Part 30

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 29 10.466 grams. 6.40 grams. Mar. 1 7.720 6.64 45 grams. 2 8.319 5.40 43 3 8.750 6.55 41 4 10.427 4.99 45 5 10.483 5.38 38 6 10.265 7.01 13 ------ ------ ------ 225 grams contain 7.18% N. 66.430 42.37 + 16.155 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 66.430 grams nitrogen. 58.525 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days = +7.905 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = +1.129 grams.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Coffman._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 29 10.466 grams. 8.63 grams. Mar. 1 7.825 7.48 2 8.487 8.62 3 8.750 7.18 4 10.427 7.93 65 grams. 5 10.483 7.67 83 6 10.265 7.95 20 ------ ------ ------ 168 grams contain 6.14% N. 66.703 55.46 + 10.315 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 66.703 grams nitrogen. 65.775 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days = +0.928 gram. Nitrogen balance per day = +0.132 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Steltz._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 29 9.989 grams. 7.90 grams. 23 grams. Mar. 1 8.090 5.98 22 2 8.487 6.58 21 3 9.300 8.10 45 4 11.107 4.66 18 5 10.024 8.69 36 6 10.392 8.20 31 10 ------ ------ ------ 206 grams contain 6.66% N. 67.389 50.11 + 13.719 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 67.389 grams nitrogen. 63.829 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days = +3.560 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = +0.508 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Loewenthal._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 29 10.466 grams. 7.38 grams. 16.5 grams. Mar. 1 7.825 7.05 38.0 2 8.487 7.07 21.0 3 8.750 7.83 4 10.427 7.35 15.0 5 10.654 4.29 22.0 6 10.886 8.07 56.0 ------ ------ ------ 168.5 grams contain 7.11% N. 67.495 49.04 + 11.980 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 67.495 grams nitrogen. 61.020 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days = +6.475 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = +0.925 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Cohn._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 29 10.442 grams. 9.74 grams. Mar. 1 7.825 6.86 2 8.487 7.29 43 grams. 4 10.215 5.59 24 5 10.483 9.55 57 6 8.164 6.77 25 ------ ------ ------ 149 grams contain 6.63% N. = 9.878 gr. -1.401[35] 55.616 45.80 + = 8.477 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 55.616 grams nitrogen. 54.277 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = +1.339 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = +0.223 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Zooman._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 29 10.466 grams. 7.02 grams. 18 grams. Mar. 1 7.604 6.66 25 2 8.487 7.26 52 3 8.750 7.56 40 4 10.427 7.51 14 5 10.483 7.08 30 6 10.265 6.81 10 ------ ------ ------ 189 grams contain 6.54% N. 66.482 49.90 + 12.36 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 66.482 grams nitrogen. 62.26 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days = +4.222 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = +0.603 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Sliney._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 29 10.466 grams. 9.50 grams. 15 grams. Mar. 1 7.825 8.09 35 2 8.487 7.97 25 3 8.734 7.78 45 4 10.427 7.49 28 5 10.475 7.54 21 6 10.265 8.23 32 ------ ------ ------ 201 grams contain 6.70% N. 66.679 56.60 + 13.467 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 66.679 grams nitrogen. 70.067 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days = -3.388 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = -0.484 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Broyles._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 29 10.179 grams. 5.74 grams. Mar. 1 7.468 9.26 2 8.487 6.97 13 grams. 3 8.750 6.18 4 4 10.427 7.68 46 5 10.483 5.56 29 6 10.265 7.69 42 ------ ------ ------ 134 grams contain 6.24% N. 66.059 49.08 + 8.361 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 66.059 grams nitrogen. 57.441 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days = +8.618 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = +1.231 grams.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Fritz._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 29 10.466 grams. 6.22 grams. Mar. 1 7.825 7.44 2 8.487 4.00 71 3 8.750 7.05 28 5 10.483 8.71 49 6 10.265 4.78 44 ------ ------ ------ 192 grams contain 6.61% N. = 12.691 gr. -1.813[36] 56.276 38.20 + = 10.878 grm. N. ------ ---------------------- 56.276 grams nitrogen. 49.078 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = +7.198 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = +1.199 grams.

THIRD NITROGEN BALANCE.

The last of March, a third nitrogen balance was tried on a slightly lowered nitrogen intake and with a slight increase in the fuel value of the daily food. In this period of five days, March 28 to April 1, the nitrogen taken in per day averaged 8.62 grams, or nearly one gram per day less than in the preceding period. The fuel value of the food averaged 2840 calories per day, or about 300 calories more than in the preceding period.

The daily diet, with its content of nitrogen, etc., is detailed for each day under Oakman. Any deviation from this diet in the cases of the other men is indicated on the accompanying balance-sheets.

The results obtained in this balance period indicate that the lowest level had been practically reached, at least under the conditions of body-weight, food, and work prevailing. Cohn, Fritz, and Broyles showed a distinct positive balance. Steltz and Loewenthal were practically in equilibrium, the deviation being within the limits of error. The remaining six men showed a minus balance, although in no case was it very marked.

It is interesting to note in this connection that the average daily output of nitrogen through the urine for this five days’ period (Oakman’s case) amounted to 7.04 grams, being 0.2 gram less per day than in the preceding period. This figure for nitrogen in the urine means the metabolism daily of 44 grams of proteid.

Undoubtedly, the rate of proteid metabolism for these men could have been lowered considerably beyond the present level by increasing largely the intake of carbohydrates and fats, but it has been the intent throughout all of these experiments to learn the minimal proteid requirement under conditions precluding the use of any excess of non-nitrogenous foods; also, to study the effect of a general physiological economy in nutrition, with a view to ascertaining the real necessities of the body for both proteid and non-proteid foods with maintenance of bodily strength and vigor. Hence, we may again emphasize the fact that the low proteid metabolism maintained by all these men throughout the period of the experiment, with establishment of nitrogenous equilibrium on a consumption of proteid or albuminous food averaging one-half the amount ordinarily specified as the daily requirement of the healthy man, has been accomplished with even less total food—fats and carbohydrates—than the ordinary standards call for, _i. e._, considerably less than 3000 calories per day in fuel value.

OAKMAN.

_Monday, March 28, 1904._

Breakfast.—Fried rice 150 grams, syrup 75 grams, baked potato 250 grams, butter 20 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Dinner.—Thick pea soup 200 grams, boiled onions 100 grams, boiled sweet potato 250 grams, bread 50 grams, mashed potato 200 grams, butter 20 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Supper.—Sliced banana 150 grams, biscuit 125 grams, fried bacon 20 grams, French fried potato 200 grams, butter 25 grams, one cup tea 350 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Fried rice 150 × 0.40 = 0.600 grams. Syrup 75 × 0.051 = 0.038 Baked potato 250 × 0.33 = 0.825 Butter 25 + 20 + 20 = 65 × 0.15 = 0.097 Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.10 = 0.350 Pea soup 200 × 0.50 = 1.000 Boiled onion 100 × 0.30 = 0.300 Sweet potato 250 × 0.12 = 0.300 Bread 50 × 1.57 = 0.785 Mashed potato 200 × 0.30 = 0.600 Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.075 = 0.262 Banana 150 × 0.27 = 0.405 Biscuit 125 × 1.21 = 1.513 Bacon 20 × 3.85 = 0.770 Fried potato 200 × 0.46 = 0.920 Tea 350 × 0.075 = 0.262 ------ Total nitrogen in food 9.027 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 6.640

Fuel value of the food 2935 calories.

_Tuesday, March 29, 1904._

Breakfast.—Boiled hominy 175 grams, milk 75 grams, sugar 25 grams, baked potato 250 grams, butter 20 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Dinner.—Hamburg steak with much bread, fat, and onions 125 grams, boiled potato 300 grams, butter 10 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams, bread 35 grams, boiled carrots 125 grams.

Supper.—Tapioca-peach pudding 300 grams, bread 35 grams, Saratoga chips 75 grams, butter 20 grams, jam 75 grams, one cup tea 350 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Boiled hominy 175 × 0.23 = 0.403 grams. Milk 75 × 0.55 = 0.413 Sugar 25 × 0.00 = 0.000 Baked potato 250 × 0.36 = 0.900 Butter 20 + 10 + 20 = 50 × 0.15 = 0.075 Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.057 = 0.200 Hamburg steak, etc. 125 × 2.50 = 3.130 Boiled potato 300 × 0.26 = 0.780 Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.051 = 0.179 Carrots 125 × 0.13 = 0.163 Tapioca-peach pudding 300 × 0.28 = 0.840 Bread 35 + 35 = 70 × 1.51 = 1.057 Saratoga chips 75 × 0.79 = 0.593 Jam 75 × 0.039 = 0.029 Tea 350 × 0.06 = 0.210 ------ Total nitrogen in food 8.972 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 8.340

Fuel value of the food 2840 calories.

_Wednesday, March 30, 1904._

Breakfast.—Fried hominy 150 grams, syrup 75 grams, butter 10 grams, sliced banana 250 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Dinner.—Codfish-balls (1 part fish, 5 parts potatoes, fried in pork fat) 125 grams, mashed potato 250 grams, stewed tomato 200 grams, bread 35 grams, apple sauce 200 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Supper.—Chopped fresh cabbage with salt, pepper, and vinegar 75 grams, bread 50 grams, butter 20 grams, fried sweet potato 250 grams, cranberry sauce 200 grams, sponge cake 50 grams, one cup tea 350 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Fried hominy 150 × 0.35 = 0.525 grams. Syrup 75 × 0.051 = 0.038 Butter 10 + 20 = 30 × 0.15 = 0.045 Banana 250 × 0.25 = 0.625 Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.066 = 0.231 Codfish-balls, etc. 125 × 3.25 = 4.063 Mashed potato 250 × 0.26 = 0.650 Tomato 200 × 0.18 = 0.360 Bread 35 + 50 = 85 × 1.50 = 1.280 Apple sauce 200 × 0.053 = 0.106 Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.051 = 0.179 Cabbage 75 × 0.22 = 0.165 Fried sweet potato 250 × 0.15 = 0.375 Cranberry sauce 200 × 0.066 = 0.132 Sponge cake 50 × 0.87 = 0.435 Tea 350 × 0.042 = 0.147 ------ Total nitrogen in food 9.356 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 6.300

Fuel value of the food 2657 calories.

_Thursday, March 31, 1904._

Breakfast.—Fried Indian meal 100 grams, syrup 75 grams, baked potato 250 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams, butter 20 grams.

Dinner.—Tomato soup, thick, with potatoes and onions boiled together 300 grams, mashed potato 200 grams, scrambled egg 50 grams, bread 50 grams, butter 10 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Supper.—Bread pudding 150 grams, sliced banana 200 grams, fried bacon 20 grams, boiled potato 200 grams, butter 10 grams, one cup tea 350 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Fried Indian meal 100 × 0.44 = 0.440 grams. Syrup 75 × 0.051 = 0.038 Baked potato 250 × 0.32 = 0.800 Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.066 = 0.231 Butter 10 + 20 + 10 = 40 × 0.15 = 0.060 Tomato soup 300 × 0.48 = 1.440 Mashed potato 200 × 0.26 = 0.520 Scrambled egg 50 × 2.15 = 1.075 Bread 50 × 1.48 = 0.740 Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.057 = 0.200 Bread pudding 150 × 0.92 = 1.380 Banana 200 × 0.24 = 0.480 Bacon 20 × 1.95 = 0.390 Boiled potato 200 × 0.25 = 0.500 Tea 350 × 0.036 = 0.126 ------ Total nitrogen in food 8.420 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 7.100

Fuel value of the food 2466 calories.

_Friday, April 1, 1904._

Breakfast.—Fried hominy 150 grams, syrup 75 grams, baked potato 200 grams, butter 20 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Dinner.—Baked spaghetti 250 grams, mashed potato 250 grams, boiled turnip 150 grams, bread 35 grams, butter 10 grams, apple sauce 200 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Supper.—Apple-tapioca pudding 300 grams, fried sweet potato 200 grams, butter 20 grams, jam 100 grams, fried bacon 25 grams, bread 35 grams, one cup tea 350 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Fried hominy 150 × 0.24 = 0.360 grams. Syrup 75 × 0.051 = 0.038 Baked potato 200 × 0.33 = 0.660 Butter 20 + 10 + 20 = 50 × 0.15 = 0.075 Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.06 = 0.210 Spaghetti 250 × 0.64 = 1.600 Mashed potato 250 × 0.28 = 0.700 Boiled turnip 150 × 0.61 = 0.915 Bread 35 + 35 = 70 × 1.56 = 1.092 Apple sauce 200 × 0.053 = 0.106 Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.072 = 0.252 Apple-tapioca pudding 300 × 0.043 = 0.129 Fried sweet potato 200 × 0.15 = 0.300 Jam 100 × 0.039 = 0.039 Bacon 25 × 2.96 = 0.740 Tea 350 × 0.036 = 0.126 ------ Total nitrogen in food 7.342 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 6.830

Fuel value of the food 3248 calories.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Oakman._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 28 9.027 grams. 6.64 grams. 29 8.972 8.34 39 grams. 30 9.356 6.30 38 31 8.420 7.10 31 Apr. 1 7.342 6.83 29 ------ ------ ------ 137 grams contain 6.84% N. 43.117 35.21 + 9.37 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 43.117 grams nitrogen. 44.580 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for five days = -1.463 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = -0.292 gram.

Average Intake.

Calories per day 2840. Nitrogen per day 8.62 grams.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Broyles._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 28 9.027 grams. 6.79 grams. 27.0 grams. 29 8.972 7.06 45.5 30 9.356 7.27 41.0 31 8.640 6.21 25.0 Apr. 1 7.342 5.86 20.0 ------ ------ ------ 158.5 grams contain 5.92% N. 43.337 33.19 + 9.383 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 43.337 grams nitrogen. 42.573 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for five days = +0.764 gram. Nitrogen balance per day = +0.153 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Fritz._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 29 7.229 grams. 5.09 grams. 30 9.235 7.10 25 grams. 31 8.640 5.18 43 Apr. 1 7.439 5.74 34 ------ ------ ------ 102 grams contain 6.42% N. 32.543 23.11 + 6.548 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 32.543 grams nitrogen. 29.658 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for four days = +2.885 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = +0.721 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Loewenthal._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 28 9.027 grams. 6.27 grams. 13.5 grams. 29 8.760 7.54 52.0 30 9.341 7.07 41.0 31 8.112 5.24 21.0 Apr. 1 7.342 6.43 17.0 ------ ------ ------ 144.5 grams contain 7.00% N. 42.582 32.55 + 10.115 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 42.582 grams nitrogen. 42.665 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for five days = -0.083 gram. Nitrogen balance per day = -0.016 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Cohn._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 28 8.825 grams. 6.61 grams. 29 8.151 6.48 27 grams. 30 9.211 6.36 25 31 8.030 7.47 23 Apr. 1 7.246 4.35 39 ------ ------ ------ 114 grams contain 6.84% N. 41.463 31.27 + 7.797 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 41.463 grams nitrogen. 39.067 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for five days = +2.396 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = +0.479 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Coffman._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).