Part 8
Lunch.—Bread 95 grams, sweet potato 130 grams, sugar 7 grams, milk 250 grams, peach preserve 93 grams.
Dinner.—Bread 90 grams, mashed potato 100 grams, tomato purée 135 grams, baked beans 75 grams, lemon pie 110 grams, coffee and milk 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Bread 40 + 95 + 90 = 225 × 1.75 = 3.94 grams. Sugar 20 + 7 + 21 = 48 × 0.00 = 0.00 Coffee (breakfast) 210 × 0.096 = 0.20 Sweet potato 130 × 0.31 = 0.40 Milk 250 × 0.51 = 1.27 Peach preserve 93 × 0.09 = 0.08 Potato 100 × 0.36 = 0.36 Tomato purée 135 × 0.33 = 0.45 Baked beans 75 × 1.30 = 0.98 Lemon pie 110 × 0.61 = 0.67 Coffee (dinner) 210 × 0.13 = 0.27 ------ Total nitrogen in food 8.62 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 6.71
Fuel value of the food 1828 calories.
_Friday, February 12, 1904._
Breakfast.—Bread 58 grams, sugar 21 grams, coffee and milk 210 grams.
Lunch.—Bread 120 grams, sugar 21 grams, custard 76 grams, milk 250 grams, coffee and milk 125 grams.
Dinner.—Bread 67.5 grams, sugar 21 grams, mashed potato 150 grams, lima beans 80 grams, coffee and milk 210 grams, apple dumpling 131 grams, molasses candy 27 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Bread 58 + 120 + 67.5 = 245.5 × 1.71 = 4.20 grams. Sugar 21 + 21 + 21 = 63.0 × 0.00 = 0.00 Coffee (breakfast) 210.0 × 0.11 = 0.23 Custard 76.0 × 0.83 = 0.63 Milk 250.0 × 0.48 = 1.20 Coffee (lunch) 125.0 × 0.078 = 0.10 Potato 150.0 × 0.37 = 0.56 Lima beans 80.0 × 0.90 = 0.72 Coffee (dinner) 210.0 × 0.12 = 0.25 Apple dumpling 131.0 × 0.72 = 0.94 Candy 27.0 × 0.06 = 0.00 ------ Total nitrogen in food 8.83 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 8.24
Fuel value of the food 1929 calories.
_Saturday, February 13, 1904._
Breakfast.—Bread 47.5 grams, sugar 28 grams, coffee and milk 210 grams.
Lunch.—Bread 57 grams, sugar 40 grams, sweet potato 135 grams, quince preserve 73 grams, apple turnovers 118 grams, coffee and milk 310 grams.
Dinner.—Bread 59 grams, mashed potato 175 grams, peas 80 grams, apple pie 141.5 grams, sugar 21 grams, coffee and milk 210 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Bread 47.5 + 57 + 59 = 164.0 × 1.64 = 2.69 grams. Sugar 28 + 40 + 21 = 89.0 × 0.00 = 0.00 Coffee (breakfast) 210.0 × 0.11 = 0.23 Sweet potato 135.0 × 0.37 = 0.50 Quince preserve 73.0 × 0.047 = 0.03 Apple turnovers 118.0 × 0.96 = 1.13 Coffee (lunch) 310.0 × 0.15 = 0.47 Potato 175.0 × 0.37 = 0.65 Peas 80.0 × 0.96 = 0.77 Apple pie 141.5 × 0.43 = 0.61 Coffee (dinner) 210.0 × 0.11 = 0.23 ------ Total nitrogen in food 7.31 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 7.83
Fuel value of the food 2057 calories.
_Sunday, February 14, 1904._
Breakfast.—Bread 50 grams, sugar 21 grams, banana 92.5 grams, coffee and milk 210 grams.
Lunch.—Bread 108.5 grams, sugar 28 grams, baked potato 165 grams, apple sauce 114 grams, coffee and milk 210 grams.
Dinner.—Bread 63 grams, sugar 28 grams, succotash 75 grams, mashed potato 200 grams, chocolate layer cake 80 grams, ice cream 73 grams, coffee and milk 210 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Bread 50 + 108.5 + 63 = 221.5 × 1.75 = 3.87 grams. Sugar 21 + 28 + 28 = 77.0 × 0.00 = 0.00 Banana 92.5 × 0.002 = 0.19 Coffee (breakfast) 210.0 × 0.11 = 0.23 Baked potato 165.0 × 0.41 = 0.68 Apple sauce 114.0 × 0.029 = 0.03 Coffee (lunch) 210.0 × 0.10 = 0.21 Succotash 75.0 × 0.57 = 0.43 Mashed potato 200.0 × 0.37 = 0.74 Chocolate cake 80.0 × 0.75 = 0.60 Ice cream 73.0 × 0.58 = 0.42 Coffee (dinner) 210.0 × 0.11 = 0.23 ------ Total nitrogen in food 7.63 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 7.99
Fuel value of the food 2065 calories.
NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Mendel._
Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).
Feb. 9 7.63 grams. 7.52 grams. 10 6.77 6.75 11 8.62 6.71 12 8.83 8.24 53 ⎫ contain 5.84% ⎬ N = 6.248 grm. N. 13 7.31 7.83 54 ⎭ 14 7.63 7.99 39.2 contain 6.72% N = 2.634 ------ ------ ------ ----- 146.2 8.882 grm. N. 46.79 45.04 + 8.882 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 46.79 grams nitrogen. 53.92 grams nitrogen.
Nitrogen balance for six days = -7.13 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = -1.19 grams.
Average Intake.
Calories per day 1975. Nitrogen per day 7.83 grams.
In this balance period of six days the average daily intake of nitrogen was 7.83 grams, coupled with an average fuel value of the food per day of 1975 calories. This latter value was obviously too small for a man of Dr. Mendel’s body-weight, and doing the amount of physical work he was called upon to perform. Being on one’s feet in a laboratory six to eight hours a day, in addition to the ordinary activity of a vigorous man leading a strenuous life, necessitates the utilization and oxidation of considerable food material. The average daily output of nitrogen through the urine amounted to 7.50 grams, considerably above the average daily excretion for the seven months’ period. Still, under these conditions there was a minus balance of 7.13 grams of nitrogen for the six days’ period, indicating that the body was drawing upon its stock of proteid material to the extent of 1.19 grams of nitrogen per day. This does not necessarily mean that the body had need of that additional amount of proteid matter each day, but rather that the amount of total energy required was beyond the potential energy supplied by the food. There not being sufficient non-nitrogenous food at hand, the body was compelled to draw upon its own resources, and in so doing utilized some of its tissue proteid. This is made quite clear by the results of the second balance period shortly to be described.
It is evident, however, that while the body was not in nitrogen equilibrium for this particular period of six days, there must have been a general condition of both body and nitrogen equilibrium, otherwise the body-weight would not have remained practically stationary for so long a period as from February 7 to June 20.
Commencing May 18, a second nitrogen balance was attempted, in which, as in the preceding case, there was a careful comparison of income and output for seven days. There was as before a free choice of food, but it was essentially vegetable in character. A greater variety of foods was taken, however, and an effort was made to have the non-nitrogenous food somewhat more liberal in amount, though in as close harmony as possible with the desires of the appetite.
_Wednesday, May 18, 1904._
Breakfast.—Banana 92 grams, bread rolls 28 grams, cream 50 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 21 grams.
Lunch.—Bread 66 grams, soup 150 grams, farina 154 grams, sweet potato 123 grams, beans 70 grams, syrup 50 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 14 grams.
Dinner.—Bread 42 grams, consommé 100 grams, spinach 100 grams, mashed potato 250 grams, apple pie 97 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Banana 92 × 0.23 = 0.212 grams. Bread rolls 28 × 1.66 = 0.465 Cream 50 × 0.46 = 0.230 Coffee 150 × 0.066 = 0.099 Sugar 21 × 0.00 = 0.000 Bread 66 × 1.60 = 1.056 Soup 150 × 0.41 = 0.615 Farina 154 × 1.09 = 1.678 Sweet Potato 123 × 0.32 = 0.394 Beans 70 × 0.34 = 0.238 Syrup 50 × 0.024 = 0.012 Coffee 150 × 0.057 = 0.086 Cream 50 × 0.46 = 0.230 Sugar 14 × 0.00 = 0.000 Bread 42 × 1.80 = 0.756 Consommé 100 × 0.38 = 0.380 Spinach 100 × 0.53 = 0.530 Mashed potato 250 × 0.38 = 0.950 Apple pie 97 × 0.43 = 0.417 Coffee 150 × 0.06 = 0.090 Cream 50 × 0.46 = 0.230 Sugar 21 × 0.00 = 0.000 ------ Total nitrogen in food 8.668 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 6.060
Fuel value of the food 2359 calories.
_Thursday, May 19, 1904._
Breakfast.—Banana 102 grams, bread rolls 50 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams.
Lunch.—Bread 57 grams, egg omelette 20 grams, hominy 137 grams, syrup 68 grams, potatoes 128 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 50 grams.
Dinner.—Tomato purée 200 grams, bread 24 grams, fried sweet potato 100 grams, spinach 70 grams, Indian meal 100 grams, syrup 25 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 40 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Banana 102 × 0.23 = 0.235 grams. Bread rolls 50 × 1.54 = 0.770 Coffee 150 × 0.06 = 0.090 Cream 50 × 0.47 = 0.235 Sugar 21 × 0.00 = 0.000 Bread 57 × 1.60 = 0.912 Egg Omelette 20 × 1.58 = 0.316 Hominy 137 × 0.20 = 0.274 Syrup 68 × 0.024 = 0.016 Potatoes 128 × 0.49 = 0.627 Coffee 100 × 0.06 = 0.060 Cream 50 × 0.47 = 0.235 Sugar 21 × 0.00 = 0.000 Tomato purée 200 × 0.53 = 1.060 Bread 24 × 1.74 = 0.418 Sweet potato 100 × 0.38 = 0.380 Spinach 70 × 0.56 = 0.392 Indian meal 100 × 0.20 = 0.200 Syrup 25 × 0.024 = 0.006 Coffee 100 × 0.06 = 0.060 Sugar 21 × 0.00 = 0.000 Cream 40 × 0.47 = 0.188 ------ Total nitrogen in food 6.474 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 7.170
Fuel value of the food 2072 calories.
_Friday, May 20, 1904._
Breakfast.—Sliced orange 140 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 30 grams, sugar 21 grams.
Lunch.—Bread 28 grams, mashed potato 250 grams, lima beans 40 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 30 grams, fried hominy 115 grams, syrup 48 grams.
Dinner.—Bread 19 grams, consommé 150 grams, string beans 140 grams, mashed potato 250 grams, rice croquette 93 grams, cranberry jam 95 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 30 grams, syrup 25 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Sliced orange 140 × 0.20 = 0.280 Coffee 100 × 0.06 = 0.060 Cream 30 × 0.44 = 0.132 Sugar 21 × 0.00 = 0.000 Bread 28 × 1.71 = 0.479 Mashed potato 250 × 0.30 = 0.750 Lima beans 40 × 0.76 = 0.304 Coffee 100 × 0.06 = 0.060 Sugar 21 × 0.00 = 0.000 Cream 30 × 0.44 = 0.132 Fried hominy 115 × 0.57 = 0.656 Syrup 48 × 0.024 = 0.012 Bread 19 × 1.97 = 0.374 Consommé 150 × 0.59 = 0.885 String beans 140 × 0.36 = 0.504 Mashed potato 250 × 0.34 = 0.850 Rice croquettes 93 × 1.06 = 0.986 Cranberry jam 95 × 0.03 = 0.029 Coffee 100 × 0.06 = 0.060 Sugar 21 × 0.00 = 0.000 Cream 30 × 0.44 = 0.132 Syrup 25 × 0.024 = 0.006 ------ Total nitrogen in food 6.691 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 6.330
Fuel value of the food 1915 calories.
_Saturday, May 21, 1904._
Breakfast.—Banana 153 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 30 grams.
Lunch.—Bread 25 grams, potato croquette 229 grams, Indian meal 109 grams, tomato 123 grams, syrup 48 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 14 grams, cream 20 grams.
Dinner.—Bread 31 grams, bean soup 100 grams, fried potato 200 grams, bacon 5 grams, lettuce-orange salad 47 grams, prunes 137 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 25 grams, banana 255 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Banana 153 × 0.23 = 0.352 grams. Coffee 150 × 0.06 = 0.090 Sugar 21 × 0.00 = 0.000 Cream 30 × 0.43 = 0.129 Bread 25 × 1.82 = 0.455 Potato croquette 229 × 0.71 = 1.626 Indian meal 109 × 1.09 = 1.188 Tomato 123 × 0.17 = 0.209 Syrup 48 × 0.024 = 0.012 Coffee 100 × 0.06 = 0.060 Sugar 14 × 0.00 = 0.000 Cream 20 × 0.43 = 0.086 Bread 31 × 1.62 = 0.502 Bean soup 100 × 1.21 = 1.210 Fried potato 200 × 0.60 = 1.200 Bacon 5 × 3.05 = 0.153 Lettuce-orange salad 47 × 0.21 = 0.099 Prunes 137 × 0.16 = 0.219 Coffee 100 × 0.06 = 0.060 Sugar 21 × 0.00 = 0.000 Cream 25 × 0.43 = 0.108 Banana 255 × 0.23 = 0.587 ------ Total nitrogen in food 8.345 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 6.780
Fuel value of the food 2485 calories.
_Sunday, May 22, 1904._
Breakfast.—Banana 220 grams, orange 60 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 25 grams.
Lunch.—Bread 35 grams, potato 300 grams, fried rice 160 grams, syrup 63 grams, ice cream 84 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 14 grams.
Dinner.—Cream of celery soup 100 grams, bread 21 grams, mashed potato 250 grams, spinach 40 grams, French fried potato 100 grams, strawberry short-cake 120 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Banana 220 × 0.23 = 0.506 grams. Orange 60 × 0.20 = 0.120 Coffee 100 × 0.06 = 0.060 Sugar 21 × 0.00 = 0.000 Cream 25 × 0.45 = 0.113 Bread 35 × 1.57 = 0.550 Potato 300 × 0.30 = 0.900 Fried rice 160 × 0.75 = 1.200 Syrup 63 × 0.024 = 0.015 Ice cream 84 × 0.53 = 0.445 Coffee 100 × 0.06 = 0.060 Sugar 14 × 0.00 = 0.000 Cream of celery soup 100 × 0.33 = 0.330 Bread 21 × 1.91 = 0.401 Mashed potato 250 × 0.37 = 0.925 Spinach 40 × 0.55 = 0.220 French fried potato 100 × 0.57 = 0.570 Strawberry short-cake 120 × 0.50 = 0.600 ------ Total nitrogen in food 7.015 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 5.700
Fuel value of the food 2321 calories.
_Monday, May 23, 1904._
Breakfast.—Banana 229 grams, coffee 125 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 25 grams.
Lunch.—Bread 58 grams, apple sauce 125 grams, scrambled egg 15 grams, consommé 75 grams, fried potato 170 grams, rice croquette 197 grams, syrup 68 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 30 grams.
Dinner.—Bread 72.5 grams, vegetable soup 100 grams, potato croquette 198 grams, bacon 7 grams, string beans 120 grams, water ice 77 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 30 grams, sugar 14 grams, banana 270 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Banana 229 × 0.23 = 0.527 grams. Coffee 125 × 0.06 = 0.075 Sugar 21 × 0.00 = 0.000 Cream 25 × 0.45 = 0.113 Bread 58 × 1.63 = 0.945 Apple sauce 125 × 0.02 = 0.025 Scrambled egg 15 × 2.07 = 0.311 Consommé 75 × 0.65 = 0.488 Fried potato 170 × 0.60 = 1.020 Rice croquette 197 × 0.61 = 1.202 Syrup 68 × 0.024 = 0.016 Coffee 100 × 0.06 = 0.060 Sugar 21 × 0.00 = 0.000 Cream 30 × 0.45 = 0.135 Bread 72.5 × 1.75 = 1.269 Soup 100 × 0.70 = 0.700 Potato croquette 198 × 0.77 = 1.525 Bacon 7 × 3.28 = 0.230 String beans 120 × 0.22 = 0.264 Water ice 77 × 0.006 = 0.005 Coffee 100 × 0.06 = 0.060 Cream 30 × 0.45 = 0.135 Sugar 14 × 0.00 = 0.000 Banana 270 × 0.23 = 0.621 ------ Total nitrogen in food 9.726 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 5.750
Fuel value of the food 2756 calories.
_Tuesday, May 24, 1904._
Breakfast.—Orange 100 grams, rolls 37 grams, rice 50 grams, syrup 25 grams, coffee 125 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 50 grams.
Lunch.—Bread 77 grams, cream of celery soup 125 grams, mashed potato 270 grams, tomato sauce 50 grams, farina croquette 191 grams, syrup 78 grams, coffee 75 grams, cream 20 grams, sugar 7 grams.
Dinner.—Bread 49 grams, tomato soup 200 grams, French fried potato 200 grams, spinach 50 grams, farina croquette 276 grams, syrup 100 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 14 grams, cream 50 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.