CHAPTER V.

ELEVATION OF STRATA ABOVE THE SEA--HORIZONTAL AND INCLINED STRATIFICATION.

Why the position of marine strata, above the level of the sea, should be referred to the rising up of the land, not to the going down of the sea--Upheaval of extensive masses of horizontal strata--Inclined and vertical stratification--Anticlinal and synclinal lines--Bent strata in east of Scotland--Theory of folding by lateral movement--Creeps--Dip and strike--Structure of the Jura--Various forms of outcrop--Rocks broken by flexure--Inverted position of disturbed strata--Unconformable stratification--Hutton and Playfair on the same--Fractures of strata--Polished surfaces--Faults--Appearance of repeated alternations produced by them--Origin of great faults Page 44