Category: Science - Biology

Physiological economy in nutrition, with special reference to the minimal proteid requirement of the healthy man an experimental study

Chittenden, R. H. (Russell Henry), 1856-1943· 56 chapters· 125,811 words

DIRECTOR OF THE SHEFFIELD SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL OF YALE UNIVERSITY AND PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY; MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES; PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY; MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, ETC.

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Chapters

1. Part 1

DIRECTOR OF THE SHEFFIELD SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL OF YALE UNIVERSITY AND PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY; MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES; PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN PH...

2. Part 2

Kumagawa,[12] studying especially the diet of the Japanese and experimenting on himself (27 years old and weighing 48 kilos), found with a purely vegetable diet, containing per...

3. Part 3

Just here we may emphasize why prominence is given to the establishment of _nitrogenous_ equilibrium, and why the proteid intake assumes a greater importance than the daily amou...

4. Part 4

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

5. Part 5

For the first six months the average daily excretion amounted to 5.82 grams of nitrogen, while from April 12 to June 28 the average daily excretion of nitrogen was 5.40 grams, t...

6. Part 6

Coffee 122 × 0.045 = 0.055 gram. Cream 31 + 40 = 71 × 0.32 = 0.227 Sugar 8 + 26 + 10 = 44 × 0.00 = 0.000 Roast lamb 50 × 4.28 = 2.140 Baked potato 52 × 0.29 = 0.151 Peas 64 × 1....

7. Part 7

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

8. Part 8

Bread 40 + 95 + 90 = 225 × 1.75 = 3.94 grams. Sugar 20 + 7 + 21 = 48 × 0.00 = 0.00 Coffee (breakfast) 210 × 0.096 = 0.20 Sweet potato 130 × 0.31 = 0.40 Milk 250 × 0.51 = 1.27 Pe...

9. Part 9

Orange 100 × 0.20 = 0.200 grams. Bread rolls 37 × 1.64 = 0.607 Rice 50 × 0.36 = 0.180 Syrup 25 × 0.024 = 0.006 Coffee 125 × 0.06 = 0.075 Sugar 21 × 0.00 = 0.000 Cream 50 × 0.45...

10. Part 10

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

11. Part 11

Bread 22 + 59 + 27.9 = 108.9 × 1.61 = 1.753 grams. Tea 146.0 × 0.018 = 0.026 Macaroni 129.0 × 0.87 = 1.122 Sweet potato 85.5 × 0.28 = 0.240 Butter 15 + 19 = 34.0 × 0.088 = 0.030...

12. Part 12

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

13. Part 13

Feb. 9 7.883 grams. 8.64 grams. 10 8.087 8.29 11 10.102 8.55 18 grams. 12 10.436 9.93 18 13 8.170 8.87 80 14 8.321 8.33 58 ------ ------ ------ 174 grams contain 4.90% N. 52.999...

14. Part 14

Oatmeal 345 × 0.40 = 1.380 grams. Butter 7 + 11 = 18 × 0.11 = 0.020 Sugar 30 × 0.00 = 0.000 Milk 100 + 200 + 230 = 530 × 0.54 = 2.862 Coffee 180 × 0.14 = 0.252 Bread 67 × 1.39 =...

15. Part 15

Regarding the duties of the men, _i. e._, their daily work, the following statement from Dr. DeWitt will give all needed information on this point. The character of the Gymnasiu...

16. Part 16

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

17. Part 17

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

18. Part 18

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

19. Part 19

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

20. Part 20

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

21. Part 21

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

22. Part 22

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

23. Part 23

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

24. Part 24

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

25. Part 25

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

26. Part 26

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

27. Part 27

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

28. Part 28

The figures given show an astonishingly low proteid metabolism for the five months’ period; 7.5 grams of nitrogen in the day’s urine correspond to 46.8 grams of proteid metaboli...

29. Part 29

Jan. 12 7.793 grams. 8.82 grams. 13 9.992 8.28 14 7.412 8.30 57.00 grams. 15 8.560 7.91 41.25 16 7.282 7.32 47.00 17 8.349 7.44 21.50 ------ ------ ------ 166.75 grams contain 6...

30. Part 30

Feb. 29 10.466 grams. 6.40 grams. Mar. 1 7.720 6.64 45 grams. 2 8.319 5.40 43 3 8.750 6.55 41 4 10.427 4.99 45 5 10.483 5.38 38 6 10.265 7.01 13 ------ ------ ------ 225 grams c...

31. Part 31

Mar. 28 9.027 grams. 8.38 grams. 29 8.972 8.06 42 grams. 30 9.356 6.88 24 31 8.640 7.78 29 Apr. 1 7.342 7.22 32 ------ ------ ------ 127 grams contain 6.54% N. 43.337 38.32 + 8....

32. Part 32

+---------------+-------+------+-------+-----+------+-----+ | | Right | Right| Left |Left | Left |Right| | |Biceps.|Thigh.|Biceps.|Calf.|Thigh.|Calf.| +---------------+-------+-...

33. Part 33

+------------+---------+----------+--------+------+ | | | | | | | | Lung |One-fourth|Product.|Total.| | |Capacity.|Mile Run. | | | +------------+---------+----------+--------+--...

34. Part 34

+-------------------+----+-------+----+------++----+-------+----+------+ | | | | | Var. || | | | Var. | | Name. |Date| Avg. |M.V.| from ||Date| Avg. |M.V.| from | | | | | | G.A....

35. Part 35

Further, the practice of such economy led to marked improvement in the working of the neuro-muscular machinery, sufficiently noticeable to attract the attention of the men thems...

36. Part 36

Dinner.—Roast turkey (sliced) 100 grams, cranberry sauce 150 grams, mashed potatoes 150 grams, bread crumb stuffing 100 grams, boiled onions 200 grams, bread 75 grams, corn-star...

37. Part 37

Dinner.—Oyster soup[40] 300 grams, crackers 50 grams, bread 100 grams, coffee 1 cup, salad made of lettuce leaves, chopped apple, and celery with oil, salt, and pepper 75 grams.

38. Part 38

Dinner.—Codfish-balls (1 part fish, 4 parts potato, fried in pork fat) 150 grams, stewed potatoes 250 grams, stewed tomatoes 200 grams, bread 75 grams, coffee 1 cup, apple pie 1...

39. Part 39

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

40. Part 40

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

41. Part 41

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

42. Part 42

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

43. Part 43

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

44. Part 44

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

45. Part 45

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

46. Part 46

+-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | Urine. | | | | | | Date. | Body- +-------+------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |w...

47. Part 47

We may now consider whether these men, who had so greatly reduced the extent of their proteid metabolism, and who had apparently attained a condition of body equilibrium, were t...

48. Part 48

Rice 186 × 0.36 = 0.670 grams. Syrup 72 × 0.024 = 0.017 Coffee 100 + 100 = 200 × 0.06 = 0.120 Sugar 21 + 14 = 35 × 0.00 = 0.000 Orange 80 × 0.20 = 0.160 Cream 50 + 50 + 50 = 150...

49. Part 49

Orange 70 × 0.20 = 0.140 grams. Butter 32.5 + 17 + 18 = 67.5 × 0.15 = 0.101 Roll 84 × 1.72 = 1.445 Coffee 150 × 0.06 = 0.090 Cream 50 × 0.44 = 0.220 Sugar 21 + 19 = 40 × 0.00 =...

50. Part 50

Butter 16 + 19 + 15 = 50 × 0.15 = 0.075 grams. Orange 80 × 0.20 = 0.160 Roll 55 × 1.64 = 0.902 Potato 91 × 0.25 = 0.228 Coffee 150 + 150 = 300 × 0.06 = 0.180 Cream 50 + 50 = 100...

51. Part 51

Coffee 150 + 150 + 150 = 450 × 0.06 = 0.270 grams. Cream 25 + 25 + 25 = 75 × 0.44 = 0.330 Sugar 14 + 14 + 14 = 42 × 0.00 = 0.000 Roll 70 × 1.72 = 1.204 Butter 9 + 3 + 15 = 27 ×...

52. Part 52

Orange 100 × 0.20 = 0.200 grams. Baked potato 138 × 0.25 = 0.345 Coffee 150 × 0.06 = 0.090 Sugar 14 × 0.00 = 0.000 Butter 5 × 0.15 = 0.008 Boiled onions 110 × 0.30 = 0.330 Celer...

53. Part 53

In the case of W. L. Anderson, captain of the Yale Gymnastic Association, there was a noticeable falling off in the strength tests in February and March, but I believe the worry...

54. Part 54

+-------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | |February.| March. | April. | May. | June. | | | | | | | | +-------------------+---------+---------+---...

55. Part 55

Obviously, a lowered proteid intake means, in some measure at least, a decreased consumption of meat and similar products more or less rich in free and combined purin bases. Thi...

56. Part 56

The results attained have certainly thrown a great deal of light upon this question of minimal proteid requirement, and the experimental study has been throughout a purely physi...