Part 20

_Cellular Cryptogams_, 162.

_Cellular tissue_, 131.

_Cellulose_, 131.

_Cell-walls_, 130.

_Centrifugal_ (inflorescence), produced or expanding in succession from the centre outwards, 77.

_Centripetal_, the opposite of centrifugal, 74.

_Cephala_, Greek for head. In compounds, _Monocephalous_, with one head, _Microcephalous_, small-headed, &c.

_Cereal_, belonging to corn, or corn-plants.

_Cernuous_, nodding; the summit more or less inclining.

_Chaeta_, Greek for bristle.

_Chaff_, small membranous scales or bracts on the receptacle of Compositae; the glumes, &c., of grasses.

_Chaffy_, furnished with chaff, or of the texture of chaff.

_Chalaza_, that part of the ovule where all the parts grow together, 110, 126.

_Channelled_, hollowed out like a gutter; same as _canaliculate_.

_Character_, a phrase expressing the essential marks of a species, genus, &c., 181.

_Chartaceous_, of the texture of paper or parchment.

_Chloros_, Greek for green, whence _Chloranthous_, green-flowered; _Chlorocarpous_, green-fruited, &c.

_Chlorophyll_, leaf green, 136.

_Chlorosis_, a condition in which naturally colored parts turn green.

_Choripetalous_, same as polypetalous.

_Chorisis_, separation of the normally united parts, or where two or more parts take the place of one.

_Chromule_, coloring matter in plants, especially when not green, or when liquid.

_Chrysos_, Greek for golden yellow, whence _Chrysanthous_, yellow-flowered, &c.

_Cicatrix_, the scar left by the fall of a leaf or other organ.

_Ciliate_, beset on the margin with a fringe of _cilia_, i. e. of hairs or bristles, like the eyelashes fringing the eyelids, whence the name.

_Cinereous_, or _Cineraceous_, ash-grayish; of the color of ashes.

_Circinate_, rolled inwards from the top, 72.

_Circumscissile_, or _Circumcissile_, divided by a circular line round the sides, as the pods of Purslane, Plantain, &c., 124.

_Circumscription_, general outline.

_Cirrhiferous_, or _Cirrhose_, furnished with a tendril (Latin, _Cirrhus_); as the Grape-vine. _Cirrhose_ also means resembling or coiling like tendrils, as the leaf-stalks of Virgin's-bower. More properly _Cirrus_ and _Cirrose_.

_Citreous_, lemon-yellow.

_Clados_, Greek for branch. _Cladophylla_, 64.

_Class_, 178, 183.

_Classification_, 175, 183.

_Clathrate_, latticed; same as _cancellate_.

_Clavate_, club-shaped; slender below and thickened upwards.

_Clavellate_, diminutive of clavate.

_Claviculate_, having _Claviculae_, or little tendrils or hooks.

_Claw_, the narrow or stalk-like base of some petals, as of Pinks, 91.

_Cleistogamous_ (_Cleistogamy_), fertilized in closed bud, 115.

_Cleft_, cut into lobes, 55.

_Close_ fertilization, 115.

_Climbing_, rising by clinging to other objects, 39, 151.

_Club shaped_, see _clavate_.

_Clustered_, leaves, flowers, &c., aggregated or collected into a bunch.

_Clypeate_, buckler-shaped.

_Coadunate_, same as _connate_, i. e. united.

_Coalescent_, growing together. _Coalescence_, 88.

_Coarctate_, contracted or brought close together.

_Coated_, having an integument, or covered in layers. Coated bulb, 46.

_Cobwebby_, same as _arachnoid_; bearing hairs like cobwebs or gossamer.

_Coccineous_, scarlet-red.

_Coccus_ (plural _cocci_), anciently a berry; now mostly used to denote the separable carpels or nutlets of a dry fruit.

_Cochleariform_, spoon-shaped.

_Cochleate_, coiled or shaped like a snail-shell.

_Coelospermous_, applied to those fruits of Umbelliferae which have the seed hollowed on the inner face, by incurving of top and bottom; as in Coriander.

_Coherent_, usually the same as _connate_.

_Cohort_, name sometimes used for groups between order and class, 178.

_Coleorhiza_, a root-sheath.

_Collateral_, side by side.

_Collective fruits_, 118.

_Collum_ or _Collar_, the neck or junction of stem and root.

_Colored_, parts of a plant which are other-colored than green.

_Columella_, the axis to which the carpels of a compound pistil are often attached, as in Geranium (112), or which is left when a pod opens, as in Azalea.

_Column_, the united stamens, as in Mallow, or the stamens and pistils united into one body, as in the Orchis family.

_Columnar_, shaped like a column or pillar.

_Coma_, a tuft of any sort (literally, a head of hair), 125.

_Comose_, tufted; bearing a tuft of hairs, as the seeds of Milkweed, 126.

_Commissure_, the line of junction of two carpels, as in the fruit of Umbelliferae.

_Complanate_, flattened.

_Compound leaf_, 54, 57. _Compound pistil_, 107. _Compound umbel_, 75, &c.

_Complete_ (flower), 81.

_Complicate_, folded upon itself.

_Compressed_, flattened on opposite sides.

_Conceptacle_, 168.

_Concinnous_, neat.

_Concolor_, all of one color.

_Conchiform_, shell- or half-shell-shaped.

_Conduplicate_, folded upon itself lengthwise, 71.

_Cone_, the fruit of the Pine family, 124. _Coniferous_, cone-bearing.

_Confertus_, much crowded.

_Conferruminate_, stuck together, as the cotyledons in a horse-chestnut.

_Confluent_, blended together; or the same as _coherent_.

_Conformed_, similar to another thing it is associated with or compared to; or closely fitted to it, as the skin to the kernel of a seed.

_Congested_, _Conglomerate_, crowded together.

_Conglomerate_, crowded into a glomerule.

_Conjugate_, coupled; in single pairs. _Conjugation_, 170.

_Connate_, united or grown together from the first formation, 96.

_Connate-perfoliate_, when a pair of leaves are connate round a stem, 60.

_Connective_, _Connectivum_, the part of the anther connecting its two cells, 101.

_Connivent_, converging, or brought close together.

_Consolidation_ (floral), 94.

_Consolidated_ forms of vegetation, 47.

_Contents_ of cells, 136.

_Continuous_, the reverse of interrupted or articulated.

_Contorted_, twisted together. _Contorted aestivation_, same as _convolute_, 97.

_Contortuplicate_, twisted back upon itself.

_Contracted_, either narrowed or shortened.

_Contrary_, turned in opposite direction to the ordinary.

_Convolute_, rolled up lengthwise, as the leaves of the Plum in vernation, 72. In aestivation, same as _contorted_, 97.

_Cordate_, heart-shaped, 53.

_Coriaceous_, resembling leather in texture.

_Corky_, of the texture of cork. _Corky layer_ of bark, 141.

_Corm_, a solid bulb, like that of Crocus, 45.

_Corneous_, of the consistence or appearance of horn.

_Corniculate_, furnished with a small horn or spur.

_Cornute_, horned; bearing a horn-like projection or appendage.

_Corolla_, the leaves of the flower within the calyx, 14, 79.

_Corollaceous_, _Corolline_, like or belonging to a corolla.

_Corona_, a coronet or crown; an appendage at the top of the claw of some petals, 91.

_Coronate_, crowned; furnished with a crown.

_Cortex_, bark. _Cortical_, belonging to the bark (_cortex_).

_Corticate_, coated with bark or bark-like covering.

_Corymb_, a flat or convex indeterminate flower-cluster, 74.

_Corymbiferous_, bearing corymbs.

_Corymbose_, in corymbs, approaching the form of a corymb, or branched in that way.

_Costa_, a rib; the midrib of a leaf, &c. _Costate_, ribbed.

_Cotyledons_, the proper leaves of the embryo, 11, 127.

_Crateriform_, goblet-shaped or deep saucer-shaped.

_Creeping_ (stems), growing flat on or beneath the ground and rooting, 39.

_Cremocarp_, a half-fruit, or one of the two carpels of Umbelliferae, 121.

_Crenate_, or _Crenelled_, the edge scalloped into rounded teeth, 55.

_Crenulate_, minutely or slightly crenate.

_Crested_, or _Cristate_, bearing any elevated appendage like a crest.

_Cretaceous_, chalky or chalk-like.

_Cribrose_, or _cribriform_, pierced like a sieve with small apertures.

_Crinite_, bearing long hairs.

_Crispate_, curled or crispy.

_Croceous_, saffron-color, deep reddish-yellow.

_Cross-breeds_, the progeny of interbred varieties, 176.

_Cross fertilization_, 115.

_Crown_, see _corona_. _Crowned_, see _coronate_.

_Cruciate_, or _Cruciform_, cross-shaped. _Cruciform Corolla_, 86.

_Crustaceous_, hard and brittle in texture; crust-like.

_Cryptogamous Plants_, _Cryptogams_, 10, 156.

_Cryptos_, concealed, as _Cryptopetalous_, with concealed petals, &c.

_Crystals_ in plants, 137.

_Cucullate_, hooded, or hood-shaped, rolled up like a cornet of paper, or a hood (_cucullus_), as the spathe of Indian Turnip, 75.

_Culm_, a straw; the stem of Grasses and Sedges, 39.

_Cultrate_, shaped like a trowel or broad knife.

_Cuneate_, _Cuneiform_, wedge-shaped, 53.

_Cup-shaped_, same as cyathiform or near it.

_Cupule_, a little cup; the cup to the acorn of the Oak, 122.

_Cupular_, or _Cupulate_, provided with a cupule.

_Cupuliferous_, cupule-bearing.

_Curviveined_, with curved ribs or veins.

_Curviserial_, in oblique or spiral ranks.

_Cushion_, the enlargement at the insertion or base of a petiole.

_Cuspidate_, tipped with a sharp and stiff point or _cusp_, 54.

_Cut_, same as incised, or applied generally to any sharp and deep division, 55.

_Cuticle_, the skin of plants, or more strictly its external pellicle.

_Cyaneous_, bright blue.

_Cyathiform_, in the shape of a cup, or particularly of a wine-glass.

_Cycle_, one complete turn of a spire, or a circle, 70.

_Cyclical_, rolled up circularly, or coiled into a complete circle.

_Cyclosis_, circulation in closed cells, 149.

_Cylindraceous_, approaching to the _Cylindrical_ form, terete and not tapering.

_Cymbaeform_, or _Cymbiform_, same as boat-shaped.

_Cyme_, a cluster of centrifugal inflorescence, 77.

_Cymose_, furnished with cymes, or like a cyme.

_Cymule_, a partial or diminutive cyme, 77.

_Deca-_ (in words of Greek derivation), ten; as

_Decagynous_, with 10 pistils or styles, _Decamerous_, of 10 parts, _Decandrous_, with 10 stamens, &c.

_Deciduous_, falling off, or subject to fall; said of leaves which fall in autumn, and of a calyx and corolla which fall before the fruit forms.

_Declinate_, _declined_, turned to one side, or downwards.

_Decompound_, several times compounded or divided, 59.

_Decumbent_, reclined on the ground, the summit tending to rise, 39.

_Decurrent_ (leaves), prolonged on the stem beneath the insertion, as in Thistles.

_Decussate_, arranged in pairs which successively cross each other, 71.

_Deduplication_, same as chorisis.

_Definite_, when of a uniform number, and not above twelve or so.

_Definite Inflorescence_, 72.

_Deflexed_, bent downwards.

_Deflorate_, past the flowering state, as an anther after it has discharged its pollen.

_Dehiscence_, the regular splitting open of capsule or anther, 103, 119.

_Dehiscent_, opening by regular dehiscence, 119, 123.

_Deliquescent_, branching off so that the stem is lost in the branches, 32.

_Deltoid_, of a triangular shape, like the Greek capital Delta.

_Demersed_, growing below the surface of water.

_Dendroid_, _Dendritic_, tree-like in form or appearance.

_Dendron_, Greek for tree.

_Deni_, ten together.

_Dens_, Latin for tooth.

_Dentate_, toothed, 55. _Denticulate_, furnished with denticulations, or little teeth.

_Depauperate_, impoverished or starved, and so below the natural size.

_Depressed_, flattened or as if pressed down from above.

_Derma_, Greek for skin.

_Descending_, tending gradually downwards. _Descending axis_, the root.

_Desmos_, Greek for things connected or bound together.

_Determinate Inflorescence_, 72.

_Dextrorse_, turned to the right hand.

_Di- Dis_ (in Greek compounds) two, as

_Diadelphous_ (stamens), united by their filaments in two sets, 99.

_Diagnosis_, a short distinguishing character or descriptive phrase.

_Dialypetalous_, same as polypetalous.

_Diandrous_, having two stamens, &c.

_Diaphanous_, transparent or translucent.

_Dicarpellary_, of two carpels.

_Dichlamydeous_ (flower), having both calyx and corolla.

_Dichogamous_, _Dichogamy_, 116.

_Dichotomous_, two-forked.

_Diclinous_, having the stamens in one flower, the pistils in another, 85.

_Dicoccous_ (fruit), splitting into two _cocci_ or closed carpels.

_Dicotyls_, 23.

_Dicotyledonous_ (embryo), having a pair of cotyledons, 23. _Dicotyledonous Plants_, 23, 182.

_Didymous_, twin.

_Didynamous_ (stamens), having four stamens in two pairs, 100.

_Diffuse_, spreading widely and irregularly.

_Digitate_ (fingered), where the leaflets of a compound leaf are all borne on the apex of the petiole, 58.

_Digynous_ (flower), having two pistils or styles, 105.

_Dimerous_, made up of two parts, or its organs in twos.

_Dimidiate_, halved; as where a leaf or leaflet has only one side developed.

_Dimorphism_, 117. _Dimorphous_, _Dimorphic_, of two forms, 117.

_Dioecious_, or _Dioicous_, with stamens and pistils on different plants, 85.

_Dipetalous_, of two petals.

_Diphyllous_, two-leaved.

_Dipterous_, two-winged.

_Diplo-_, Greek for double, as _Diplostemonous_, with two sets of stamens.

_Disciform_ or _Disk-shaped_, flat and circular, like a disk or quoit.

_Discoidal_, or _Discoid_, belonging to or like a disk.

_Discolor_, of two different colors or hues.

_Discrete_, separate, opposite of concrete.

_Disepalous_, of two sepals.

_Disk_, the face of any flat body; the central part of a head of flowers, like the Sunflower, or Coreopsis, as opposed to the ray or margin; a fleshy expansion of the receptacle of a flower, 113.

_Disk-flowers_, those of the disk in Compositae.

_Dissected_, cut deeply into many lobes or divisions.

_Dissepiments_, the partitions of a compound ovary or a fruit, 108.

_Dissilient_, bursting in pieces.

_Distichous_, two-ranked.

_Distinct_, uncombined with each other, 95.

_Dithecous_, of two thecae or anther-cells.

_Divaricate_, straddling; very widely divergent.

_Divided_ (leaves, &c.), cut into divisions down to the base or midrib, 55.

_Dodeca_, Greek for twelve; as _Dodecagynous_, with twelve pistils or styles, _Dodecandrous_, with twelve stamens.

_Dodrans_, span-long.

_Dolabriform_, axe-shaped.

_Dorsal_, pertaining to the back (_dorsum_) of an organ. _Dorsal Suture_, 106.

_Dotted Ducts_, 148.

_Double Flowers_, where the petals are multiplied unduly, 79.

_Downy_, clothed with a coat of soft and short hairs.

_Drupaceous_, like or pertaining to a drupe.

_Drupe_, a stone-fruit, 120. _Drupelet_ or _Drupel_, a little drupe.

_Ducts_, the so-called vessels of plants, 134.

_Dumose_, bushy, or relating to bushes.

_Duramen_, the heart-wood, 142.

_Dwarf_, remarkably low in stature.

_E-_, as a prefix of Latin compound words, means destitute of; as _ecostate_, without a rib or midrib; _exalbuminous_, without albumen, &c.

_Eared_, see _auriculate_, 53.

_Ebracteate_, destitute of bracts. _Ebracteolate_, destitute of bractlets.

_Eburneous_, ivory-white.

_Echinate_, armed with prickles (like a hedgehog). _Echinulate_, a diminutive of it.

_Edentate_, toothless.

_Effete_, past bearing, &c.; said of anthers which have discharged their pollen.

_Effuse_, very loosely branched and spreading.

_Eglandulose_, destitute of glands.

_Elaters_, threads mixed with the spores of Liverworts, 165.

_Ellipsoidal_, approaching an elliptical figure.

_Elliptical_, oval or oblong, with the ends regularly rounded, 52.

_Emarginate_, notched at the summit, 54.

_Embryo_, the rudimentary plantlet in a seed, 11, 127.

_Embryonal_, belonging or relating to the embryo.

_Embryo-sac_, 117.

_Emersed_, raised out of water.

_Endecagynous_, with eleven pistils or styles.

_Endecandrous_, with eleven stamens.

_Endemic_, peculiar to the country geographically.

_Endocarp_, the inner layer of a pericarp or fruit, 120.

_Endochrome_, the coloring matter of Algae and the like.

_Endogenous Stems_, 138. _Endogenous plants_, an old name for monocotyledons.

_Endopleura_, inner seed-coat.

_Endorhizal_, radicle or root sheathed in germination.

_Endosperm_, the albumen of a seed, 21.

_Endostome_, the orifice in the inner coat of an ovule.

_Ennea-_, nine. _Enneagynous_, with nine petals or styles. _Enneandrous_, nine-stamened.

_Ensate_, _Ensiform_, sword-shaped.

_Entire_, the margins not at all toothed, notched, or divided, but even, 55.

_Entomophilous_, said of flowers frequented and fertilized by insects, 113.

_Ephemeral_, lasting for a day or less, as the corolla of Purslane, &c.

_Epi-_, Greek for upon.

_Epicalyx_, such an involucel as that of Malvaceae.

_Epicarp_, the outermost layer of a fruit, 120.

_Epidermal_, relating to the _Epidermis_, or skin of a plant, 50, 141, 143.

_Epigaeous_, growing on the earth, or close to the ground.

_Epigynous_, upon the ovary, 95, 99.

_Epipetalous_, borne on the petals or the corolla, 99.

_Epiphyllous_, borne on a leaf.

_Epiphyte_, a plant growing on another plant, but not nourished by it, 36.

_Epiphytic_ or _Epiphytal_, relating to _Epiphytes_.

_Epipterous_, winged at top.

_Episperm_, the skin or coat of a seed, especially the outer coat.

_Equal_, alike in number or length.

_Equally pinnate_, same as abruptly pinnate, 57.

_Equitant_ (riding straddle), 60.

_Erion_, Greek for wool. _Erianthous_, woolly-flowered. _Eriophorous_, wool-bearing, &c.

_Erose_, eroded, as if gnawed.

_Erostrate_, not beaked.

_Erythros_, Greek for red. _Erythrocarpous_, red-fruited, &c.

_Essential Organs_ of the flower, 80.

_Estivation_, see _aestivation_.

_Etiolated_, blanched by excluding the light, as the stalks of Celery.

_Eu_, Greek prefix, meaning very, or much.

_Evergreen_, holding the leaves over winter and until new ones appear, or longer.

_Ex_, Latin prefix; privative in place of "e" when next letter is a vowel. So _Exalate_, wingless; _Exalbuminous_ (seed), without albumen, 21.

_Excurrent_, running out, as when a midrib projects beyond the apex of a leaf, or a trunk is continued to the very top of a tree, 32.

_Exiguous_, puny.

_Exilis_, lank or meagre.

_Eximius_, distinguished for size or beauty.

_Exo-_, in Greek compounds, outward, as in

_Exocarp_, outer layer of a pericarp, 120.

_Exogenous_, outward growing. _Exogenous stems_, 139.

_Exorhizal_, radicle in germination not sheathed.

_Exostome_, the orifice in the outer coat of the ovule.

_Explanate_, spread or flattened out.

_Exserted_, protruding out of, as the stamens out of the corolla.

_Exstipulate_, destitute of stipules.

_Extine_, outer coat of a pollen-grain.

_Extra-axillary_, said of a branch or bud somewhat out of the axil, 31.

_Extrorse_, turned outwards; the anther is extrorse when fastened to the filament on the side next the pistil, and opening on the outer side, 101.

_Falcate_, scythe-shaped; a flat body curved, its edges parallel.

_False Racemes_, 78.

_Family_, in botany same as Order, 177.

_Farina_, meal or starchy matter, 136.

_Farinaceous_, mealy in texture. _Farinose_, covered with a mealy powder.

_Fasciate_, banded; also applied to monstrous stems which grow flat.

_Fascicle_, a close cluster, 77.

_Fascicled_, _Fasciculated_, growing in a bundle or tuft, as the leaves of Larch, 68, and roots of Peony, 35.

_Fastigiate_, close, parallel, and upright, as the branches of Lombardy Poplar.

_Faux_ (plural, _fauces_), the throat of a calyx, corolla, &c., 89.

_Faveolate_, _Favose_, honeycombed; same as _alveolate_.

_Feather-veined_, with veins of a leaf all springing from the sides of a midrib, 51.

_Fecula_ or _Faecula_, starch, 136.

_Female flower_ or _plant_, one bearing pistils only.

_Fenestrate_, pierced with one or more large holes, like windows.

_Ferrugineous_, or _Ferruginous_, resembling iron-rust; red-grayish.

_Fertile_, fruit-bearing, or capable of it; also said of anthers producing good pollen.

_Fertilization_, the process by which pollen causes the embryo to be formed, 114.

_Fibre_ (woody), 133. _Fibrous_, containing much fibre, or composed of fibres.

_Fibrillose_, formed of small fibres, or _Fibrillae_.

_Fibro-vascular_ bundle or tissue, formed of fibres and vessels.

_Fiddle-shaped_, obovate with a deep recess on each side.

_Fidus_, Latin suffix for cleft, as _Bifid_, two-cleft.

_Filament_, the stalk of a stamen, 14, 80, 101; also any slender thread-shaped body.

_Filamentose_, or _Filamentous_, bearing or formed of slender threads.

_Filiform_, thread-shaped; long, slender, and cylindrical.

_Fimbriate_, fringed; furnished with fringes (_fimbriae_).

_Fimbrillate_, _Fimbrilliferous_, bearing small _fimbriae_, i. e. _fimbrillae_.

_Fissiparous_, multiplying by division of one body into two.

_Fissus_, Latin for split or divided.

_Fistular_, or _Fistulose_, hollow and cylindrical, as the leaves of the Onion.

_Flabelliform_, or _Flabellate_, fan-shaped.

_Flagellate_, or _Flagelliform_, long, narrow, and flexible, like the thong of a whip; or like the runners (_flagellae_) of the Strawberry.

_Flavescent_, yellowish, or turning yellow.

_Flavus_, Latin for yellow.

_Fleshy_, composed of firm pulp or flesh.

_Flexuose_, or _Flexuous_, bending in opposite directions, in a zigzag way.

_Floating_, swimming on the surface of water.

_Floccose_, composed of or bearing tufts of woolly or long and soft hairs.

_Flora_ (the goddess of flowers), the plants of a country or district, taken together, or a work systematically describing them, 9.

_Floral Envelopes_, or _Flower-leaves_, 79.

_Floret_, a diminutive flower, one of a mass or cluster.

_Floribund_, abundantly floriferous.

_Florula_, the flora of a small district.

_Flos_, _floris_, Latin for flower.

_Flosculus_, diminutive, same as floret.

_Flower_, the whole organs of reproduction of Phaenogamous plants, 14, 72.

_Flower-bud_, an unopened flower.

_Flowering Plants_, 10, 156. _Flowerless Plants_, 10, 156.

_Fly-trap leaves_, 65.

_Fluitans_, Latin for floating. _Fluviatile_, belonging to a river or stream.

_Foliaceous_, belonging to, or of the texture or nature of, a leaf (_folium_).

_Foliate_, provided with leaves. Latin prefixes denote the number of leaves, as _bifoliate_, _trifoliate_, &c. _Foliose_, leafy; abounding in leaves.

_Foliolate_, relating to or bearing leaflets (_foliola_); _trifoliolate_, with three leaflets, &c.

_Folium_ (plural, _folia_), Latin for leaf.

_Follicle_, a simple pod, opening down the inner suture, 122.

_Follicular_, resembling or belonging to a follicle.

_Food of Plants_, 144.

_Foot-stalk_, either petiole or peduncle, 49.

_Foramen_, a hole or orifice, as that of the ovule, 110.

_Foraminose_, _Foraminulose_, pierced with holes.

_Forked_, branched in two or three or more.

_Fornicate_, bearing fornices.

_Fornix_, little arched scales in the throat of some corollas, as of Comfrey.

_Foveate_, deeply pitted. _Foveolate_, diminutive of _foveate_.

_Free_, not united with any other parts of a different sort, 95.

_Fringed_, the margin beset with slender appendages, bristles, &c.

_Frond_, what answers to leaves in Ferns, &c., 157; or to the stem and leaves fused into one, as in Liverwort.

_Frondescence_, the bursting into leaf.

_Frondose_, frond-bearing; like a frond, or sometimes used for leafy.

_Fructification_, the state or result of fruiting.

_Fructus_, Latin for fruit.

_Fruit_, the matured ovary and all it contains or is connected with, 117.

_Fruit-dots_ in Ferns; see _Sorus_.

_Frustulose_, consisting of a chain of similar pieces, or _Frustules_.

_Frutescent_, somewhat shrubby; becoming a shrub (_Frutex_), 39.

_Fruticulose_, like a small shrub, or _Fruticulus_. _Fruticose_, shrubby, 39.

_Fugacious_, soon falling off or perishing.

_Fulcrate_, having accessory organs or _fulcra_, i. e. props.

_Fulvous_, tawny; dull yellow with gray.

_Fungus_, _Fungi_, 172.

_Funicle_, _Funiculus_, the stalk of a seed or ovule, 110.

_Funnelform_, or _funnel-shaped_, expanding gradually upwards into an open mouth, like a funnel or tunnel, 90.

_Furcate_, forked.

_Furfuraceous_, covered with bran-like fine scurf.

_Furrowed_, marked by longitudinal channels or grooves.

_Fuscous_, deep gray-brown.

_Fusiform_, spindle-shaped, 36.

_Galbalus_, the fleshy or at length woody cone of Juniper and Cypress.

_Galea_, a helmet-shaped body, as the upper sepal of the Monkshood, 87.