Physiological economy in nutrition, with special reference to the minimal proteid requirement of the healthy man an experimental study

Part 29

Chapter 292,867 wordsPublic domain

Jan. 12 Supper: 8 grams Potato chips, uneaten. 13 Dinner: 113 ” Apple sauce, ” 14 ” 50 ” Coffee, ” 15 Supper: 81 ” Prunes, ” 16 Breakfast: 75 ” Coffee, ”

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Coffman._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Jan. 12 7.793 grams. 8.82 grams. 13 9.992 8.28 14 7.412 8.30 57.00 grams. 15 8.560 7.91 41.25 16 7.282 7.32 47.00 17 8.349 7.44 21.50 ------ ------ ------ 166.75 grams contain 6.66% N 49.388 48.07 + 11.10 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 49.388 grams nitrogen. 59.17 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = -9.782 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = -1.630 grams.

Daily diet same as Oakman’s.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Fritz._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Jan. 12 7.793 grams. 8.99 grams. 13 9.992 6.49 14 7.412 10.26 64.0 grams. 15 8.560 7.97 29.5 16 7.282 5.20 62.0 17 8.186 9.40 31.0 ------ ------ ------ 186.5 grams contain 6.49% N. 49.225 48.31 + 12.10 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 49.225 grams nitrogen. 60.41 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = -11.185 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = -1.864 grams.

Daily diet same as Oakman’s, except that on the 17th inst. a portion of the prunes was uneaten. Correction made accordingly.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Henderson._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Jan. 12 7.639 grams. 7.68 grams. 13 9.794 8.22 14 7.487 8.24 15 8.560 7.76 45 grams. 16 7.068 7.56 26 17 8.045 7.87 22 ------ ------ ------ 93 grams contain 6.45% N. 48.593 47.33 + 6.00 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 48.593 grams nitrogen. 53.33 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = -4.737 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = -0.789 gram.

Daily diet same as Oakman’s, except that on several days smaller amounts of coffee and tea were taken. Corrections made accordingly.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Morris._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Jan. 12 7.255 grams. 4.19 grams. 13 9.573 7.92 14 7.325 7.91 4.75 grams. 15 8.638 7.44 38.00 16 7.282 7.38 71.00 17 8.349 5.28 53.00 ------ ------ ------ 166.75 grams contain 6.45% N. 48.322 40.12 + 10.75 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 48.322 grams nitrogen. 50.87 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = -2.548 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = -0.424 gram.

Daily diet same as Oakman’s except that on the first three days smaller amounts of tea and coffee were taken. Corrections made accordingly.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Zooman._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Jan. 12 7.466 grams. 11.31 grams. 13 9.992 11.63 14 7.412 9.38 15 8.560 8.44 27.5 grams. 16 7.282 8.89 28.5 17 8.349 8.99 13.0 ------ ------ ------ 69.0 grams contain 6.46% N. 49.061 58.64 + 4.45 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 49.061 grams nitrogen. 63.09 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = -14.029 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = -2.338 gram.

Daily diet same as Oakman’s, except that on January 12th 30 grams potato chips were not eaten. Nitrogen intake corrected accordingly.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Sliney._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Jan. 12 6.501 grams. 5.94 grams. 22.5 grams. 13 9.975 8.44 26.0 14 7.388 7.42 22.5 15 8.560 7.89 24.0 16 7.282 7.23 13.0 17 8.349 8.15 15.0 ------ ------ ------ 123.0 grams contain 6.72% N. 48.055 45.07 + 8.26 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 48.055 grams nitrogen. 53.33 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = -5.275 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = -0.879 gram.

Daily diet same as Oakman’s, except that on the 12th 190 grams stewed tomatoes and 190 grams macaroni were uneaten; on the 13th at breakfast 25 grams of coffee were left, and on the 14th at breakfast 25 grams coffee were not taken. Corrections in intake of nitrogen made accordingly.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Cohn._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Jan. 12 7.793 grams. 6.49 grams. 13 9.957 9.10 29.0 grams. 14 7.412 7.33 8.5 15 8.320 8.04 44.0 16 7.282 8.58 19.0 17 8.349 7.44 5.5 ------ ------ ------ 106.0 grams contain 6.48% N. 49.113 46.98 + 6.87 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 49.113 grams nitrogen. 53.85 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = -4.737 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = -0.789 gram.

Daily diet same as Oakman’s, except that on the 15th inst. at supper 60 grams fritters were uneaten, and on the 13th at breakfast 30 grams coffee, and at dinner 22 grams apple sauce were uneaten. Corrections made accordingly.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Broyles._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Jan. 12 7.475 grams. 5.38 grams. 13 9.495 6.99 14 6.814 7.47 15 8.036 9.67 35 grams. 16 6.695 7.65 14 17 7.762 5.28 20 ------ ------ ------ 69 grams contain 6.61% N. 46.277 42.44 + 4.56 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 46.277 grams nitrogen. 47.00 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = -0.723 gram. Nitrogen balance per day = -0.120 gram.

Daily diet same as Oakman’s, except that each day coffee was omitted from breakfast and dinner. Corrections made accordingly.

SECOND NITROGEN BALANCE.

Commencing February 29, a second nitrogen balance was attempted with very different results. This balance period extended through seven days and was characterized by an average daily intake of 9.50 grams of nitrogen, an increase of 1.3 grams of nitrogen per day over the preceding period, together with an average fuel value of the food equal to 2500 calories per day.

The daily diet with its content of nitrogen, etc., is detailed under Oakman. Any variations (only slight ones) from this diet are indicated on the individual balance-sheets, corrections being made in the nitrogen intake.

In all of the men, with one exception, a distinct plus balance is seen, showing that under the conditions of this experiment the men were all storing up nitrogen. The plus balance per day varied from 0.132 gram to 1.231 grams of nitrogen.

The average daily output of nitrogen through the urine for this seven days’ period (Oakman’s case) was 7.24 grams, being 0.28 gram less per day than in the preceding period. Sliney, the one man who failed to show a positive balance, was apparently losing nitrogen at the rate of 0.48 gram per day during this period.

All of the individual data are shown in the accompanying tables of results:

OAKMAN.

_Monday February 29, 1904._

Breakfast.—Boiled rice 175 grams, milk 125 grams, sugar 25 grams, baked potato 150 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams, butter 10 grams.

Dinner.—Baked spaghetti 250 grams, mashed potato 250 grams, bread 75 grams, boiled tomato 150 grams, apple pie 112 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Supper.—Biscuit 175 grams, fried bacon 20 grams, fried sweet potato 150 grams, butter 20 grams, one cup tea 350 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Boiled rice 175 × 0.34 = 0.595 grams. Milk 125 × 0.55 = 0.687 Sugar 25 × 0.00 = 0.000 Baked potato 150 × 0.34 = 0.510 Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.082 = 0.287 Butter 10 + 20 = 30 × 0.16 = 0.480 Spaghetti 250 × 0.73 = 1.825 Mashed potato 250 × 0.30 = 0.750 Bread 75 × 1.61 = 1.207 Tomato 150 × 0.16 = 0.240 Apple pie 112 × 0.46 = 0.515 Biscuit 175 × 1.21 = 2.117 Fried bacon 20 × 3.80 = 0.760 Fried sweet potato 150 × 0.22 = 0.330 Tea 350 × 0.06 = 0.210 Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.11 = 0.385 ------ Total nitrogen in food 10.466 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 6.880

Fuel value of the food 2670 calories.

_Tuesday, March 1, 1904._

Breakfast.—Fried rice 150 grams, syrup 50 grams, baked potato 150 grams, butter 10 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Dinner.—Thick pea soup 250 grams, boiled onions 150 grams, boiled sweet potato 150 grams, bread 75 grams, butter 20 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Supper.—Celery-lettuce-apple salad 120 grams, crackers 32 grams, American cheese 20 grams, Saratoga chips 79 grams, one cup tea 350 grams, rice custard 100 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Fried rice 150 × 0.34 = 0.510 grams. Syrup 50 × 0.00 = 0.000 Baked potato 150 × 0.33 = 0.495 Butter 10 + 20 = 30 × 0.16 = 0.048 Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.042 = 0.147 Pea soup 250 × 0.54 = 1.350 Boiled onions 150 × 0.27 = 0.405 Boiled sweet potato 150 × 0.13 = 0.195 Bread 75 × 1.65 = 1.237 Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.084 = 0.294 Salad 120 × 0.14 = 0.168 Crackers 32 × 1.50 = 0.480 Cheese 20 × 3.92 = 0.784 Saratoga chips 79 × 1.22 = 0.963 Tea 350 × 0.054 = 0.189 Rice custard 100 × 0.56 = 0.560 ------ Total nitrogen in food 7.825 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 7.420

Fuel value of the food 2279 calories.

_Wednesday, March 2, 1904._

Breakfast.—Wheat griddle cakes 200 grams, syrup 50 grams, butter 10 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams, banana 75 grams.

Dinner.—Boiled salt mackerel 25 grams, boiled potato 250 grams, boiled turnip 150 grams, bread 75 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams, apple sauce 150 grams.

Supper.—Chopped fresh cabbage with salt, pepper, and vinegar 100 grams, bread 75 grams, butter 20 grams, chocolate cake 150 grams, cranberry sauce 100 grams, one cup tea 350 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Griddle cakes 200 × 0.80 = 1.600 grams. Syrup 50 × 0.00 = 0.000 Butter 10 + 20 = 30 × 0.16 = 0.048 Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.066 = 0.231 Banana 75 × 0.20 = 0.150 Mackerel 25 × 3.92 = 0.980 Boiled potato 250 × 0.27 = 0.675 Boiled turnip 150 × 0.071 = 0.106 Bread 75 + 75 = 150 × 1.63 = 2.445 Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.066 = 0.231 Apple sauce 150 × 0.048 = 0.072 Cabbage 100 × 0.28 = 0.280 Chocolate cake 150 × 0.95 = 1.425 Cranberry sauce 100 × 0.045 = 0.045 Tea 350 × 0.057 = 0.199 ------ Total nitrogen in food 8.487 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 7.580

Fuel value of the food 2391 calories.

_Thursday, March 3, 1904._

Breakfast.—Boiled hominy 175 grams, milk 125 grams, sugar 25 grams, baked potato 150 grams, butter 10 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Dinner.—Hamburg steak with much bread, fat, and onions 150 grams, boiled potato 250 grams, bread 75 grams, butter 10 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Supper.—Tapioca-peach pudding 250 grams, bread 75 grams, jam 75 grams, butter 20 grams, one cup tea 350 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Boiled hominy 175 × 0.19 = 0.330 grams. Milk 125 × 0.40 = 0.500 Sugar 25 × 0.00 = 0.000 Baked potato 150 × 0.28 = 0.420 Butter 10 + 10 + 20 = 40 × 0.16 = 0.064 Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.075 = 0.262 Hamburg steak 150 × 2.12 = 3.180 Boiled potato 250 × 0.27 = 0.675 Bread 75 + 75 = 150 × 1.48 = 2.220 Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.093 = 0.325 Tapioca-peach pudding 250 × 0.22 = 0.550 Jam 75 × 0.034 = 0.025 Tea 350 × 0.057 = 0.199 ------ Total nitrogen in food 8.750 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 6.850

Fuel value of the food 2375 calories.

_Friday, March 4, 1904._

Breakfast.—Fried hominy 150 grams, syrup 50 grams, baked potato 150 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams, butter 10 grams.

Dinner.—Codfish-balls (1 part fish, 4 parts potatoes, fried in pork fat) 150 grams, stewed tomato 200 grams, stewed potato 150 grams, bread 75 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams, apple pie 130 grams.

Supper.—French fried potato 200 grams, fried sausage 50 grams, butter 10 grams, bread 50 grams, stewed prunes 125 grams, sponge cake 35 grams, one cup tea 350 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Fried hominy 150 × 0.32 = 0.480 grams. Syrup 50 × 0.00 = 0.000 Baked potato 150 × 0.37 = 0.555 Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.099 = 0.346 Butter 10 + 10 = 20 × 0.16 = 0.032 Fish-balls 150 × 1.73 = 2.595 Stewed tomato 200 × 0.19 = 0.380 Bread 75 + 50 = 125 × 1.54 = 1.925 Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.069 = 0.241 Apple pie 130 × 0.38 = 0.494 French fried potato 200 × 0.49 = 0.980 Sausage 50 × 2.75 = 1.375 Prunes 125 × 0.17 = 0.212 Sponge cake 35 × 0.83 = 0.290 Tea 350 × 0.072 = 0.252 Stewed potato 150 × 0.18 = 0.270 ------ Total nitrogen in food 10.427 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 7.950

Fuel value of the food 2374 calories.

_Saturday, March 5, 1904._

Breakfast.—Boiled Indian-meal 200 grams, milk 125 grams, sugar 25 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams, fried sweet potato 150 grams, butter 10 grams.

Dinner.—Tomato soup, thick with potatoes and onions boiled together 325 grams, bread 100 grams, scrambled eggs 50 grams, mashed potato 150 grams, one cup coffee 350.

Supper.—Bread pudding with raisins 250 grams, stewed peaches 150 grams, bacon 20 grams, French fried potato 150 grams, bread 50 grams, butter 10 grams, one cup tea 350 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Boiled Indian-meal 200 × 0.20 = 0.400 gram. Milk 125 × 0.52 = 0.650 Sugar 25 × 0.00 = 0.000 Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.10 = 0.350 Fried sweet potato 150 × 0.22 = 0.330 Butter 10 + 10 = 20 × 0.16 = 0.032 Tomato soup 325 × 0.10 = 0.325 Bread 100 + 50 = 150 × 1.57 = 2.355 Scrambled eggs 50 × 2.22 = 1.110 Mashed potato 150 × 0.25 = 0.375 Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.075 = 0.262 Bread pudding 250 × 0.80 = 2.000 Stewed peaches 150 × 0.24 = 0.360 Bacon 20 × 4.00 = 0.800 French fried potato 150 × 0.56 = 0.840 Tea 350 × 0.084 = 0.294 ------ Total nitrogen in food 10.483 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 6.100

Fuel value of the food 2302 calories.

_Sunday, March 6, 1904._

Breakfast.—Fried Indian-meal 150 grams, syrup 50 grams, sliced banana 100 grams, baked potato 150 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams, butter 10 grams.

Dinner.—Corned beef 50 grams, boiled cabbage 200 grams, mashed potato 250 grams, bread 75 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams, fried rice 100 grams, jam 75 grams.

Supper.—Sponge cake 150 grams, apple sauce 150 grams, crackers 32 grams, butter 10 grams, one cup tea 350 grams, sardine 14 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Fried Indian-meal 150 × 0.38 = 0.570 gram. Syrup 50 × 0.00 = 0.000 Banana 100 × 0.19 = 0.190 Baked potato 150 × 0.37 = 0.555 Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.072 = 0.252 Butter 10 + 10 = 20 × 0.16 = 0.032 Corned beef 50 × 5.24 = 2.620 Cabbage 200 × 0.34 = 0.680 Mashed potato 250 × 0.32 = 0.800 Bread 75 × 1.67 = 1.252 Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.093 = 0.325 Fried rice 100 × 0.23 = 0.230 Jam 75 × 0.034 = 0.025 Sponge cake 150 × 1.02 = 1.530 Apple sauce 150 × 0.044 = 0.066 Crackers 32 × 1.50 = 0.480 Tea 350 × 0.054 = 0.189 Sardine 14 × 3.35 = 0.469 ------ Total nitrogen in food 10.265 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 7.960

Fuel value of the food 3173 calories.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Oakman._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces[34] (dry).

Feb. 29 10.466 grams. 6.88 grams. Mar. 1 7.825 7.42 2 8.487 7.58 17 grams. 3 8.750 6.85 72 4 10.427 7.95 39 5 10.483 6.10 19 6 10.265 7.96 35 ------ ------ ------ 182 grams contain 6.81% N. 66.703 50.74 + 12.394 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 66.703 grams nitrogen. 63.134 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days = +3.569 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = +0.509 gram.

Average Intake.

Calories per day 2509. Nitrogen per day 9.50 grams.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Henderson._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 29 10.261 grams. 8.36 grams. Mar. 1 7.384 6.80 2 8.487 8.28 85 grams. 3 8.555 7.37 4 10.427 8.22 5 10.483 8.09 6 10.265 8.20 28 ------ ------ ------ 113 grams contain 6.21% N. 65.862 55.32 + 7.017 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 65.862 grams nitrogen. 62.337 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days = +3.525 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = +0.503 grams.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Morris._