Chapter 18
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WORD-FORMATION.
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I. DERIVATIVES.
146. Derivatives are formed by appending certain terminations called Suffixes to stems of verbs, nouns, or adjectives.
A. NOUNS.
1. Nouns derived from Verbs.
147. 1. The suffix -tor (-sor), Fem. -trīx, denotes _the agent_; as,--
victor, victrīx, _victor_; dēfēnsor, _defender_.
NOTE.--The suffix -tor is occasionally appended to noun stems; as,--
gladiātor, _gladiator_ (from gladius).
2. The suffix -or (originally -ōs) denotes _an activity or a condition_; as,--
amor, _love_; timor, _fear_; dolor, _pain_.
3. The suffixes -tiō (-siō), Gen. -ōnis, and -tus (-sus), Gen. -ūs, denote _an action as in process_; as,--
vēnātiō, _hunting_; obsessiō, _blockade_; gemitus, _sighing_; cursus, _running_.
NOTE.--Rarer endings with the same force are:--
a) -tūra, -sūra; as,--
sepultūra, _burial_; mēnsūra, _measuring_.
b) -ium; as,--
gaudium, _rejoicing_.
c) -īdō; as,--
cupīdō, _desire_.
4. The suffixes -men, -mentum, -crum, -trum, -bulum, -culum, denote _the means_ or _place_ of an action; as,--
lūmen (lūc-s-men), _light_; vocābulum, _word_; ōrnāmentum, _ornament_; documentum, _proof_; sepulcrum, _grave_; arātrum, _plough_; vehiculum, _carriage_.
2. Nouns derived from Nouns.
148. 1. Diminutives end in--
-ulus, (-ula, -ulum) -olus, (-ola, -olum), after a vowel -culus, (-cula, -culum) -ellus, (-ella, -ellum) -illus, (-illa, -illum)
as,--
nīdulus, _little nest_ (nīdus); virgula, _wand_ (virga); oppidulum, _little town_ (oppidum); fīliolus, _little son_ (fīlius); opusculum, _little work_ (opus); tabella, _tablet_ (tabula); lapillus, _pebble_ (lapis).
NOTE 1.--It will be observed that in gender the Diminutives follow the gender of the words from which they are derived.
NOTE 2.--The endings -ellus, -illus contain the primitive form of the diminutive suffix, _viz_., -lo-. Thus:--
agellus, _field_, for ager-lus; lapillus, _pebble_, for lapid-lus.
2. The suffix -ium appended to nouns denoting persons designates either _a collection_ of such persons or _their function_; as,--
collēgium, _a corporation, body of colleagues_ (collēga); sacerdōtium, _priestly function_ (sacerdōs).
3. The suffixes -ārium, -ētum, -īle designate a place where objects _are kept_ or _are found in abundance_; as,--
columbārium, _dove-cote_ (columba); olīvētum, _olive-orchard_ (olīva); ovīle, _sheep-fold_ (ovis).
4. The suffix -ātus denotes _official position_ or _honor_; as,--
cōnsulātus, _consulship_ (cōnsul).
5. The suffix -īna appended to nouns denoting persons designates _a vocation_ or _the place where it is carried on_; as,--
doctrīna, _teaching_ (doctor, _teacher_); medicīna, _the art of healing_ (medicus, _physician_); sūtrīna, _cobbler's shop_ (sūtor, _cobbler_).
6. Patronymics are Greek proper names denoting _son of_ ..., _daughter of_ .... They have the following suffixes:--
a) Masculines: -idēs, -adēs, -īdēs; as, Priamidēs, _son of Priam_; Aeneadēs, _son of Aeneas_; Pēlīdēs, _son of Peleus_.
b) Feminines: -ēis, -is, -ias; as, Nērēis, _daughter of Nereus_; Atlantis, _daughter of Atlas_; Thaumantias, _daughter of Thaumas_.
3. Nouns derived from Adjectives.
149. The suffixes -tās (-itās), -tūdō (-itūdō), -ia, -itia are used for the formation of abstract nouns _denoting qualities_; as,--
bonitās, _goodness_; celeritās, _swiftness_; magnitūdō, _greatness_; audācia, _boldness_; amīcitia, _friendship_.
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B. ADJECTIVES.
1. Adjectives derived from Verbs.
150. 1. The suffixes -bundus and -cundus give nearly the force of a present participle; as,--
tremebundus, _trembling_; jūcundus (juvō), _pleasing_.
2. The suffixes -āx and -ulus denote _an inclination_ or _tendency_, mostly a faulty one; as,--
loquāx, _loquacious_; crēdulus, _credulous_.
3. The suffix -idus denotes _a state_; as,--
calidus, _hot_; timidus, _timid_; cupidus, _eager_.
4. The suffixes -ilis and -bilis denote _capacity_ or _ability_, usually in a passive sense; as,--
fragilis, _fragile_ (_i.e._ capable of being broken); docilis, _docile_.
2. Adjectives derived from Nouns.
a) _From Common Nouns._
151. 1. The suffixes -eus and -inus are appended to names of substances or materials; as,--
aureus, _of gold_; ferreus, _of iron_; fāginus, _of beech_.
2. The suffixes -ius, -icus, -īlis, -ālis, -āris, -ārius, -nus, -ānus, -īnus, -īvus, -ēnsis signify _belonging to_, _connected with_; as,--
ōrātōrius, _oratorical_; legiōnārius, _legionary_; bellicus, _pertaining to war_; paternus, _paternal_; cīvīlis, _civil_; urbānus, _of the city_; rēgālis, _regal_; marīnus, _marine_; cōnsulāris, _consular_; aestīvus, _pertaining to summer_; circēnsis, _belonging to the circus_.
3. The suffixes -ōsus and -lentus denote _fullness_; as,--
perīculōsus, _full of danger_, glōriōsus, _glorious_; _dangerous_; opulentus, _wealthy_.
4. The suffix -tus has the force of _provided with_; as,--
barbātus, _bearded_; stellātus, _set with stars_.
b) _From Proper Names._
152. 1. Names of _persons_ take the suffixes: -ānus, -iānus, -īnus; as,--
Catōniānus, _belonging to Plautīnus, _belonging to Cato_; Plautus_.
2. Names of _nations_ take the suffixes -icus, -ius; as,--
Germānicus, _German_; Thrācius, _Thracian_.
3. Names of _places_ take the suffixes -ānus, -īnus, -ēnsis, -aeus, -ius; as,--
Rōmānus, _Roman_; Athēniēnsis, _Athenian_; Amerīnus, _of Ameria_; Smyrnaeus, _of Smyrna_; Corinthius, _Corinthian_.
NOTE.-- -ānus and -ēnsis, appended to names of countries, designate something _stationed in_ the country or _connected with_ it, but not indigenous; as,--
bellum Āfricānum, _a war (of Romans with Romans) in Africa_. bellum Hispāniēnse, _a war carried on in Spain_. legiōnes Gallicānae, _(Roman) legions stationed in Gaul_.
3. Adjectives derived from Adjectives.
153. Diminutives in -lus sometimes occur; as,--
parvolus, _little_; misellus (passer), _poor little_ (_sparrow_); pauperculus, _needy_.
4. Adjectives derived from Adverbs.
154. These end in -ernus, -ternus, -tīnus, -tĭnus; as,--
hodiernus, _of to-day_ (hodiē); hesternus, _of yesterday_ (herī); intestīnus, _internal_ (intus); diūtinus, _long-lasting_ (diū).
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C. VERBS.
1. Verbs derived from Verbs.
155. 1. INCEPTIVES OR INCHOATIVES. These end in -scō, and are formed from Present Stems. They denote _the beginning of an action_; as,--
labāscō, _begin to totter_ (from labō); horrēscō, _grow rough_ (from horreō); tremēscō, _begin to tremble_ (from tremō); obdormīscō, _fall asleep_ (from dormiō).
2. FREQUENTATIVES OR INTENSIVES. These denote _a repeated or energetic action_. They are formed from the Participial Stem, and end in -tō or -sō. Those derived from verbs of the First Conjugation end in -itō (not -ātō, as we should expect). Examples of Frequentatives are--
jactō, _toss about_, _brandish_ (from jaciō, _hurl_); cursō, _run hither and thither_ (from currō, _run_); volitō, _flit about_ (from volō, _fly_).
a. Some double Frequentatives occur; as,--
cantitō, _sing over and over_ (cantō); cursitō, _keep running about_ (cursō); ventitō, _keep coming_.
b. agitō, _set in motion_, is formed from the Present Stem.
3. DESIDERATIVES. These denote _a desire to do something_. They are formed from the Participial Stem, and end in -uriō; as,--
ēsuriō, _desire to eat_, _am hungry_ (edō); parturiō, _want to bring forth_, _am in (pariō). labor_
2. Verbs derived from Nouns and Adjectives (Denominatives).
156. Denominatives of the First Conjugation are mostly transitive; those of the Second exclusively intransitive. Those of the Third and Fourth Conjugations are partly transitive, partly intransitive. Examples are--
a) From Nouns:--
fraudō, _defraud_ (fraus); vestiō, _clothe_ (vestis); flōreō, _bloom_ (flōs).
b) From Adjectives:--
līberō, _free_ (līber); saeviō, _be fierce_ (saevus).
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D. ADVERBS.
157. 1. Adverbs derived from verbs are formed from the Participial Stem by means of the suffix -im; as,--
certātim, _emulously_ (certō); cursim, _in haste_ (currō); statim, _immediately_ (stō).
2. Adverbs derived from nouns and adjectives are formed:--
a) With the suffixes -tim (-sim), -ātim; as,--
gradātim, _step by step_;
paulātim, _gradually_;
virītim, _man by man_.
b) With the suffix -tus; as,--
antīquitus, _of old_;
rādīcitus, _from the roots_.
c) With the suffix -ter; as,--
breviter, _briefly_.
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II. COMPOUNDS.
158. 1. Compounds are formed by the union of simple words. The second member usually contains the _essential meaning_ of the compound; the first member expresses _some modification_ of this.
2. Vowel changes often occur in the process of composition. Thus:--
a. In the second member of compounds. (See § 7, 1.)
b. The final vowel of the stem of the first member of the compound often appears as ĭ where we should expect ŏ or ă; sometimes it is dropped altogether, and in case of consonant stems ĭ is often inserted; as,--
signifer, _standard-bearer_;
tubicen, _trumpeter_;
magnanimus, _high-minded_;
mātricīda, _matricide_.
159. EXAMPLES OF COMPOUNDS.
1. Nouns:--
a) Preposition + Noun; as,--
dē-decus, _disgrace_;
pro-avus, _great-grandfather_.
b) Noun + Verb Stem; as,--
agri-cola, _farmer_;
frātri-cīda, _fratricide_.
2. Adjectives:--
a) Preposition + Adjective (or Noun); as,--
per-magnus, _very great_;
sub-obscūrus, _rather obscure_;
ā-mēns, _frantic_.
b) Adjective + Noun; as,--
magn-animus, _great-hearted_;
celeri-pēs, _swift-footed_.
c) Noun + Verb Stem; as,--
parti-ceps, _sharing_;
morti-fer, _death-dealing_.
3. Verbs:--
The second member is always a verb. The first may be--
a) A Noun; as,--
aedi-ficō, _build_.
b) An Adjective; as,--
ampli-ficō, _enlarge_.
c) An Adverb; as,--
male-dīcō, _rail at_.
d) Another Verb; as,--
cale-faciō, _make warm_.
e) A Preposition; as,--
ab-jungō, _detach_;
re-ferō, _bring back_;
dis-cernō, _distinguish_;
ex-spectō, _await_.
NOTE.--Here belong the so-called INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS:
ambi- (amb-), _around_;
dis- (dir-, di-), _apart_, _asunder_;
por-, _forward_;
red- (re-), _back_;
sēd- (sē-), _apart from_;
vē-, _without_.
4. Adverbs:--
These are of various types; as,--
anteā, _before_;
īlīcō (in locō), _on the spot_;
imprīmīs, _especially_;
obviam, _in the way_.
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