A Manual of Elementary Geology or, The Ancient Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants as Illustrated by Geological Monuments

Werner's doctrine that mineral veins were fissures filled from above--Veins of segregation--Ordinary metalliferous veins or lodes--Their frequent coincidence with faults--Proofs...

Why the position of marine strata, above the level of the sea, should be referred to the rising up of the land, not to the going down of the sea--Upheaval of extensive masses of...

General principles of classification of tertiary strata--Detached formations scattered over Europe--Strata of Paris and London--More modern groups--Peculiar difficulties in dete...

It will be seen on comparing this analysis of the contents of the "Principles" with the headings of the chapters of the present work (see p. xxiii.), that the two treatises have...

Difficulty of interpreting the phenomena of drift before the glacial hypothesis was adopted--Effects of intense cold in augmenting the quantity of alluvium--Analogy of erratics...

Physical geography of certain districts composed of Cretaceous and Wealden strata--Lines of inland chalk-cliffs on the Seine in Normandy--Outstanding pillars and needles of chal...

Trap dikes--sometimes project--sometimes leave fissures vacant by decomposition--Branches and veins of trap--Dikes more crystalline in the centre--Foreign fragments of rock imbe...

Eocene areas in England and France--Tabular view of French Eocene strata--Upper Eocene group of the Paris basin--Same beds in Belgium and at Berlin--Mayence tertiary strata--Fre...

Subdivisions of the Eocene group in the Paris basin--Gypseous series--Extinct quadrupeds--Impulse given to geology by Cuvier's osteological discoveries--Shelly sands called sabl...

Carboniferous strata in the south-west of England--Superposition of Coal-measures to Mountain limestone--Departure from this type in North of England and Scotland--Section in So...

Distinction between New and Old Red Sandstone--Between Upper and Lower New Red--The Trias and its three divisions--Most largely developed in Germany--Keuper and its fossils--Mus...

Volcanic rocks of the Pliocene and Miocene periods continued--Auvergne--Mont Dor--Breccias and alluviums of Mont Perrier, with bones of quadrupeds--River dammed up by lava-curre...

Denudation defined--Its amount equal to the entire mass of stratified deposits in the earth's crust--Horizontal sandstone denuded in Ross-shire--Levelled surface of countries in...

Divisions of the cretaceous series in North-Western Europe--Upper cretaceous strata--Maestricht beds--Chalk of Faxoe--White chalk--Characteristic fossils--Extinct cephalopoda--S...

Difficulty in ascertaining the precise age of a plutonic rock--Test of age by relative position--Test by intrusion and alteration--Test by mineral composition--Test by included...

Trap rocks--Name, whence derived--Their igneous origin at first doubted--Their general appearance and character--Volcanic cones and craters, how formed--Mineral composition and...

Chronological classification of Pleistocene formations, why difficult--Freshwater deposits in valley of Thames--In Norfolk cliffs--In Patagonia--Comparative longevity of species...

Coal-fields of the United States--Section of the country between the Atlantic and Mississippi--Position of land in the carboniferous period eastward of the Alleghanies--Mechanic...

Strata of Suffolk termed Red and Coralline crag--Fossils, and proportion of recent species--Depth of sea and climate--Reference of Suffolk crag to the older Pliocene period--Mig...

Volcanic rocks of the Older Pliocene period--Tuscany--Rome--Volcanic region of Olot in Catalonia--Cones and lava-currents--Ravines and ancient gravel-beds--Jets of air called Bu...

Subdivisions of the Oolitic or Jurassic group--Physical geography of the Oolite in England and France--Upper Oolite--Portland stone and fossils--Lithographic stone of Solenhofen...

The Wealden divisible into Weald Clay, Hastings Sand, and Purbeck Beds--Intercalated between two marine formations--Weald clay and Cypris-bearing strata--Iguanodon--Hastings san...

Chemical and mechanical deposits--Cementing together of particles--Hardening by exposure to air--Concretionary nodules--Consolidating effects of pressure--Mineralization of orga...

In pursuance of the arrangement explained in the last chapter, we shall begin by examining the aqueous or sedimentary rocks, which are for the most part distinctly stratified, a...

Tests of relative age of volcanic rocks--Test by superposition and intrusion--Dike of Quarrington Hill, Durham--Test by alteration of rocks in contact--Test by organic remains--...

Geology defined--Successive formation of the earth's crust--Classification of rocks according to their origin and age--Aqueous rocks--Their stratification and imbedded fossils--...

Silurian strata formerly called transition--Term grauwacke--Subdivisions of Upper and Lower Silurian--Ludlow formation and fossils--Wenlock formation, corals and shells--Caradoc...

Between the superficial covering of vegetable mould and the subjacent rock there usually intervenes in every district a deposit of loose gravel, sand, and mud, to which the name...

Mineral character of Lias--Name of Gryphite limestone--Fossil shells and fish--Ichthyodorulites--Reptiles of the Lias--Ichthyosaur and Plesiosaur--Marine Reptile of the Galapago...

General aspect of granite--Decomposing into spherical masses--Rude columnar structure--Analogy and difference of volcanic and plutonic formations--Minerals in granite, and their...

Successive deposition indicated by fossils--Limestones formed of corals and shells Proofs of gradual increase of strata derived from fossils--Serpula attached to spatangus--Wood...

Drift of Scandinavia, northern Germany, and Russia--Its northern origin--Not all of the same age--Fundamental rocks polished, grooved, and scratched--Action of glaciers and iceb...

General character of metamorphic rocks--Gneiss--Hornblende-schist-- Mica-schist--Clay-slate--Quartzite--Chlorite-schist--Metamorphic limestone--Alphabetical list and explanation...

Strata near some intrusive masses of granite converted into rocks identical with different members of the metamorphic series--Arguments hence derived as to the nature of plutoni...

The use of capital letters in names, scientific classifications, locations, and time periods/eras is not consistent in this book, they have been kept as printed and only changed...

On the three principal tests of relative age--superposition, mineral character, and fossils--Change of mineral character and fossils in the same continuous formation--Proofs tha...

Age of each set of metamorphic strata twofold--Test of age by fossils and mineral character not available--Test by superposition ambiguous--Conversion of dense masses of fossili...

Aqueous, plutonic, volcanic, and metamorphic rocks, considered chronologically--Lehman's division into primitive and secondary--Werner's addition of a transition class--Neptunia...

Old Red Sandstone of Scotland, and borders of Wales--Fossils usually rare--"Old Red" in Forfarshire--Ichthyolites of Caithness--Distinct lithological type of Old Red in Devon an...

Fossils of Magnesian Limestone and Lower New Red distinct from the Triassic--Term Permian--English and German equivalents--Marine shells and corals of English Magnesian limeston...

Werner's doctrine that mineral veins were fissures filled from above--Veins of segregation--Ordinary metalliferous veins or lodes--Their frequent coincidence with faults--Proofs...

2. Circumstances which combined to make the first cultivators of the science regard the former course of nature as different from the present, and the former changes of the eart...

Distinction between New and Old Red Sandstone--Between Upper and Lower New Red--The Trias and its three divisions--Most largely developed in Germany--Keuper and its fossils--Mus...

Physical geography of certain districts composed of Cretaceous and Wealden strata--Lines of inland chalk-cliffs on the Seine in Normandy--Outstanding pillars and needles of chal...

General aspect of granite--Decomposing into spherical masses--Rude columnar structure--Analogy and difference of volcanic and plutonic formations--Minerals in granite, and their...

Why the position of marine strata, above the level of the sea, should be referred to the rising up of the land, not to the going down of the sea--Upheaval of extensive masses of...

Difficulty of interpreting the phenomena of drift before the glacial hypothesis was adopted--Effects of intense cold in augmenting the quantity of alluvium--Analogy of erratics...

Chronological classification of Pleistocene formations, why difficult--Freshwater deposits in valley of Thames--In Norfolk cliffs--In Patagonia--Comparative longevity of species...

Difficulty in ascertaining the precise age of a plutonic rock--Test of age by relative position--Test by intrusion and alteration--Test by mineral composition--Test by included...

Strata of Suffolk termed Red and Coralline crag--Fossils, and proportion of recent species--Depth of sea and climate--Reference of Suffolk crag to the older Pliocene period--Mig...

Coal-fields of the United States--Section of the country between the Atlantic and Mississippi--Position of land in the carboniferous period eastward of the Alleghanies--Mechanic...

Aqueous, plutonic, volcanic, and metamorphic rocks, considered chronologically--Lehman's division into primitive and secondary--Werner's addition of a transition class--Neptunia...

Subdivisions of the Eocene group in the Paris basin--Gypseous series--Extinct quadrupeds--Impulse given to geology by Cuvier's osteological discoveries--Shelly sands called sabl...

Eocene areas in England and France--Tabular view of French Eocene strata--Upper Eocene group of the Paris basin--Same beds in Belgium and at Berlin--Mayence tertiary strata--Fre...

Trap dike--sometimes project--sometimes leave fissures vacant by decomposition--Branches and veins of trap--Dikes more crystalline in the centre--Foreign fragments of rock imbed...

Volcanic rocks of the Pliocene and Miocene periods continued--Auvergne--Mont Dor--Breccias and alluviums of Mont Perrier, with bones of quadrupeds--River dammed up by lava-curre...

On the three principal tests of relative age--superposition, mineral character, and fossils--Change of mineral character and fossils in the same continuous formation--Proofs tha...

The Wealden divisible into Weald Clay, Hastings Sand, and Purbeck Beds--Intercalated between two marine formations--Weald clay and Cypris-bearing strata--Iguanodon--Hastings san...

Age of each set of metamorphic strata twofold--Test of age by fossils and mineral character not available--Test by superposition ambiguous--Conversion of dense masses of fossili...

Strata near some intrusive masses of granite converted into rocks identical with different members of the metamorphic series--Arguments hence derived as to the nature of plutoni...

Tests of relative age of volcanic rocks--Test by superposition and intrusion--Dike of Quarrington Hill, Durham--Test by alteration of rocks in contact--Test by organic remains--...

General principles of classification of tertiary strata--Detached formations scattered over Europe--Strata of Paris and London--More modern groups--Peculiar difficulties in dete...

Divisions of the cretaceous series in North-Western Europe--Upper cretaceous strata--Maestricht beds--Chalk of Faxoe--White chalk--Characteristic fossils--Extinct cephalopoda--S...

Old Red Sandstone of Scotland, and borders of Wales--Fossils usually rare--"Old Red" in Forfarshire--Ichthyolites of Caithness--Distinct lithological type of Old Red in Devon an...

Chemical and mechanical deposits--Cementing together of particles--Hardening by exposure to air--Concretionary nodules--Consolidating effects of pressure--Mineralization of orga...

Silurian strata formerly called transition--Term grauwacke--Subdivisions of Upper and Lower Silurian--Ludlow formation and fossils--Wenlock formation, corals and shells--Caradoc...

Trap rocks--Name, whence derived--Their igneous origin at first doubted--Their general appearance and character--Volcanic cones and craters, how formed--Mineral composition and...

Successive deposition indicated by fossils--Limestones formed of corals and shells--Proofs of gradual increase of strata derived from fossils--Serpula attached to spatangus--Woo...

Carboniferous strata in the south-west of England--Superposition of Coal-measures to Mountain limestone--Departure from this type in north of England and Scotland--Section in So...

Geology defined--Successive formation of the earth's crust--Classification of rocks according to their origin and age--Aqueous rocks--Their stratification and imbedded fossils--...

Denudation defined--Its amount equal to the entire mass of stratified deposits in the earth's crust--Horizontal sandstone denuded in Ross-shire--Levelled surface of countries in...

Subdivisions of the Oolitic or Jurassic group--Physical geography of the Oolite in England and France--Upper Oolite--Portland stone and fossils--Lithographic stone of Solenhofen...

Mineral character of Lias--Name of Gryphite limestone--Fossil shells and fish--Ichthyodorulites--Reptiles of the Lias--Ichthyosaur and Plesiosaur--Marine Reptile of the Galapago...

Volcanic rocks of the Older Pliocene period--Tuscany--Rome--Volcanic region of Olot in Catalonia--Cones and lava-currents--Ravines and ancient gravel-beds--Jets of air called Bu...

Fossils of Magnesian Limestone and Lower New Red distinct from the Triassic--Term Permian--English and German equivalents--Marine shells and corals of English Magnesian limeston...

Drift of Scandinavia, northern Germany, and Russia--Its northern origin--Not all of the same age--Fundamental rocks polished, grooved, and scratched--Action of glaciers and iceb...

General character of metamorphic rocks--Gneiss--Hornblende-schist --Mica-schist--Clay-slate--Quartzite--Chlorite-schist--Metamorphic limestone--Alphabetical list and explanation...