _Perf._ mīrātus veritus secūtus largītus passus esse esse esse esse esse _Fut._ mīrātūrus veritūrus secūtūrus largītūrus passūrus esse esse esse esse esse
PARTICIPLES. _Pres._ mīrāns verēns sequēns largiēns patiēns _Fut._ mīrātūrus veritūrus secūtūrus largitūrus passūrus _Perf._ mīrātus veritus secūtus largitus passus _Ger._ mīrandus verendus sequendus largiendus patiendus
GERUND. mīrandī verendī sequendī largiendī patiendī mirandō, verendō, sequendō, largiendō, patiendō, etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.
SUPINE. mīrātum, veritum, secūtum, largītum, passum, -tū -tū -tū -tū -sū
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SEMI-DEPONENTS.
114. 1. Semi-Deponents are verbs which have the Present System in the Active Voice, but the Perfect System in the Passive without change of meaning. Here belong--
audeō, audēre, ausus sum, _to dare_. gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum, _to rejoice_. soleō, solēre, solitus sum, _to be wont_. fīdō, fīdere, fīsus sum, _to trust_.
2. The following verbs have a Perfect Passive Participle with Active meaning:--
adolēscō, _grow up_; adultus, _having grown up_, cēnāre, _dine_; cēnātus, _having dined_. placēre, _please_; placitus, _having pleased_, _agreeable_. prandēre, _lunch_; prānsus, _having lunched_. pōtāre, _drink_; pōtus, _having drunk_. jūrāre, _swear_; jūrātus, _having sworn_.
a. Jūrātus is used in a passive sense also.
3. Revertor and dēvertor both regularly form their Perfect in the Active Voice; _viz_.--
revertor, revertī (Inf.), revertī (Perf.), _to return_. dēvertor, dēvertī (Inf.), dēvertī (Perf.), _to turn aside_.
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PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION.
115. There are two Periphrastic Conjugations,--the Active and the Passive. The Active is formed by combining the Future Active Participle with the auxiliary sum, the Passive by combining the Gerundive with the same auxiliary.
Active Periphrastic Conjugation.
INDICATIVE MOOD. _Pres._ amātūrus (-a, -um) sum, _I am about to love_. _Inf._ amātūrus eram, _I was about to love_. _Fut._ amātūrus erō, _I shall be about to love_. _Perf._ amātūrus fuī, _I have been (was) about to love_. _Plup._ amātūrus fueram, _I had been about to love_. _Fut. P._ amātūrus fuerō, _I shall have been about to love_.
SUBJUNCTIVE. _Pres._ amātūrus sim, _may I be about to love_. _Imp._ amātūrus essem, _I should be about to love_. _Perf._ amātūrus fuerim, _I may have been about to love_. _Plup._ amātūrus fuissem, _I should have been about to love_.
INFINITIVE. _Pres._ amātūrus esse, _to be about to love_. _Perf._ amātūrus fuisse, _to have been about to love_.
Passive Periphrastic Conjugation.
INDICATIVE. _Pres._ amandus (-a, -um) sum, _I am to be loved_, _must be loved_. _Imp._ amandus eram, _I was to be loved_. _Fut._ amandus erō, _I shall deserve to be loved_. _Perf._ amandus fuī, _I was to be loved_. _Plup._ amandus fueram, _I had deserved to be loved_. _Fut. P._ amandus fuerō, _I shall have deserved to be loved_.
SUBJUNCTIVE. _Pres._ amandus sim, _may I deserve to be loved_. _Imp._ amandus essem, _I should deserve to be loved_. _Perf._ amandus fuerim, _I may have deserved to be loved_. _Plup._ amendus fuissem, _I should have deserved to be loved_.
INFINITIVE. _Pres._ amandus esse, _to deserve to be loved_. _Perf._ amantus fuisse, _to have deserved to be loved_.
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PECULIARITIES OF CONJUGATION.
116. 1. Perfects in -āvī, -ēvī, and -īvī, with the forms derived from them, often drop the ve or vi before endings beginning with r or s. So also nōvī (from nōscō) and the compounds of mōvī (from moveō). Thus:--
amāvistī amāstī dēlēvistī dēlēstī amāvisse amāsse dēlēvisse dēlēsse amāvērunt amārunt dēlēvērunt dēlērunt amāverim amārim dēlēverim dēlērim amāveram amāram dēlēveram dēlēram amāverō amārō dēlēverō dēlērō nōvistī nōstī nōverim nōrim nōvisse nōsse nōveram nōram audīvistī audīstī audīvisse audīsse
2. In the Gerund and Gerundive of the Third and Fourth Conjugations, the endings -undus, -undī, often occur instead of -endus and -endī, as faciundus, faciundī.
3. Dīcō, dūcō, faciō, form the Imperatives, dīc, dūc, fac. But compounds of faciō form the Imperative in -fice, as cōnfice. Compounds of dīcō, dūcō, accent the ultima; as, ēdū´c, ēdī´c.
4. Archaic and Poetic forms:--
a. The ending -ier in the Present Infinitive Passive; as, amārier, monērier, dīcier, for amārī, monērī, dīcī.
b. The ending -ībam for -iēbam in Imperfects of the Fourth Conjugation, and -ībō for -iam in Futures; as, scībam, scībō, for sciēbam, sciam.