The Elements of Botany, For Beginners and For Schools

441. In ordinary leaves, having an upper and under surface, the green cells form two distinct strata, of different arrangement. Those of the upper stratum are oblong or cylindri...

521. =Individuals.= Mineral things occur as _masses_, which are divisible into smaller and still smaller ones without alteration of properties. But organic things (vegetables an...

110. =A Tuber= may be understood to be a portion of a rootstock thickened, and with buds (eyes) on the sides. Of course, there are all gradations between a tuber and a rootstock...

40. =Monocotyledonous= (meaning with single cotyledon) is the name of the one-cotyledoned sort of embryo. This goes along with peculiarities in stem, leaves, and flowers, which...

184. No two or more leaves ever grow from the same point. The so-called _Fascicled_ or _Clustered_ leaves are the leaves of a branch the nodes of which are very close, just as t...

A STIPE. This name, which means simply a trunk or stalk, is used in botany for various stalks, even for the leaf-stalk in Ferns. It is also applied to the stalk or petiole of a...

468. =Twining Stems= (Fig. 90). The growing upper end of such stems, as is familiar in the Hop, Pole Beans, and Morning-Glory, turns over in an inclined or horizontal direction,...

408. =Wood.= This is found in all common herbs, as well as in shrubs and trees, but the former have much less of it in proportion to the softer cellular tissue. It is formed ver...

370. =The Capsule=, the dry and dehiscent fruit of any compound pistil. The capsule may discharge its seeds through chinks or pores, as in the Poppy, or burst irregularly in som...

11. On committing these seeds to moist and warm soil they soon sprout, i. e. _germinate_. The very short stem-part of the embryo is the first to grow. It lengthens, protrudes it...

73. The absorbing surface of young roots is much increased by the formation, near their tips, of ROOT-HAIRS (Fig. 81, 82), which are delicate tubular outgrowths from the surface...

229. =The Floral Envelopes=, taken together, are sometimes called the PERIANTH, also _Perigone_, in Latin form _Perigonium_. In a flower which possesses its full number of organ...

_Parted_, when the incisions are still deeper, but yet do not quite reach to the midrib or the base of the blade; as in Fig. 150, 154. And the terms _two-parted_, _three-parted_...

262. Such petals, and various others, may have an outgrowth of the inner face into an appendage or fringe, as in Soapwort, and in Silene (Fig. 259), where it is at the junction...

CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONES GYMNOSPERMEAE, in English GYMNOSPERMS. No ovary or pericarp, but ovules and seeds naked, and no proper calyx nor corolla. Embryo dicotyledonous or polyco...

292. By confluence, when the two cells run together into one, as they nearly do in most species of Pentstemon (Fig. 297), more so in Monarda (Fig. 300), and completely in the Ma...

_Penta-_ (in words of Greek composition), five; as _Pentadelphous_, 99; _Pentagynous_, with five pistils or styles; _Pentamerous_, with its parts in fives, or on the plan of fiv...

496. =Azolla= is a little floating plant, looking like a small Liverwort or Moss. Its branches are covered with minute and scale-shaped leaves. On the under side of the branches...

_Glands_, small cellular organs which secrete oily or aromatic or other products; they are sometimes sunk in the leaves or rind, as in the Orange, Prickly Ash, &c.; sometimes on...

_Disk_, the face of any flat body; the central part of a head of flowers, like the Sunflower, or Coreopsis, as opposed to the ray or margin; a fleshy expansion of the receptacle...

In the Latin-1 text version, the oe-ligature was simply replaced by the two separate characters. Other non-Latin-1 symbols were replaced by "[Symbol ...]," where the ellipsis wa...

This volume takes the place of the author's Lessons in Botany and Vegetable Physiology, published over a quarter of a century ago. It is constructed on the same lines, and is a...

_Adans._ = Adanson. _Ait._ Aiton. _All._ Allioni. _Andr._ Andrews. _Arn._ Arnott. _Aub._ Aublet. _Bartr._ Bartram. _Beauv._ Palisot de Beauvois. _Benth._ Bentham. _Bernh._ Bernh...