Part 23

_Spikelet_, a small or a secondary spike; the inflorescence of Grasses.

_Spine_, 41, 64.

_Spindle-shaped_, tapering to each end, like a radish, 36.

_Spinescent_, tipped by or degenerating into a thorn.

_Spinose_, or _Spiniferous_, thorny.

_Spiral Vessels_ or _ducts_, 135.

_Spithameous_, span-high.

_Spora_, Greek name for seed, used in compound words.

_Sporadic_, widely dispersed.

_Sporangium_, a spore-case in Ferns, &c., 158.

_Spore_, a body resulting from the fructification of Cryptogamous plants, in them the analogue of a seed.

_Spore-case_ (_Sporangium_), 158.

_Sporocarp_, 162.

_Sport_, a newly appeared variation, 176.

_Sporule_, same as a spore, or a small spore.

_Spumescent_, appearing like froth.

_Spur_, any projecting appendage of the flower, looking like a spur but hollow, as that of Larkspur, fig. 239.

_Squamate_, _Squamose_, or _Squamaceous_, furnished with scales (_squamae_).

_Squamellate_, or _Squamulose_, furnished with little scales (_Squamellae_, or _Squamulae_).

_Squamiform_, shaped like a scale.

_Squarrose_, where scales, leaves, or any appendages spread widely from the axis on which they are thickly set.

_Squarrulose_, diminutive of _squarrose_; slightly squarrose.

_Stachys_, Greek for spike.

_Stalk_, the stem, petiole, peduncle, &c., as the case may be.

_Stamen_, 14, 80, 98.

_Staminate_, furnished with stamens, 86. _Stamineal_, relating to the stamens.

_Staminodium_, an abortive stamen, or other body in place of a stamem.

_Standard_, the upper petal of a papilionaceous corolla, 92.

_Starch_, 136, 163.

_Station_, the particular kind of situation in which a plant naturally occurs.

_Stellate_, _Stellular_, starry or star-like; where several similar parts spread out from a common centre, like a star.

_Stem_, 39. _Stemlet_, diminutive stem.

_Stemless_, destitute or apparently destitute of stem.

_Stenos_, Greek for narrow; hence _Stenophyllous_, narrow-leaved, &c.

_Sterile_, barren or imperfect.

_Stigma_, the part of the pistil which receives the pollen, 14, 80, 105.

_Stigmatic_, or _Stigmatose_, belonging to the stigma.

_Stipe_ (Latin _Stipes_), the stalk of a pistil, &c., when it has any, 112; also of a Fern, 158, and of a Mushroom, 172.

_Stipel_, a stipule of a leaflet, as of the Bean, &c.

_Stipellate_, furnished with stipels, as in the Bean tribe.

_Stipitate_, furnished with a stipe.

_Stipulaceous_, belonging to stipules. _Stipulate_, furnished with stipules.

_Stipules_, the appendages on each side of the base of certain leaves, 66.

_Stirps_ (plural, _stirpes_), Latin for race.

_Stock_, used for race or source. Also for any root-like base from which the herb grows up.

_Stole_, or _Stolon_, a trailing or reclined and rooting shoot, 40.

_Stoloniferous_, producing stolons.

_Stomate_ (Latin _Stoma_, plural _Stomata_), the breathing-pores of leaves, 144.

_Stone-fruit_, 119.

_Storage-leaves_, 62.

_Stramineous_, straw-like, or straw-colored.

_Strap-shaped_, long, flat, and narrow.

_Striate_, or _Striated_, marked with slender longitudinal grooves or stripes.

_Strict_, close and narrow; straight and narrow.

_Strigillose_, _Strigose_, beset with stout and appressed, stiff or rigid bristles.

_Strobilaceous_, relating to or resembling a

_Strobile_, a multiple fruit in the form of a cone or head, 124.

_Strombuliform_, twisted, like a spiral shell.

_Strophiole_, same as _caruncle_, 126. _Strophiolate_, furnished with a strophiole.

_Struma_, a wen; a swelling or protuberance of any organ.

_Strumose_, bearing a struma.

_Stupose_, like tow.

_Style_, a stalk between ovary and stigma, 14, 80, 105.

_Styliferous_, _Stylose_, bearing styles or conspicuous ones.

_Stylopodium_, an epigynous disk, or an enlargement at the base of the style.

_Sub-_, as a prefix, about, nearly, somewhat; as _Subcordate_, slightly cordate; _Subserrate_, slightly serrate; _Subaxillary_, just beneath the axil, &c.

_Subclass_, _Suborder_, _Subtribe_, 178.

_Suberose_, corky or cork-like in texture.

_Subulate_, awl-shaped; tapering from a broadish or thickish base to a sharp point.

_Succise_, as if cut off at lower end.

_Succubous_, when crowded leaves are each covered by base of next above.

_Suckers_, shoots from subterranean branches, 39.

_Suffrutescent_, slightly shrubby or woody at the base only, 39.

_Suffruticose_, rather more than suffrutescent, 37, 39.

_Sulcate_, grooved longitudinally with deep furrows.

_Superior_, above, 96; sometimes equivalent to posterior, 96.

_Supernumerary Buds_, 30, 31.

_Supervolute_, plaited and convolute in bud, 97.

_Supine_, lying flat, with face upward.

_Supra-axillary_, borne above the axil, as some buds, 31.

_Supra-decompound_, many times compounded or divided.

_Surculose_, producing suckers (_Surculi_) or shoots resembling them.

_Suspended_, hanging down. Suspended ovules or seeds hang from the very summit of the cell which contains them.

_Sutural_, belonging or relating to a suture.

_Suture_, the line of junction of contiguous parts grown together, 106.

_Sword-shaped_, applied to narrow leaves, with acute parallel edges, tapering above.

_Syconium_, the fig-fruit, 124.

_Sylvestrine_, growing in woods.

_Symmetrical Flower_, similar in the number of parts of each set, 82.

_Sympetalous_, same as gamopetalous.

_Sympode_, _Sympodium_, a stem composed of a series of superposed branches in such a way as to imitate a simple axis, as in Grape-vine.

_Synantherous_ or _Syngenesious_, where stamens are united by their anthers, 100.

_Syncarpous_ (fruit or pistil), composed of several carpels consolidated into one.

_Synonym_, an equivalent superseded name.

_Synsepalous_, same as gamosepalous.

_System_ (artificial and natural), 182, 183.

_Systematic Botany_, the study of plants after their kinds, 9.

_Tabescent_, wasting or shrivelling.

_Tail_, any long and slender prolongation of an organ.

_Taper-pointed_, same as acuminate, 54.

_Tap-root_, a root with a stout tapering body, 32-35.

_Tawny_, dull yellowish, with a tinge of brown.

_Taxonomy_, the part of botany which treats of classification.

_Tegmen_, a name for the inner seed-coat.

_Tendril_, a thread-shaped organ used for climbing, 40.

_Terete_, long and round; same as _cylindrical_, only it may taper.

_Terminal_, borne at, or belonging to, the extremity or summit.

_Terminology_ treats of technical terms; same as _Glossology_, 181.

_Ternate_, _Ternately_, in threes.

_Tessellate_, in checker-work.

_Testa_, the outer (and usually the harder) coat or shell of the seed, 125.

_Testaceous_, the color of unglazed pottery.

_Tetra-_ (in words of Greek composition), four; as, _Tetracoccous_, of four cocci.

_Tetradynamous_, where a flower has six stamens, two shorter than the four, 101.

_Tetragonal_, four-angled. _Tetragynous_, with four pistils or styles. _Tetramerous_, with its parts or sets in fours. _Tetrandrous_, with four stamens, 100.

_Tetraspore_, a quadruple spore, 169.

_Thalamaflorous_, with petals and stamens inserted on the torus or _Thalamus_.

_Thallophyta_, _Thallophytes_, 165.

_Thallus_, a stratum, in place of stem and leaves, 165.

_Theca_, a case; the cells or lobes of the anther.

_Thecaphore_, the stipe of a carpel, 113.

_Thorn_, an indurated pointed branch, 41, 42.

_Thread-shaped_, slender and round or roundish, like a thread.

_Throat_, the opening or gorge of a monopetalous corolla, &c., where the border and the tube join, and a little below, 89.

_Thyrse_ or _Thyrsus_, a compact and pyramidal panicle of cymes or cymules, 79.

_Tomentose_, clothed with matted woolly hairs (_tomentum_).

_Tongue-shaped_, long and flat, but thickish and blunt.

_Toothed_, furnished with teeth or short projections of any sort on the margin; used especially when these are sharp, like saw-teeth, and do not point forwards, 55.

_Top-shaped_, shaped like a top, or a cone with apex downwards.

_Torose_, _Torulose_, knobby; where a cylindrical body is swollen at intervals.

_Torus_, the receptacle of the flower, 81, 112.

_Trachea_, a spiral duct.

_Trachys_, Greek for rough; used in compounds, as, _Trachyspermous_, rough-seeded.

_Transverse_, across, standing right and left instead of fore and aft.

_Tri-_ (in composition), three; as,

_Triadelphous_, stamens united by their filaments into three bundles, 99.

_Triandrous_, where the flower has three stamens, 112.

_Tribe_, 178.

_Trichome_, of the nature of hair or pubescence.

_Trichotomous_, three-forked.

_Tricoccous_, of three cocci or roundish carpels.

_Tricolor_, having three colors.

_Tricostate_, having three ribs.

_Tricuspidate_, three-pointed.

_Tridentate_, three-toothed.

_Triennial_, lasting for three years.

_Trifarious_, in three vertical rows; looking three ways.

_Trifid_, three-cleft, 56.

_Trifoliate_, three-leaved. _Trifoliolate_, of three leaflets.

_Trifurcate_, three-forked.

_Trigonous_, three-angled, or triangular.

_Trigynous_, with three pistils or styles, 116.

_Trijugate_, in three pairs (_jugi_).

_Trilobed_ or _Trilobate_, three-lobed, 55.

_Trilocular_, three-celled, as the pistils or pods in fig. 328-330.

_Trimerous_, with its parts in threes.

_Trimorphism_, 117. _Trimorphic_ or _Trimorphous_, in three forms.

_Trinervate_, three-nerved, or with three slender ribs.

_Trioecious_, where there are three sorts of flowers on the same or different individuals, as in Red Maple. A form of Polygamous.

_Tripartible_, separable into three pieces. _Tripartite_, three-parted, 55.

_Tripetalous_, having three petals.

_Triphyllous_, three-leaved; composed of three pieces.

_Tripinnate_, thrice pinnate, 59. _Tripinnatifid_, thrice pinnately cleft, 57.

_Triple-ribbed_, _Triple-nerved_, &c., where a midrib branches into three, near the base of the leaf.

_Triquetrous_, sharply three-angled; and especially with the sides concave, like a bayonet.

_Triserial_, or _Triseriate_, in three rows, under each other.

_Tristichous_, in three longitudinal or perpendicular ranks.

_Tristigmatic_, or _Tristigmatose_, having three stigmas.

_Trisulcate_, three-grooved.

_Triternate_, three times ternate, 59.

_Trivial Name_, the specific name.

_Trochlear_, pulley-shaped.

_Trumpet-shaped_, tubular; enlarged at or towards the summit.

_Truncate_, as if cut off at the top.

_Trunk_, the main stem or general body of a stem or tree.

_Tube_ (of corolla, &c.), 89.

_Tuber_, a thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, provided with eyes (buds) on the sides, 44.

_Tubercle_, a small excrescence.

_Tubercled_, or _Tuberculate_, bearing excrescences or pimples.

_Tubaeform_, trumpet-shaped.

_Tuberous_, resembling a tuber. _Tuberiferous_, bearing tubers.

_Tubular_, hollow and of an elongated form; hollowed like a pipe, 91.

_Tubuliflorous_, bearing only tubular flowers.

_Tunicate_, coated; invested with layers, as an onion, 46.

_Turbinate_, top-shaped.

_Turio_ (plural _turiones_), strong young shoots or suckers springing out of the ground; as Asparagus-shoots.

_Turnip-shaped_, broader than high, abruptly narrowed below, 35.

_Twining_, ascending by coiling round a support, 39.

_Type_, the ideal pattern, 10.

_Typical_, well exemplifying the characteristics of a species, genus, &c.

_Uliginose_, growing in swamps.

_Umbel_, the umbrella-like form of inflorescence, 74.

_Umbellate_, in umbels. _Umbelliferous_, bearing umbels.

_Umbellet_ (_umbellula_), a secondary or partial umbel, 76.

_Umbilicate_, depressed in the centre, like the ends of an apple; with a navel.

_Umbonate_, bossed; furnished with a low, rounded projection like a boss (_umbo_).

_Umbraculiform_, umbrella-shaped.

_Unarmed_, destitute of spines, prickles, and the like.

_Uncial_, an inch (_uncia_) in length.

_Uncinate_, or _Uncate_, hook-shaped; hooked over at the end.

_Under-shrub_, partially shrubby, or a very low shrub.

_Undulate_ or _Undate_, wavy, or wavy-margined, 55.

_Unequally pinnate_, pinnate with an odd number of leaflets, 65.

_Unguiculate_, furnished with a claw (_unguis_), 91.

_Uni-_, in compound words, one; as _Unicellular_, one-celled.

_Uniflorous_, one-flowered.

_Unifoliate_, one-leaved. _Unifoliolate_, of one leaflet, 59.

_Unijugate_, of one pair.

_Unilabiate_, one-lipped.

_Unilateral_, one-sided.

_Unilocular_, one-celled.

_Uniovulate_, having only one ovule.

_Uniserial_, in one horizontal row.

_Unisexual_, having stamens or pistils only, 85.

_Univalved_, a pod of only one piece after dehiscence.

_Unsymmetrical Flowers_, 86.

_Urceolate_, urn-shaped.

_Utricle_, a small thin-walled, one-seeded fruit, as of Goosefoot, 121.

_Utricular_, like a small bladder.

_Vaginate_, sheathed, surrounded by a sheath (_vagina_).

_Valve_, one of the pieces (or doors) into which a dehiscent pod, or any similar body, splits, 122, 123.

_Valvate_, _Valvular_, opening by valves. _Valvate_, in aestivation, 97.

_Variety_, 176.

_Vascular_, containing vessels, or consisting of vessels or ducts, 134.

_Vascular Cryptogams_, 156.

_Vaulted_, arched; same as _fornicate_.

_Vegetable Life_, &c., 128. _Vegetable anatomy_, 129.

_Veins_, the small ribs or branches of the framework of leaves, &c., 49, 50.

_Veined_, _Veiny_, furnished with evident veins. _Veinless_, destitute of veins.

_Veinlets_, the smaller ramifications of veins, 50.

_Velate_, furnished with a veil.

_Velutinous_, velvety to the touch.

_Venation_, the veining of leaves, &c., 50.

_Venenate_, poisonous.

_Venose_, veiny; furnished with conspicuous veins.

_Ventral_, belonging to that side of a simple pistil, or other organ, which looks towards the axis or centre of the flower; the opposite of dorsal; as the

_Ventral Suture_, 106.

_Ventricose_, inflated or swelled out on one side.

_Venulose_, furnished with veinlets.

_Vermicular_, worm-like, shaped like worms.

_Vernal_, belonging to spring.

_Vernation_, the arrangement of the leaves in the bud, 71.

_Vernicose_, the surface appearing as if varnished.

_Verrucose_, warty; beset with little projections like warts.

_Versatile_, attached by one point, so that it may swing to and fro, 101.

_Vertex_, same as _apex_.

_Vertical_, upright, perpendicular to the horizon, lengthwise.

_Verticil_, a whorl, 68. _Verticillate_, whorled, 68.

_Verticillaster_, a false whorl, formed of a pair of opposite cymes.

_Vesicular_, bladdery.

_Vespertine_, appearing or expanding at evening.

_Vessels_, ducts, &c., 134.

_Vexillary_, _Vexillar_, relating to the

_Vexillum_, the standard of a papilionaceous flower, 92.

_Villose_, shaggy with long and soft hairs (_Villosity_).

_Vimineous_, producing slender twigs, such as those used for wicker-work.

_Vine_, in the American use, any trailing or climbing stem; as a Grape-vine.

_Virescent_, _Viridescent_, greenish; turning green.

_Virgate_, wand-shape; as a long, straight, and slender twig.

_Viscous_, _Viscid_, having a glutinous surface.

_Vitta_ (plural _vittae_), the oil-tubes of the fruit of Umbelliferae.

_Vitelline_, yellow, of the hue of yolk of egg.

_Viviparous_, sprouting or germinating while attached to the parent plant.

_Voluble_, twining; as the stem of Hops and Beans, 39.

_Volute_, rolled up in any way.

_Wavy_, the surface or margin alternately convex and concave, 55.

_Waxy_, resembling beeswax in texture or appearance.

_Wedge-shaped_, broad above, tapering by straight lines to a narrow base, 53.

_Wheel-shaped_, 89.

_Whorl_, an arrangement of leaves, &c., in circles around the stem.

_Whorled_, arranged in whorls, 68.

_Wing_, any membranous expansion. _Wings_ of papilionaceous flowers, 92.

_Winged_, furnished with a wing; as the fruit of Ash and Elm, fig. 300, 301.

_Wood_, 133, 142. _Woody_, of the texture or consisting of wood.

_Woody Fibre_, or _Wood-Cells_, 134.

_Woolly_, clothed with long and entangled soft hairs.

_Work in plants_, 149, 155.

_Xanthos_, Greek for yellow, used in compounds; as _Xanthocarpus_, yellow-fruited.

_Zygomorphous_, said of a flower which can be bisected only in one plane into similar halves.

Transcriber's Notes.

In the Latin-1 text version, the oe-ligature was simply replaced by the two separate characters. Other non-Latin-1 symbols were replaced by "[Symbol ...]," where the ellipsis was replaced by an explanation of the symbol. The occurrence of the Greek delta character in the glossary for Deltoid was replaced by "Delta."

Spelling variants where it wasn't possible to determine the author's intent were left as is. These include: "backbone" and "back-bone;" "Buttonwood" and "Button-wood;" "cross section" and "cross-section;" "footstalk" and "foot-stalk;" "network" and "net-work;" "Paeony" and "Peony;" "peapod" and "pea-pod," plus plurals; "penniveined" and "penni-veined," plus capitalized versions; "Sapwood" and "Sap-wood;" "Snowball" and "Snow-ball;" "Verticil" and "Verticel;" "Woodsorrel" and "Wood-sorrel."

Changed "Venation" to "Vernation" on page vi: "Vernation or Praefoliation."

Changed "Isoetes" to "Isoetes" on page viii: "Quillworts (Isoetes)."

Changed "liquifies" to "liquefies" on page 21: "as it liquefies."

Changed "frame-work" to "framework" on page 52: "the framework or skeleton."

Changed "leafstalk" to "leaf-stalk" in three places: the caption to figure 74; on page 71: "bent upon the leaf-stalk;" in the index entry for "Petiolulate."

Changed "Honey Locust" to "Honey-Locust" in the caption to figure 95: "branching thorn of Honey-Locust."

Page 47 has a reference to Fig. 89, which does not seem to follow from the text. "Fig. 80" would make more sense, but the original was not changed.

Removed extra comma before closing parenthesis on page 51: "the Maple (Fig. 20, 24)."

Changed "Linnaeus" to "Linnaeus" on page 50: "Linnaeus called Nerves."

Changed "Sugar-Maple" to "Sugar Maple" on page 58: "that of the Sugar Maple."

Changed "quadrifoliate" to "quadrifoliolate" on page 59: "trifoliolate, quadrifoliolate, plurifoliolate."

The reference to Fig. 167 on page 64 is probably intended to refer to Fig. 157, but was not changed.

The caption to figure 186 says that this is a two-ranked arrangement. Although it's clear from the text and figure that this is actually a three-ranked arrangement, the original text was preserved.

Changed colon to semi-colon in the caption to figure 219: "a, filament; b, anther."

Changed comma to period after "Fig. 254" in its caption.

Changed "Funnel-form" to "Funnelform" on page 90: "Funnel-shaped, or Funnelform."

Inserted closing parenthesis in caption to figure 304: "Of a Sage (Salvia Texana)."

Changed "Butter cup" to "Buttercup" on page 120: "fruit of the Buttercup."

Changed "carpophorse" to "carpophore" on page 121: "a slender axis or carpophore."

Changed "cocoanut" to "cocoa-nut" on page 122: "such as the cocoa-nut."

Changed "Sepifragal" to "Septifragal" on page 123: "Septifragal dehiscence."

Inserted missing text "(Fig." on page 128: "Rice (Fig. 430a)."

Perhaps the reference to unit 408 on page 136 should be to unit 402; but it was not changed.

Changed "White-Pine" to "White Pine" on page 148: "White Pine and Basswood."

Changed "discovary" to "discovery" on page 160: "discovery of a wholly unsuspected kind."

Changed "sporo-carps" to "sporocarps" in the caption to figure 520.

Changed semi-colon to period after "microspores" in the caption to figure 522.

Changed "Lepreiurei" to "Leprieurei" in the caption to figure 561.

Changed "Sun-flowers" to "Sunflowers" on page 187: "Sunflowers and Thistles."

Changed symbol for Earth to symbol for Male on page 189 in unit 581: "To indicate sexes, [Symbol for Male] means staminate."

Preserved the order of the index entries, even though they aren't strictly alphabetical.

Removed extra comma after "Amphitropous" in its index entry.

The index references for "Anemophilous" and "Entomophilous" should probably be 115, rather than 113, but were not changed.

The index reference for "Antheridium" should probably be 159, rather than 150, but was not changed.

Changed "short-fluited" to "short-fruited" in the index entry for "Brachy-."

The index references for "Caulescent" and "Cauline" should probably be 38, rather than 36, but were not changed.

The index reference for "Cladophylla" should probably be 61, rather than 64, but was not changed.

The index reference for "Dotted Ducts" should probably be 134, rather than 148, but was not changed.

Changed "trifoliate" to "trifoliolate" in the index entry for "Foliolate."

Changed "6" to "13" in the index entry for "Gemmule."

The index references for "Hemitropous" and "Heterotropous" should probably be 111, rather than 123, but were not changed.

The index reference for "Hortus Siccus" was changed from 201 to 186.

The index reference for "Incised" should probably be 55, rather than 58, but was not changed.

The index reference for "Jointed" is 64, and was not changed even though it does not seem to make sense. Better candidates include 57 and 122.

The index references for "Laticiferous" and "Milk-vessels" were changed from 138 to 135.

Changed the last index reference for "Ligule" from 57 to 67; also the reference for "Ocreate."

Changed comma to semi-colon after "86" in the index entry for "Naked."

The index reference for "Panicle" should probably be 76, rather than 81, but was not changed.

The index references for "Pentandrous" and "Triandrous" should probably be 100, rather than 112, but were not changed.

Changed "leaf stalk" to "leaf-stalk" in its index entry, as well as the index entry for "Petiole."

The index reference for "Pinnule" should probably be 59, rather than 66, but was not changed.

The index reference for "Seed-vessel" should probably be 117, rather than 127, but was not changed.

The second index reference for "Starch" is 163, and was not changed even though it does not seem to make sense.

Changed "one" to "on" in the index entry for "Stipules": "appendages on each side."

The index reference to page 37 for "Suffruticose" doesn't seem to make sense, but was left as is.

The index reference for "Trigynous" should probably be 105, rather than 116, but was not changed.

The index reference for "Unequally Pinnate" should probably be 58, rather than 65, but was not changed.