The Troubadours

We now reach a group of three troubadours whom Dante[21] selected as typical of certain characteristics: "Bertran de Born sung of arms, Arnaut Daniel of love, and Guiraut de Bor...

The feudal society in which troubadour poetry had flourished, and by which alone it could be maintained, was already showing signs of decadence. Its downfall was precipitated by...

Provençal literature contains examples of almost every poetical _genre_. Epic poetry is represented by Girart of Roussillon,[12] a story of long struggles between Charles Martel...

The South of France had been connected with the North of Spain from a period long antecedent to the first appearance of troubadour poetry. As early as the Visigoth period, Catal...

Provençal influence in Germany is apparent in the lyric poetry of the minnesingers. Of these, two schools existed, connected geographically with two great rivers. The earlier, t...

To study the development of troubadour literature only in the country of its origin would be to gain a very incomplete idea of its influence. The movement, as we have already sa...

Few literatures have exerted so profound an influence upon the literary history of other peoples as the poetry of the troubadours. Attaining the highest point of technical perfe...

The earliest troubadour known to us is William IX, Count of Poitiers (1071-1127) who led an army of thirty thousand men to the unfortunate crusade of 1101. He lived an adventuro...

Troubador poetry dealt with war, politics, personal satire and other subjects: but the theme which is predominant and in which real originality was shown, is love. The troubadou...

Troubadour influence in Germany is discussed at greater or less length in most histories of German literature. See Jeanroy, _Origines_, p. 270 ff. A. Lüderitz, _Die Liebestheori...

26. The best short account of the Albigenses is to be found in vol. i. of H.C. Lea's _Histoire de L'Inquisition au moyen âge_, Paris, 1903. This, the French translation, is supe...

13. J. B. Beck, _Die Melodien der Troubadours_, Strasburg, 1908. _La Musique des Troubadours_, Paris, 1910, by the same author, who there promised a selection of songs harmonize...

Most histories of Italian literature deal with this subject. See Gaspary's _Italian Literature to the death of Dante_: H. Oelsner, Bohn's Libraries. See also the chapter, _La po...

Milà y Fontañals, _Los trovadores en España_, Barcelona, 1861, remains the best work on the subject. On Portugal, the article in Gröber's _Grundriss_, ii. 2, p. 129, by C. Micha...

18. "Paubre motz"; also interpreted as "scanty words," i.e. poems with short lines. On Jaufre Rudel in literature, see a lecture by Carducci, Bologna 1888. The latest theory of...