Part 11

Bread 22 + 59 + 27.9 = 108.9 × 1.61 = 1.753 grams. Tea 146.0 × 0.018 = 0.026 Macaroni 129.0 × 0.87 = 1.122 Sweet potato 85.5 × 0.28 = 0.240 Butter 15 + 19 = 34.0 × 0.088 = 0.030 Fig cake 115.0 × 0.69 = 0.793 Sugar 15 + 10 = 25.0 × 0.00 = 0.000 Coffee (lunch) 210.0 × 0.09 = 0.207 Beef 48.0 × 2.64 = 1.267 Potatoes 207.5 × 0.36 = 0.747 Pie 272.0 × 0.49 = 1.332 Coffee (dinner) 210.0 × 0.15 = 0.315 ------ Total nitrogen in food 7.832 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 7.490

Fuel value of the food 2232 calories.

_Wednesday, February 10, 1904._

Breakfast.—Bread 33 grams, tea 146 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 71 grams, butter 10.5 grams, apple fritters 119 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Roast pork 80 grams, bread 55.7 grams, butter 27.8 grams, cranberry sauce 150 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Bread 33 + 71 + 55.7 = 159.7 × 1.65 = 2.635 grams. Tea 146.0 × 0.075 = 0.109 Butter 10.5 + 27.8 = 38.3 × 0.088 = 0.033 Apple fritters 119.0 × 0.45 = 0.535 Coffee (lunch) 210.0 × 0.11 = 0.231 Sugar 21 + 21 = 42.0 × 0.00 = 0.000 Roast pork 80.0 × 4.80 = 3.840 Cranberry sauce 150.0 × 0.04 = 0.060 Coffee (dinner) 210.0 × 0.11 = 0.231 ------ Total nitrogen in food 7.674 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 6.140

Fuel value of the food 1694 calories.

_Thursday, February 11, 1904._

Breakfast.—Bread 38.7 grams, tea 146 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 97.5 grams, butter 31.5 grams, sweet potato 108.7 grams, spaghetti 82.5 grams, peaches 89.4 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 75 grams, butter 21.5 grams, roast beef 116 grams, lemon pie 188.5 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Bread 38.7 + 97.5 + 75 = 211.2 × 1.75 = 3.696 grams. Tea 146.0 × 0.084 = 0.122 Butter 31.5 + 21.5 = 53.0 × 0.088 = 0.046 Sweet potato 108.7 × 0.31 = 0.336 Spaghetti 82.5 × 0.47 = 0.387 Peaches 89.4 × 0.09 = 0.080 Coffee (lunch) 210.0 × 0.096 = 0.201 Sugar 21 + 21 = 42.0 × 0.00 = 0.000 Roast beef 116.0 × 3.00 = 3.480 Lemon pie 188.5 × 0.61 = 1.149 Coffee (dinner) 210.0 × 0.13 = 0.273 ------ Total nitrogen in food 9.770 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 8.020

Fuel value of the food 2334 calories.

_Friday, February 12, 1904._

Breakfast.—Bread 34 grams, tea 146 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 42 grams, butter 20 grams, codfish cake 72 grams, potato 100 grams, custard 100 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 46 grams, butter 25.5 grams, veal 53 grams, potato 75 grams, lima beans 50 grams, apple dumpling 120 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Bread 34 + 42 + 46 = 122.0 × 1.71 = 2.086 grams. Tea 146.0 × 0.045 = 0.065 Butter 20 + 25.5 = 45.5 × 0.088 = 0.040 Codfish cake 72.0 × 1.57 = 1.130 Potato 100.0 × 0.41 = 0.410 Custard 100.0 × 0.83 = 0.830 Coffee (lunch) 210.0 × 0.078 = 0.163 Sugar 21 + 21 = 42.0 × 0.00 = 0.000 Veal 53.0 × 5.51 = 2.920 Potato 75.0 × 0.37 = 0.277 Lima beans 50.0 × 0.90 = 0.450 Apple dumpling 120.0 × 0.72 = 0.860 Coffee (dinner) 210.0 × 0.12 = 0.252 ------ Total nitrogen in food 9.483 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 8.820

Fuel value of the food 1735 calories.

_Saturday, February 13, 1904._

Breakfast.—Bread 35 grams, tea 146 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 57.5 grams, butter 28 grams, sweet potato 100 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams, quince 105.5 grams, apple turnovers 153 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 35.5 grams, butter 11 grams, peas 70 grams, roast beef 50 grams, pie 169 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Bread 35 + 57.5 + 35.5 = 128.0 × 1.64 = 2.099 grams. Tea 146.0 × 0.033 = 0.048 Butter 28 + 11 = 39.0 × 0.088 = 0.034 Sweet potato 100.0 × 0.37 = 0.370 Coffee (lunch) 210.0 × 0.15 = 0.315 Sugar 21 + 21 = 42.0 × 0.00 = 0.000 Quince 105.5 × 0.047 = 0.049 Apple turnovers 153.0 × 0.96 = 1.468 Peas 70.0 × 0.96 = 0.672 Roast beef 50.0 × 3.22 = 1.610 Pie 169.0 × 0.43 = 0.726 Coffee (dinner) 210.0 × 0.11 = 0.231 ------ Total nitrogen in food 7.622 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 7.170

Fuel value of the food 2186 calories.

_Sunday, February 14, 1904._

Breakfast.—Bread 31 grams, tea 146 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 70.5 grams, butter 29 grams, potato 123 grams, apple sauce 127.5 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 20.5 grams, butter 23 grams, chicken 101.5 grams, potato 80 grams, succotash 80 grams, chocolate cake 103 grams, ice cream 125.8 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Bread 31 + 70.5 + 20.5 = 122.0 × 1.75 = 2.135 grams. Tea 146.0 × 0.063 = 0.091 Butter 29 + 23 = 52.0 × 0.088 = 0.045 Potato 123.0 × 0.41 = 0.504 Apple sauce 127.5 × 0.029 = 0.037 Coffee (lunch) 210.0 × 0.10 = 0.210 Sugar 21 + 21 = 42.0 × 0.00 = 0.000 Chicken 101.5 × 5.08 = 5.150 Potato 80.0 × 0.37 = 0.296 Succotash 80.0 × 0.57 = 0.456 Chocolate cake 103.0 × 0.75 = 0.772 Ice cream 125.8 × 0.58 = 0.729 Coffee (dinner) 210.0 × 0.11 = 0.231 ------ Total nitrogen in food 10.656 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 7.730

Fuel value of the food 2231 calories.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Underhill._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 9 7.832 grams. 7.49 grams. 9.5 grams. 10 7.674 6.14 11 9.770 8.02 32.0 12 9.483 8.82 9.5 13 7.622 7.17 28.0 14 10.656 7.73 24.0 ------ ------ ------ 103.0 grams contain 6.52% N. 53.037 45.37 + 6.715 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 53.037 grams nitrogen. 52.085 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = +0.952 gram. Nitrogen balance per day = +0.158 gram.

Average Intake.

Calories per day 2068. Nitrogen per day 8.83 grams.

On June 1, near the close of the experiment, a second nitrogen balance was attempted, with a view to seeing if under the existing conditions of life and activity it was possible to reduce the fuel value of the food, and at the same time diminish in still greater measure the quantity of proteid food taken. The results of this trial are seen in the accompanying tables, where for four days a careful comparison of output and intake is shown. It will be observed from these tables that the average fuel value of the food per day was reduced to 1785 calories, and that the average intake of nitrogen was restricted to 6.73 grams per day. The balance shown is a minus balance, although the deficiency per diem is not large. It is very obvious that both the nitrogen and fuel value of the food can be reduced considerably below the average maintained during the period of the first balance, but not to the degree attempted in the second balance, and secure nitrogen or body equilibrium. It will be noted in this last nitrogen balance, that the average daily output of nitrogen through the urine amounted to 6.46 grams, while the average nitrogen intake was 6.73 grams. The fuel value of the food, however, averaged only 1785 calories per day. It is quite evident, if the non-nitrogenous food had not been reduced quite so much, that a plus nitrogen balance would have been obtained. Still, it is obvious that under the conditions of life and activity, this subject needed to metabolize only about 40 grams of proteid per day, with the total fuel value of his food equal to about 2000 calories, in order to secure both body and nitrogen equilibrium. Here, again, we have an illustration of the possibility of physiological economy which shows itself in a reduction of the daily proteid food more than 50 per cent, with a reduction of the non-nitrogenous food fully 30 per cent, and with maintenance of health, strength and vigor equal, if not superior, to that which the subject has ever experienced.

_Wednesday, June 1, 1904._

Breakfast.—Champagne wafer 21.5 grams, tea 146 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 67.4 grams, butter 15.1 grams, beefsteak 55.5 grams, potato 128 grams, asparagus 103.5 grams, tea 146 grams, sugar 15 grams, banana 83.5 grams.

Supper.—Bread 15.7 grams, butter 11.8 grams, banana and nuts 106 grams, crullers 90.2 grams, coffee 145 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Champagne wafer 21.5 × 0.64 = 0.138 gram. Tea 146.0 × 0.015 = 0.022 Sugar 15 + 15 + 15 = 45.0 × 0.000 = 0.000 Bread 67.4 + 15.7 = 83.1 × 1.46 = 1.212 Butter 15.1 + 11.8 = 26.9 × 0.10 = 0.027 Banana 83.5 × 0.28 = 0.192 Beefsteak 55.5 × 4.72 = 2.620 Potato 128.0 × 0.32 = 0.410 Asparagus 103.5 × 0.35 = 0.362 Tea 146.0 × 0.033 = 0.048 Crullers 90.2 × 1.04 = 0.938 Banana and nuts 106.0 × 0.69 = 0.731 Coffee 145.0 × 0.060 = 0.087 ------ Total nitrogen in food 6.787 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 5.960

Fuel value of the food 1913 calories.

_Thursday, June 2, 1904._

Breakfast.—Bread 30 grams, tea 146 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Dinner.—Clam chowder 270.5 grams, bread 64 grams, butter 14.5 grams, lobster 36.5 grams, Saratoga chips 15 grams, caramel custard 79 grams, tea 146 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Supper.—Bread 35.2 grams, butter 13.8 grams, pineapple 148.7 grams, crullers 84.8 grams, tea 140 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Bread 30.0 × 1.46 = 0.438 gram. Tea 146.0 × 0.045 = 0.066 Sugar 15 + 15 + 15 = 45.0 × 0.00 = 0.000 Bread 64 + 35.2 = 99.2 × 1.44 = 1.428 Butter 14.5 + 13.8 = 28.3 × 0.10 = 0.028 Clam chowder 270.5 × 0.34 = 0.920 Lobster 36.5 × 3.73 = 1.361 Saratoga chips 15.0 × 0.97 = 0.146 Caramel custard 79.0 × 0.77 = 0.608 Tea 146.0 × 0.036 = 0.053 Tea 140.0 × 0.036 = 0.050 Pineapple 148.7 × 0.054 = 0.080 Crullers 84.8 × 1.04 = 0.882 ------ Total nitrogen in food 6.060 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 5.810

Fuel value of the food 1921 calories.

_Friday, June 3, 1904._

Breakfast.—Bread 31 grams, tea 146 grams.

Dinner.—Fried ham 61 grams, asparagus 124.2 grams, baked potato 85 grams, bread 29 grams, butter 23.5 grams, tea 140 grams, sugar 15 grams, pineapple 74.8 grams.

Supper.—Bread 34 grams, butter 17.8 grams, pineapple 158.5 grams, tomato 132.5 grams, cup cake 121 grams, tea 140 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Bread 31 + 20 + 34 = 94.0 × 1.44 = 1.354 grams. Tea 146.0 × 0.039 = 0.057 Fried ham 61.0 × 4.90 = 2.989 Asparagus 124.2 × 0.50 = 0.621 Baked potato 85.0 × 0.55 = 0.468 Butter 23.5 + 17.8 = 41.3 × 0.10 = 0.041 Tea 140.0 × 0.027 = 0.038 Sugar 15 + 15 = 30.0 × 0.000 = 0.000 Pineapple 74.8 + 158.5 = 233.3 × 0.065 = 0.152 Tea 140.0 × 0.054 = 0.076 Tomato 132.5 × 0.150 = 0.199 Cup cake 121.0 × 0.85 = 1.029 ------ Total nitrogen in food 7.024 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 7.300

Fuel value of the food 2011 calories.

_Saturday, June 4, 1904._

Breakfast.—Bread 32 grams, tea 140 grams.

Dinner.—Hash 133 grams, peas 151.5 grams, bread 61.4 grams, butter 16.1 grams, custard 150 grams, sugar 15 grams, tea 140 grams.

Supper.—Bread 62.5 grams, butter 17 grams, tea 140 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Bread 32.0 × 1.44 = 0.461 gram. Tea 140.0 × 0.021 = 0.029 Hash 133.0 × 1.50 = 1.995 Peas 151.5 × 1.04 = 1.576 Bread 61.4 + 62.5 = 123.9 × 1.47 = 1.821 Butter 16.1 + 17 = 33.1 × 0.10 = 0.033 Custard 150.0 × 0.78 = 1.170 Sugar 15 + 15 = 30.0 × 0.00 = 0.000 Tea 140.0 × 0.033 = 0.046 Tea 140.0 × 0.030 = 0.042 ------ Total nitrogen in food 7.173 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 6.780

Fuel value of the food 1297 calories.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Underhill._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

June 1 6.787 grams. 5.96 grams. 10 grams. 2 6.060 5.81 10 3 7.024 7.30 25 4 7.173 6.78 6 ------ ------ ------ 51 grams contain 5.81 % N. 27.044 25.85 + 2.963 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 27.044 grams nitrogen. 28.813 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for four days = -1.760 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = -0.442 grams.

Average Intake.

Calories per day 1785. Nitrogen per day 6.73 grams.

* * * * *

Dr. Arthur L. Dean, Instructor in Plant Physiology in the Sheffield Scientific School, twenty-five years of age, and weighing 64 kilos, likewise became a subject of study in this investigation. He is a man of strong physique, and as an undergraduate student at Harvard University trained for various athletic events. He began on the experiment October 13, 1903, and continued until April 3, 1904. From October 13th to October 27 he followed his usual dietary habits, simply reducing in some measure the amount of food consumed. During this period of fifteen days, the average excretion of nitrogen per day through the kidneys was about 12 grams. On the 28th of October he began to reduce in still greater measure the amount of proteid food eaten, and gradually diminished the extent of his proteid metabolism, although not to the same degree as the preceding subjects. He had full freedom of choice in the character and quantity of his diet, but his food was characterized by a predominance of vegetable matter, with an almost complete exclusion of meat.

For a period of nearly six months, or more exactly, from October 28 to April 3, the average daily output of nitrogen through the kidneys amounted to 8.99 grams, while the average daily output of uric acid was 0.386 gram. This daily excretion of 8.99 grams of nitrogen implies a metabolism of 56.18 grams of proteid. This, to be sure, means a reduction in proteid metabolism of about 50 per cent, as compared with the Voit and other standards, but does not show an economy equal to that practised by the preceding subjects. It is to be noted, however, in Dr. Dean’s case, that the body-weight did not show at any time in the experiment a tendency to diminish. In fact, all through the experiment his body-weight was a little higher than at the beginning.

DEAN.