Part 48

Rice 186 × 0.36 = 0.670 grams. Syrup 72 × 0.024 = 0.017 Coffee 100 + 100 = 200 × 0.06 = 0.120 Sugar 21 + 14 = 35 × 0.00 = 0.000 Orange 80 × 0.20 = 0.160 Cream 50 + 50 + 50 = 150 × 0.45 = 0.675 Bread 34 × 1.66 = 0.564 Butter 19 × 0.15 = 0.029 Celery soup 125 × 0.48 = 0.600 Onion 127 × 0.30 = 0.381 Prunes 189 × 0.17 = 0.321 Potato 150 × 0.26 = 0.390 Tomato sauce 50 × 0.23 = 0.115 Tomato soup 125 × 0.19 = 0.238 Bread 20.5 × 1.82 = 0.373 Fried potato 100 × 0.46 = 0.460 Spinach 130 × 0.54 = 0.702 Cream pie 158 × 0.93 = 1.469 Ginger ale 250 × 0.00 = 0.000 ------ Total nitrogen in food 7.284 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 7.340

Fuel value of the food 2422 calories.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Donahue._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces[43] (dry).

May 18 8.119 grams. 5.75 grams. 19 9.482 6.64 15 grams. 20 10.560 8.45 21 8.992 8.64 22 9.025 8.53 23 8.393 7.69 89 24 7.284 7.34 24 ------ ------ ------ 128 grams contain 6.40% N. 61.855 53.04 + 8.192 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 61.855 grams nitrogen. 61.232 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days = +0.623 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = +0.089 grams.

Average Intake.

Calories per day 2450. Nitrogen per day 8.83 grams.

Examination of these data shows that the total amount of nitrogen ingested for the seven days was 61.855 grams, while there were eliminated in the urine 53.04 grams and through the fæces 8.192 grams of nitrogen, thus showing a plus balance for the period of 0.623 gram of nitrogen. In other words, with an average daily intake of 8.83 grams of nitrogen and with an average fuel value of the food amounting to only 2450 calories per day, the body was not only kept from loss, but was able to store up a little nitrogen for future needs. Surely, one could not ask for any better demonstration of physiological economy in nutrition than these data, for this seven days’ period, afford.

Further, it should be mentioned, as confirmatory of the view that this subject had long been in a condition of nitrogenous equilibrium on about this quantity of food, that the average daily excretion of metabolized nitrogen during this seven days’ period was 7.57 grams, while the average daily excretion from April 13 to June 15 was 7.39 grams of nitrogen. Finally, attention may be called to the fact that the ingestion of 8.83 grams of nitrogen corresponds to 55.18 grams of proteid food, while an excretion of 7.57 grams of nitrogen means the metabolism of 47.3 grams of proteid matter. A saving of more than fifty per cent in proteid food and proteid metabolism, with maintenance of body and nitrogen equilibrium with its possible physiological gains is not to be ignored.

* * * * *

With Jacobus, a similar trial for nitrogen balance gave the following results:

JACOBUS.

_Wednesday, May 18, 1904._

Breakfast.—Banana 73 grams, fried rice 100 grams, syrup 58 grams, bread 48 grams, butter 15 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 118 grams, sugar 35 grams.

Lunch.—Tomato soup 105 grams, sweet potato 61.5 grams, farina croquette 91 grams, syrup 49 grams, bread 35 grams, butter 23 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 46 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Consommé 155 grams, Hamburg steak 67 grams, spinach 30 grams, potato 150 grams, bread 27 grams, butter 8 grams, pie 110 grams, cream 61 grams, sugar 10 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Butter 15 + 23 + 8 = 46 × 0.15 = 0.069 grams. Banana 73 × 0.23 = 0.168 Fried rice 100 × 0.75 = 0.750 Bread 48 × 1.66 = 0.797 Cream 118 + 46 + 61 = 225 × 0.46 = 1.035 Sugar 35 + 21 + 10 = 66 × 0.00 = 0.000 Coffee 150 + 150 = 300 × 0.06 = 0.180 Syrup 58 + 49 = 107 × 0.024 = 0.026 Tomato soup 105 × 0.41 = 0.431 Bread 35 × 1.60 = 0.560 Farina croquette 91 × 1.09 = 0.991 Sweet potato 61.5 × 0.32 = 0.197 Consommé 155 × 0.38 = 0.589 Potato 150 × 0.38 = 0.570 Hamburg steak 67 × 3.64 = 2.439 Bread 27 × 1.80 = 0.486 Spinach 30 × 0.53 = 0.159 Pie 110 × 0.43 = 0.473 ------ Total nitrogen in food 9.920 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 6.750

Fuel value of the food 2846 calories.

_Thursday, May 19, 1904._

Breakfast.—Banana 105 grams, baked potato 79 grams, bread 40 grams, butter 15 grams, coffee 225 grams, cream 85 grams, sugar 24 grams.

Lunch.—Omelette (plain) 60 grams, fried hominy 68 grams, syrup 48 grams, potato 100 grams, boiled onion 81 grams, bread 45 grams, butter 14.5 grams, apple pudding 117 grams, sugar 10 grams, cream 40 grams.

Dinner.—Soup 100 grams, bacon 31 grams, baked macaroni 53 grams, fried sweet potato 55 grams, boiled Indian-meal 50 grams, bread 35 grams, butter 15 grams, coffee 155 grams, cream 96 grams, sugar 31 grams, chocolate 40 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Banana 105 × 0.23 = 0.242 grams. Bread 40 × 1.54 = 0.616 Cream 85 + 40 + 96 = 221 × 0.47 = 1.038 Coffee 225 + 155 = 380 × 0.06 = 0.228 Sugar 10 + 24 + 31 = 65 × 0.00 = 0.000 Potato 79 × 0.49 = 0.387 Butter 15 + 14.5 + 15 = 44.5 × 0.15 = 0.067 Bread 45 × 1.60 = 0.720 Onion 81 × 0.27 = 0.219 Fried hominy 68 × 0.67 = 0.456 Eggs (omelette) 60 × 1.58 = 0.948 Potato 100 × 0.49 = 0.490 Syrup 48 × 0.024 = 0.012 Apple pudding 117 × 0.28 = 0.328 Soup 100 × 0.53 = 0.530 Bread 35 × 1.74 = 0.609 Fried sweet potato 55 × 0.38 = 0.209 Bacon 31 × 3.00 = 0.930 Baked macaroni 53 × 0.93 = 0.493 Boiled Indian-meal 50 × 0.20 = 0.100 Chocolate 40 × 0.73 = 0.292 ------ Total nitrogen in food 8.914 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 6.270

Fuel value of the food 2831 calories.

_Friday, May 20, 1904._

Breakfast.—Orange 70 grams, fried hominy 57 grams, syrup 48 grams, baked potato 113 grams, bread 34 grams, butter 16 grams, coffee 75 grams, cream 33 grams, sugar 10 grams.

Lunch.—Fish-cake 88 grams, fried hominy 61 grams, syrup 32 grams, potato 100 grams, bread 45 grams, butter 22.5 grams, coffee 75 grams, cream 35 grams, sugar 10 grams, bread pudding 81 grams.

Dinner.—Consommé 75 grams, boiled fish 99 grams, potato 132 grams, rice croquette 83 grams, syrup 50 grams, bread 49 grams, butter 19 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 48 grams, sugar 20 grams.

Evening.—Beer 375 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Butter 16 + 22.5 + 19 = 57.5 × 0.15 = 0.086 grams. Orange 70 × 0.20 = 0.140 Coffee 75 + 75 + 150 = 300 × 0.06 = 0.180 Cream 33 + 35 + 48 = 116 × 0.44 = 0.510 Sugar 10 + 10 + 20 = 40 × 0.00 = 0.000 Potato 113 × 0.40 = 0.452 Fried hominy 57 × 0.74 = 0.422 Bread 34 × 1.72 = 0.585 Syrup 48 + 32 + 50 = 130 × 0.024 = 0.031 Potato 100 × 0.30 = 0.300 Bread 45 × 1.71 = 0.770 Fried hominy 61 × 0.57 = 0.348 Fish-cake 88 × 1.22 = 1.074 Bread pudding 81 × 0.99 = 0.802 Bread 49 × 1.97 = 0.965 Fish 99 × 3.18 = 3.148 Potato 132 × 0.34 = 0.449 Rice croquette 83 × 1.06 = 0.880 Beer 375 × 0.069 = 0.259 Consommé 75 × 0.59 = 0.443 ------ Total nitrogen in food 11.844 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 7.290

Fuel value of the food 2914 calories.

_Saturday, May 21, 1904._

Breakfast.—Banana 72 grams, roll 48 grams, butter 7 grams, boiled Indian-meal 100 grams, cream 90 grams, sugar 17 grams.

Lunch.—Lamb chop 49 grams, potato 95 grams, tomato 91 grams, beans 45 grams, bread 49 grams, butter 13.5 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 28 grams, water ice 153 grams.

Dinner.—Soup 75 grams, bacon 12 grams, fried egg 50 grams, potato 100 grams, bread 40 grams, butter 9 grams, prunes 175 grams, coffee 75 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Butter 7 + 13.5 + 9 = 29.5 × 0.15 = 0.044 grams. Banana 72 × 0.23 = 0.167 Boiled Indian-meal 100 × 0.17 = 0.170 Cream 90 + 45 = 135 × 0.43 = 0.581 Sugar 17 + 28 = 45 × 0.00 = 0.000 Roll 48 × 1.65 = 0.792 Bread 49 × 1.82 = 0.892 Lamb chop 49 × 4.63 = 2.269 Potato 95 × 0.71 = 0.675 Coffee 150 + 75 = 225 × 0.06 = 0.135 Tomato 91 × 0.17 = 0.155 Water Ice 153 × 0.012 = 0.018 Bread 40 × 1.62 = 0.648 Soup 75 × 1.21 = 0.908 Prunes 175 × 0.16 = 0.280 Potato 100 × 0.60 = 0.600 Egg 50 × 2.27 = 1.135 Bacon 12 × 3.05 = 0.366 ------ Total nitrogen in food 9.835 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 7.070

Fuel value of the food 2157 calories.

_Sunday, May 22, 1904._

Breakfast.—Orange 44 grams, oatmeal 130 grams, roll 52 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 120 grams, sugar 30 grams.

Lunch.—Fried rice 72 grams, syrup 48 grams, boiled onions 70 grams, potato 100 grams, bread 33 grams, butter 14.5 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 45 grams, sugar 20 grams, ice cream 147 grams.

Dinner.—Soup 100 grams, chicken 75 grams, fried potato 50 grams, spinach 15 grams, bread 48 grams, butter 12 grams, coffee 75 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 14 grams, strawberry short-cake 201 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Orange 44 × 0.20 = 0.088 Oatmeal 130 × 0.43 = 0.559 Roll 52 × 1.67 = 0.868 Cream 45 + 120 + 50 = 215 × 0.45 = 0.968 Sugar 30 + 20 + 14 = 64 × 0.00 = 0.000 Coffee 150 + 150 + 75 = 375 × 0.06 = 0.225 Bread 33 × 1.57 = 0.518 Butter 14.5 + 12 = 26.5 × 0.15 = 0.040 Onions 70 × 0.25 = 0.175 Potato 100 × 0.30 = 0.300 Ice cream 147 × 0.53 = 0.779 Fried rice 72 × 0.75 = 0.540 Syrup 48 × 0.024 = 0.012 Bread 48 × 1.91 = 0.917 Soup 100 × 0.30 = 0.300 Chicken 75 × 3.02 = 2.265 Fried potato 50 × 0.37 = 0.185 Spinach 15 × 0.55 = 0.083 Strawberry short-cake 210 × 0.50 = 1.005 ------ Total nitrogen in food 9.827 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 7.620

Fuel value of the food 2836 calories.

_Monday, May 23, 1904._

Breakfast.—Banana 70 grams, roll 64 grams, butter 9 grams, coffee 75 grams, cream 85 grams, sugar 10 grams.

Lunch.—Boiled eggs 73 grams, fried potato 75 grams, bread 58 grams, butter 11.5 grams, apple sauce 90 grams, coffee 75 grams, cream 35 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Bacon 35 grams, potato croquette 47 grams, bread 39 grams, butter 9.5 grams, chocolate 45 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 15 grams, water ice 151 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Banana 70 × 0.23 = 0.161 grams. Butter 9 + 11.5 + 9.5 = 30 × 0.15 = 0.045 Cream 85 + 35 + 50 = 170 × 0.45 = 0.765 Sugar 10 + 21 + 15 = 46 × 0.00 = 0.000 Roll 64 × 1.63 = 1.043 Coffee 72 + 75 + 100 = 250 × 0.06 = 0.150 Fried potato 75 × 0.60 = 0.450 Bread 58 × 1.64 = 0.951 Eggs 73 × 2.07 = 1.511 Apple sauce 90 × 0.02 = 0.018 Potato croquette 47 × 0.77 = 0.362 Bacon 35 × 3.28 = 1.148 Bread 39 × 1.75 = 0.683 Chocolate 45 × 0.73 = 0.329 Water ice 151 × 0.006 = 0.009 ------ Total nitrogen in food 7.625 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 6.480

Fuel value of the food 2041 calories.

_Tuesday, May 24, 1904._

Breakfast.—Orange 80 grams, boiled rice 105 grams, roll 55 grams, butter 9 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 30 grams.

Lunch.—Soup 100 grams, fried potato 80 grams, boiled onions 130 grams, bread 44.5 grams, butter 12.5 grams, stewed prunes 108 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Hamburg steak 84 grams, mashed potato 135 grams, bread 14 grams, butter 3 grams, cream pie 153 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Rice 105 × 0.36 = 0.378 grams. Coffee 100 + 100 = 200 × 0.06 = 0.120 Orange 80 × 0.20 = 0.160 Roll 55 × 1.64 = 0.902 Butter 9 + 12.5 + 3 = 24.5 × 0.15 = 0.037 Sugar 30 + 21 = 51 × 0.00 = 0.000 Cream 50 + 50 = 100 × 0.45 = 0.450 Bread 44.5 × 1.66 = 0.739 Prunes 108 × 0.17 = 0.184 Soup (celery) 100 × 0.48 = 0.480 Onions 130 × 0.30 = 0.390 Potato (fried) 80 × 0.25 = 0.200 Potato (mashed) 135 × 0.46 = 0.621 Hamburg steak 84 × 3.96 = 3.326 Bread 14 × 1.82 = 0.255 Cream pie 153 × 0.93 = 1.423 ------ Total nitrogen in food 9.665 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 7.640

Fuel value of the food 2174 calories.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Jacobus._

Nitrogen Output. Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

May 18 9.920 grams. 6.75 grams. 5.0 grams. 19 8.914 6.27 10.0 20 11.844 7.29 30.0 21 9.835 7.07 28.3 22 9.827 7.62 20.7 23 7.625 6.48 18.8 24 9.665 7.64 32.0 ------ ------ ------ 144.8 grams contain 6.58 % N. 67.630 49.12 + 9.528 grams nitrogen. ------ ---------------------- 67.630 grams nitrogen. 58.648 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days = +8.982 grams. Nitrogen balance per day = +1.283 grams.

Average Intake.

Calories per day 2542. Nitrogen per day 9.661 grams.

During this balance period of seven days, 67.630 grams of nitrogen were taken in with the food, while 49.12 grams of nitrogen were excreted through the urine and 9.528 grams were passed out through the fæces. This means a large plus balance of 8.98 grams of nitrogen for the entire period, showing that the body was being supplied with considerably more proteid than was necessary for the establishment of nitrogen equilibrium. The average daily intake of nitrogen was 9.661 grams, whereas this might have been reduced to 8.4 grams per day with perfect assurance of nitrogen equilibrium being maintained. Further, it is to be noticed that the average daily intake of food for this period had a fuel value of only 2542 calories. The average daily excretion of metabolized nitrogen during the balance period was only 7.01 grams, while the average daily excretion for the last two months of the experiment amounted to 7.43 grams.

* * * * *

With Schenker the following results were obtained:

SCHENKER.

_Wednesday, May 18, 1904._

Breakfast.—None.

Lunch.—Bread 53 grams, butter 22 grams, stewed potato 148 grams, string beans 110 grams.

Dinner.—Consommé 200 grams, bread 84 grams, butter 35 grams, Hamburg steak 119 grams, boiled potato 200 grams, spinach 100 grams, apple pie 138 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Bread 53 × 1.60 = 0.848 grams. Stewed potato 148 × 0.32 = 0.474 Butter 22 + 35 = 57 × 0.15 = 0.086 String beans 110 × 0.34 = 0.374 Consommé 200 × 0.38 = 0.760 Bread 84 × 1.80 = 1.512 Hamburg steak 119 × 3.64 = 4.332 Potato 200 × 0.38 = 0.760 Spinach 100 × 0.53 = 0.530 Apple pie 138 × 0.43 = 0.593 ------ Total nitrogen in food 10.269 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 8.770

Fuel value of the food 2006 calories.

_Thursday, May 19, 1904._

Breakfast.—None.

Lunch.—Bread 82 grams, butter 32 grams, potato 232 grams, omelette 60 grams, apple-tapioca 180 grams.

Dinner.—Tomato soup 200 grams, bread 57 grams, butter 15 grams, macaroni 107 grams, fried sweet potato 100 grams, bacon 28 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Bread 82 × 1.60 = 1.312 grams. Butter 32 + 15 = 47 × 0.15 = 0.071 Potato 232 × 0.49 = 1.137 Omelette 60 × 1.58 = 0.948 Apple-tapioca 180 × 0.28 = 0.504 Bread 57 × 1.74 = 0.992 Tomato soup 200 × 0.53 = 1.060 Macaroni 107 × 0.93 = 0.995 Bacon 28 × 3.00 = 0.840 Fried sweet potato 100 × 0.38 = 0.380 ------ Total nitrogen in food 8.239 grams. Total nitrogen in urine 8.730

Fuel value of the food 1900 calories.

_Friday, May 20, 1904._

Breakfast.—Orange 70 grams, baked potato 142 grams, roll 84 grams, butter 32.5 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Lunch.—Fish-ball 85 grams, potato 175 grams, lima beans 60 grams, bread 57 grams, butter 17 grams, bread pudding 336 grams.

Dinner.—Consommé 150 grams, halibut 110 grams, potato 186 grams, string beans 50 grams, bread 72 grams, butter 18 grams, cranberry sauce 163 grams, sugar 19 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.