Part 31

Mar. 28 9.027 grams. 8.38 grams. 29 8.972 8.06 42 grams. 30 9.356 6.88 24 31 8.640 7.78 29 Apr. 1 7.342 7.22 32 ------ ------ ------ 127 grams contain 6.54% N. 43.337 38.32 + 8.306 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 43.337 grams nitrogen. 46.626 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for five days = -3.289 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = -0.657 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Sliney._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 28 8.527 grams. 7.09 grams. 28.0 grams. 29 8.630 7.37 31.5 30 9.356 8.10 33.0 31 8.420 7.47 26.0 Apr. 1 7.342 6.78 50.0 ------ ------ ------ 168.5 grams contain 6.42% N. 42.275 36.81 + 10.82 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 42.275 grams nitrogen. 47.63 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for five days = -5.355 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = -1.071 grams.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Steltz._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 28 8.026 grams. 3.60 grams. 32.0 grams. 29 8.252 6.79 29.0 30 9.255 7.20 44.0 31 8.720 7.11 22.0 Apr. 1 7.357 7.82 30.5 ------ ------ ------ 157.5 grams contain 5.97% N. 41.610 32.52 + 9.403 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 41.610 grams nitrogen. 41.923 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for five days = -0.313 gram. Nitrogen balance per day = -0.062 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Zooman._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 28 9.027 grams. 7.47 grams. 33.0 grams. 29 8.379 7.80 45.0 30 9.356 5.40 30.0 31 8.420 8.04 28.0 Apr. 1 7.269 8.44 11.5 ------ ------ ------ 147.5 grams contain 6.39% N. 42.451 37.15 + 9.425 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 42.451 grams nitrogen. 46.575 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for five days = -4.124 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = -0.824 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Henderson._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 28 9.027 grams. 8.40 grams. 29 8.972 9.04 30 9.356 5.95 83 grams. 31 8.640 5.42 36 Apr. 1 7.342 6.60 58 ------ ------ ------ 177 grams contain 6.48% N. 43.337 35.41 + 11.469 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 43.337 grams nitrogen. 46.879 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for five days = -3.542 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = -0.708 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Morris._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 28 8.877 grams. 6.68 grams. 12 grams. 29 8.774 5.69 48 30 8.941 6.06 34 31 8.420 6.96 34 Apr. 1 7.286 7.10 33 ------ ------ ------ 161 grams contain 7.08% N. 42.298 32.49 + 11.399 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 42.298 grams nitrogen. 43.889 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for five days = -1.591 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = -0.317 gram.

SUMMARY REGARDING NITROGEN REQUIREMENT.

These results obtained with this body of United States soldiers, living on a prescribed diet and exposed to the stress and strain of military discipline with its attendant duties, together with the gymnastic work and training required each day, confirm in every detail the conclusions arrived at with the preceding group of professional workers. Once accustomed to a more sparing proteid diet, less rich in nitrogen, each one of these subjects had no difficulty in maintaining body-weight on the simpler and lighter food provided. No great difficulty was experienced in establishing a condition of nitrogenous equilibrium with this lowered intake of proteid food, neither was it necessary to increase the amounts of non-nitrogenous foods (fats and carbohydrates) to accomplish this end. The bodies of these men were quite able to adjust themselves to a lowered proteid metabolism, and physiologically speaking, one might well conjecture whether we have not in this condition a nearer approach to the normal and ideal state of the body than when the latter is struggling daily with 118 grams of proteid food, reinforced by fats and carbohydrates correspondingly increased in amount. However this may be, the members of the soldier detail were able to live for five consecutive months with a proteid metabolism corresponding to 7 to 8 grams of nitrogen per day, with maintenance of body-weight and without discomfort or loss of bodily vigor.

It was easy in most instances to prove the establishment of nitrogen equilibrium with a daily intake of 8.5 to 9.5 grams of nitrogen, and with a total fuel value of the daily food equal to 2500 to 2800 calories. In other words, a metabolism of less than 50 grams of proteid per day was quite sufficient for the needs of the body, and a fuel value of 2500 to 2600 calories was ample to meet the requirements of the men under the then existing conditions of bodily and mental activity. Are we not justified, therefore, in again asking the question, why should we hold and teach the doctrine that the healthy adult needs to metabolize 105 grams of proteid food daily? As Voit has well said, the smallest amount of food that will serve to maintain physiological equilibrium and keep up health and strength is the ideal diet. The eleven subjects of this Hospital detachment, who remained throughout the experiment, were apparently able to maintain physiological equilibrium and preserve their health and strength under the conditions of diet as described, thereby demonstrating the possibilities of a physiological economy corresponding to a saving of full fifty per cent or more in proteid food; a saving of possibly great physiological import, to say nothing of the possible economic and sociological importance of the saving. Further, we may add that the minimal proteid requirement as evidenced by the results of these experiments is more than fifty per cent lower than the figures quoted by most physiologists as necessary for the maintenance of life and strength; and we are certainly justified in the additional statement that if the figures obtained in these experiments truly represent the _minimal_ proteid requirement of the men under observation, then this minimal requirement is quite sufficient to meet the physiological needs of the body for an indefinite period.

PHYSICAL CONDITION OF THE MEN.

Recalling the fact that this condition of lowered proteid metabolism was maintained for a period of five months, we may next consider the effect of this changed nutritive condition upon the health and strength of the men. The question of body-weight we have already considered. More pertinent is the question, to how great an extent was the strength and bodily vigor of the men modified by the diminished amount of proteid food? The answer to this question is found in the subjoined report from Dr. William G. Anderson, Director of the Yale University Gymnasium.

YALE UNIVERSITY GYMNASIUM, NEW HAVEN, CONN., April 6, 1904.

To Professor RUSSELL H. CHITTENDEN, _Director of the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University_, NEW HAVEN, CONN.

DEAR SIR,—I hand you herewith a report of the physical training of the squad of soldiers sent by you to the Yale Gymnasium.

These men have taken one hour’s exercise daily for six months, Sundays excepted,—October 1, 1903, to April 1, 1904.

Before beginning the bodily development of the men we measured each one and took what are known as the American Collegiate Strength Tests. These measurements and tests have been taken twice each month. For details as to measurements and methods of testing the strength of the body, see the “Notes” attached to this report.

The members of the squad were called to the floor each morning as soon after nine-thirty as they could don the required suit. For twenty minutes they were put through a series of setting up exercises and body-building movements; then followed exercises on the apparatus, such as bars, rings, ladders, etc. This was followed by a jump or game.

The exercises were progressive as to duration, force, extent, and number of movements. At the end of the six months the men were being put through gymnastics that were exacting and fatiguing. As the progression was carefully made, the men did not suffer from soreness to any marked degree. By way of comparison it may be said, the gymnastic training given the soldiers was much more severe than is given to the Freshmen of Yale in their required physical training. Perhaps the Varsity Crew are “put through” as rigid gymnastic training as any of the athletes in college, so we copied the exercises taken by oarsmen in order to “try out” the soldiers. This work was easily taken by all the “Dieters,”—no complaint, so far as I know, having been entered.

The improvement in accuracy and grace of movement has been noticeable, while there has been a gain in skill as well.

I do not consider these men, as a body, well put up. They did not rank favorably with applicants for policeman or fireman and were noticeably timid in exercises that called for courage. In the vault over a fence there was a very marked fear. This was the poorest and least satisfactory test of all we made. At the end of the six months the hesitancy to vault had entirely disappeared, the event being looked upon by the men as a “cinch.”

The gain in self-reliance and courage has been as evident as the increase in the figures of the strength test. I consider this a valuable acquisition as it stands for a good body condition. Among athletes, especially gymnasts, a weakened or tired body is made known by fear or uncertainty. Our students, as well as professional athletes, admit this.

I attribute the timidity of the soldiers in these seemingly simple tests to their general physical condition at the outset, and the increase in self-reliance to the better condition of their bodies at the end of the six months’ training. The story told by the measurements is both interesting and significant, but of less importance than the ability to improve under training, which ability cannot be measured with a tape or weighed with scales.

In the majority of cases there was a loss in body-weight, but this we look for, as the larger number of soldiers were fairly well supplied with adipose tissue. Both Sliney and Oakman are exceptions, these men being “fine” at the outset. I mean thin and muscular with little fat. The latter, Oakman, is an old man judged from the physical activity standpoint, and lost noticeably during the tests and exercise. I refer to weight and girth measurements only. He made a very large gain in his strength tests and was among the leading men in all that called for courage and self-control. Sliney, nervous, irritable, and aggressive, balanced his losses with his gains in the tape and scale events, but made great improvement in the use of the dynamometers. Fritz and Cohn were quite fat and showed the expected loss in weight, but not in other respects.

For comparison I have quoted from Dr. J. W. Seaver’s anthropometric charts and have selected the “Average Student Measurements” (2390 men) as well as the mean measurements of 500 athletes and gymnasts. A glance at either set of figures will give an idea of how the soldiers compare with men living on a regular diet and surrounded with the very best environment.

The strength tests stand for mental states more than the tape line and calipers, and are suggestive of improvement in body conditions for the reasons mentioned above. These records are far above those made by Academic Freshmen in Yale, but it must be added that the soldiers have taken more exercise than the collegians.

The hearts and lungs of the men are in excellent condition, while the soldiers as a body are in better shape physically, are stronger and healthier than in October. The skin of the men is clear and ruddy.

The figures for comparison in the Strength Test Table are from the records sent me by Dr. Geo. Meylan, the Director of the Columbia University Gymnasium. I understand that others than college men are represented in his data. In the figures given in my own tables I have omitted the small fractions in the main body of the tables, but have recorded them in the totals.

The greater portion of the training of the soldiers has been under the personal supervision of Wm. H. Callahan, M. D., the Medical Assistant at the Gymnasium, to whom I am indebted for help and suggestions. Mr. Wm. Chase, Mr. Anton Muller, Mr. John Stapleton, and Mr. H. R. Gladwin, Assistant Instructors in the Gymnasium, have led the drills and have looked after the actual muscular training of the men. I gladly acknowledge the co-operation of these gentlemen in the physical development of the squad.

A brief summary of my conclusions:—

The men were not above the average standard, physically, when they began their work, this standard being set by applicants for firemen and policemen, not by college students. At the end of their training they were much above the same standard, while their strength tests were far greater than the averages made by college men. They showed less improvement in increase in size than University men do under like gymnastic treatment, but the gain in self-confidence and in body-fibre was very evident. The gain in accuracy and skill was marked. The men showed interest in their work throughout the six months. At the end of the period of training the soldiers were in excellent condition in spite of the fact that in some cases there was a slight loss of body-weight. This loss is not to be attributed necessarily to the diet, because most men who exercise lose slightly if there is an excess of adipose tissue.

Respectfully yours,

(Signed) W. G. ANDERSON.

Dr. Anderson furnishes the following “Notes” descriptive of the methods by which the strength tests were made:

“_Strength of Back._ The subject, standing upon the iron foot-rest with the dynamometer so arranged that when grasping the handles with both hands his body will be inclined forward at an angle of 60 degrees, should take a full breath and, without bending the knees, give one hard lift, mostly with the back.

“_Strength of Legs._ The subject while standing on the foot-rest with body and head erect, and chest thrown forward, should sink down, by bending the knees, until the handle grasped rests against the thighs, then taking a full breath, he should lift hard principally with the legs, using the hands to hold the handle in place.

“_Strength of Chest._ The subject with his elbows extended at the sides until the forearms are on the same horizontal plane and holding the dynamometer so that the dial will face outward and the indicator point upward, should take a full breath and push vigorously against the handles, allowing the back of the instrument to press on the chest.

“_Strength of Upper Arms, Triceps._ The subject, while holding the position of rest upon the parallel bars, supporting his weight with arms straight, should let the body down until the chin is level with the bars, and then push it up again until the arms are fully extended. Note the number of times that he can lift himself in this manner.

“_Strength of Upper Arms, Biceps._ The subject should grasp a horizontal bar or pair of rings and hang with the feet clear from the floor while the arms are extended. Note the number of times that he can haul his body up until his chin touches the bar or ring.

“_Strength of Forearms._ The subject, while holding the dynamometer so that the dial is turned inward, should squeeze the spring as hard as possible, first with the right hand then with the left. The strength of the muscles between the shoulders may be tested with the same instrument. The subject, while holding the dynamometer on a level with the chest, should grasp it with handles and pull both arms from the centre outward.

“_The total strength_ is ascertained by multiplying the weight by the number of times it has been raised (push up and pull up), to this product we add the strength of hands, legs, back, and chest. The result is the total strength of the man. In some cases the product obtained by multiplying the weight by push up and pull up is divided by ten to reduce the size of the figures. We have not done so here.

“The run, vault, and ladder tests are not figured in. The lung capacity is also omitted from the final figures.”

* * * * *

The following tables furnished by Dr. Anderson and Dr. Callahan give (1) the _measurements_ of the eleven men who completed the experiment, taken on October 12, 1903, and April 2, 1904. For comparison are also given measurements of Yale College students, athletes, etc. (2) _Strength_ or dynamometer tests, _i. e._, the first test taken in October and the final test taken in April, 1904, together with Columbia University strength tests for comparison. (3) A series of eleven tables giving for each man the individual strength tests, two or three each month, taken during the stay of the detachment in New Haven. Study of these individual results is quite interesting, since it shows very strikingly the gradual gain in strength of the men, and at the same time illustrates how temporary conditions, bodily or mental, may influence a record of this character, more noticeable in some individuals than in others. Mental stimulus, as is well known, counts for much in the manifestation of muscular power, but the neuro-muscular mechanism depends for its highest efficiency upon the nutritive condition of the tissues as much as does the muscle tissue alone. In the obtaining of a strength test, it is usually found that the best results are recorded when there is competition among the men; _i. e._, under the influence of an outside stimulus.

MEASUREMENTS.

(OCTOBER 12—APRIL 2.)

+---------------+--------+-----+------+-------+---------+---------+ | |Weight.*|Girth|Waist.| Chest | Chest | Chest | | | |Neck.| |Normal.|Inflated.|Deflated.| +---------------+--------+-----+------+-------+---------+---------+ |Henderson | 157 | 362 | 755 | 953 | 1035 | 890 | | | 153 | 369 | 731 | 942 | 1025 | 886 | | | | | | | | | |Oakman | 145 | 344 | 738 | 888 | 947 | 793 | | | 137 | 336 | 727 | 869 | 938 | 795 | | | | | | | | | |Morris | 129 | 340 | 713 | 850 | 932 | 831 | | | 131 | 351 | 719 | 862 | 938 | 834 | | | | | | | | | |Zooman | 120 | 350 | 713 | 868 | 920 | 804 | | | 122 | 360 | 712 | 859 | 914 | 803 | | | | | | | | | |Coffman | 129 | 352 | 738 | 860 | 923 | 815 | | | 127 | 349 | 716 | 857 | 931 | 818 | | | | | | | | | |Steltz | 116 | 330 | 713 | 815 | 850 | 779 | | | 115 | 330 | 717 | 821 | 857 | 771 | | | | | | | | | |Loewenthal | 133 | 338 | 680 | 835 | 881 | 822 | | | 130 | 341 | 684 | 840 | 890 | 819 | | | | | | | | | |Sliney | 135 | 359 | 718 | 824 | 930 | 823 | | | 133 | 361 | 702 | 834 | 926 | 813 | | | | | | | | | |Fritz | 167 | 390 | 860 | 880 | 930 | 860 | | | 161 | 361 | 795 | 892 | 997 | 855 | | | | | | | | | |Cohn | 142 | 363 | 810 | 871 | 912 | 832 | | | 138 | 354 | 771 | 878 | 914 | 818 | | | | | | | | | |Broyles | 130 | 356 | 710 | 851 | 941 | 805 | | | 133 | 370 | 720 | 864 | 966 | 798 | +---------------+--------+-----+------+-------+---------+---------+ |Yale College† | 139 | 350 | 730 | 861 | 910 | | | | | | | | | | |Yale College‡ | 147 | 357 | 747 | 886 | 940 | | +---------------+--------+-----+------+-------+---------+---------+