Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Jacobites" to "Japan" (part) Volume 15, Slice 2

"If any foreign vessel by stress of weather is obliged to touch at any principality or to put into any harbour of Japan, we order that, whoever these foreigners may be, absolute...

JAISALMER, or JEYSULMERE, a town and native state of India in the Rajputana agency. The town stands on a ridge of yellowish sandstone, crowned by a fort, which contains the pala...

James was the author of two poems, the _Kingis Quair_ and _Good Counsel_ (a short piece of three stanzas). The _Song of Absence_, _Peblis to the Play_ and _Christis Kirk on the...

JAMRUD, a fort and cantonment in India, just beyond the border of Peshawar district, North-West Frontier Province, situated at the mouth of the Khyber Pass, 10½ m. W. of Peshawa...

Towards the close of the Ashikaga shogunate painting entered on a new phase. Talented representatives of the Kose, Takuma and Tosa lines maintained the reputation of the native...

The only prominent event in the history of the island during the later years of the 18th century, was the threatened invasion by the French and Spanish in 1782, but Jamaica was...

James's methods of achieving ends in themselves honourable and profitable were indeed of a kind which has made posterity unjust to his real merits. The circumstances in which he...

JANSSENS (or JANSENS), VICTOR HONORIUS (1664-1739), Flemish painter, was born at Brussels. After seven years in the studio of an obscure painter named Volders, he spent four yea...

His two chief works are the _Chronicon januense_ and the _Golden Legend_ or _Lombardica hystoria_. The former is partly printed in Muratori (_Scriptores Rer. Ital._ ix. 6). It i...

An exhaustive description of jade will be found in a sumptuous work, entitled _Investigations and Studies in Jade_ (New York, 1906). This work, edited by Dr G. F. Kunz, was prep...

It is thus seen that each of the great trio of Japan's 16th-century statesmen--Nobunaga, Hideyoshi and Iyeyasu--adopted at the outset a most tolerant demeanour towards Christian...

In 1836 Mrs Jameson was summoned to Canada by her husband, who had been appointed chancellor of the province of Toronto. He failed to meet her at New York, and she was left to m...

JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766), prince of Wales, known to the Jacobites as James III. and to the Hanoverian party as the Old Pretender, the son and heir of Jame...

When the government of the Restoration came into power, the emperor solemnly announced that the administration should be conducted on the principle of employing men of capacity...

The story of the first Christian missionaries to Japan is told elsewhere (see § VIII. FOREIGN INTERCOURSE). Their work suffered an interruption for more than 200 years until, in...

JANIUAY, a town of the province of Iloilo, Panay, Philippine Islands, on the Suague river, about 20 m. W.N.W. of Iloilo, the capital. Pop. (1903), 27,399, including Lambúnao (66...

Besides the works already mentioned, he published _Hebräische Sprachlehre für Anfänger_ (1792); _Aramäische od. Chaldäische u. Syrische Sprachlehre für Anfänger_(1793); _Arabisc...

Even on the abolition of feudalism in 1871 the situation was not immediately relieved. The land tax, which constituted nine-tenths of the feudal revenues, had been assessed by v...

_Lacquer._--Japan derived the art of lacquering from China (probably about the beginning of the 6th century), but she ultimately carried it far beyond Chinese conception. At fir...

Great importance has always been attached by Japanese experts to the patina of metal used for artistic chiselling. It was mainly for the sake of their patina that value attached...

Japanese armour (_gusoku_) may be broadly described as plate armour, but the essential difference between it and the European type was that, whereas the latter took its shape fr...

_Posts and Telegraphs._--The government of the Restoration did not wait for the complete abolition of feudalism before organizing a new system of posts in accordance with modern...

The policy of seclusion adopted by the Tokugawa administration after the Shimabara insurrection included an order that no samurai should acquire foreign learning. Nevertheless s...

The terrible tumult of domestic war through which Japan passed in the 15th and 16th centuries brought to her service three of the greatest men ever produced in Occident or Orien...

JALPAIGURI, or JULPIGOREE, a town and district of British India, in the Rajshahi division of Eastern Bengal and Assam. The town is on the right bank of the river Tista, with a s...

The system of organized trading companies had its origin in the 12th century, when, the number of merchants admitted within the confines of Yedo being restricted, it became nece...

Of the many educational and training establishments, the most important is the _rikugun daigakko_, or army college, where officers, (generally subalterns), are prepared for serv...

The most approved fashion of weaving is called _tsuzure-ori_ (linked-weaving); that is to say, the cross threads are laid in with the fingers and pushed into their places with a...

Tokyo 749.76 1,795,128* 8 1 20 157 Kanagawa 927.79 776,642 11 1 19 202 Saitama 1,585.30 1,174,094 9 -- 42 343 Chiba 1,943.85 1,273,387 12 -- 69 286 Ibaraki 2,235.67 1,131,556 14...

With the opening of the diet in 1890, politics again obtruded themselves into newspaper columns, but as practical living issues now occupied attention, readers were no longer we...

The classic drama No and its companion the Kyogen had two children, the _Joruri_ and the _Kabuki_. They were born at the close of the 16th century and they owed their origin to...

JAMES, EPISTLE OF, a book of the New Testament. The superscription (Jas. i. 1) ascribes it to that pre-eminent "pillar" (Gal. ii. 9) of the original mother church who later came...

About the year 1680 Hishigawa Moronobu achieved a great popularity for woodcut illustration, and laid the foundations of the splendid school which followed. The names of the eng...

"A guard at the gate prevented all communications with the city of Nagasaki; no Dutchman without weighty reasons and without the permission of the governor might pass the gate;...

The house of representatives unanimously approved this programme. By the bulk of the nation, however, it was regarded with something like consternation, and a very short time su...

The nation does not seem to have appreciated the deficiencies of the syndicate's service, supplemented as it was by a network of waterways which greatly increased the facilities...

ARTICLE JAMAICA: "The British government awarded them compensation at the rate of £19 per slave, the market value of slaves at the time being £35, but most of this compensation...

Occidental influence has been felt, of course, in the field of modern bronze-casting. At a school of art officially established in Tokyo in 1873 under the direction of Italian t...

About the time (1843) of the ao-Kutani revival, a potter called lida Hachiroemon introduced a style of decoration which subsequently came to be regarded as typical of all Kaga p...

Among the seven ceramists here enumerated, Seifu of Kioto probably enjoys the highest reputation. If we except the ware of Satsuma, it may be said that nearly all the fine faien...

Considerable deposits of coal exist, both anthracite and bituminous. The former, found chiefly at Amakusa, is not greatly inferior to the Cardiff mineral; and the latter--obtain...

Analysis of Japan's foreign trade during the Meiji era shows that during the 35-year period ending in 1907, imports exceeded exports in 21 years and exports exceeded imports in...

Necessarily the movement of industrial expansion was accompanied by a development of insurance business. The beginnings of this kind of enterprise did not become visible, howeve...

Only two missionaries, Torres and Fernandez, remained in Japan after the departure of Xavier, but they were soon joined by three others. These newcomers landed at Kagoshima and...

The insect life of Japan broadly corresponds with that of temperate regions in Europe. But there are also a number of tropical species, notably among butterflies and beetles. Th...

_Literature._--From the neighbouring continent the Japanese derived the art of transmitting ideas to paper. But as to the date of that acquisition there is doubt. An authenticat...

This treaty could not be represented, as previous conventions had been, in the light of a purely benevolent concession. It definitely provided for the trade and residence of for...

_Moral Characteristics._--The most prominent trait of Japanese disposition is gaiety of heart. Emphatically of a laughter-loving nature, the Japanese passes through the world wi...

The traditional story of prehistoric Japan indicates that the first recorded emperor was an over-sea invader, whose followers must therefore have possessed some knowledge of shi...

_Flora._--The flora of Japan has been carefully studied by many scientific men from Siebold downwards. Foreigners visiting Japan are immediately struck by the affection of the p...

Even more picturesque, though less lofty, than the Alps of Japan, are the Nikko mountains, enclosing the mausolea of the two greatest of the Tokugawa _shoguns_. The highest of t...

_Geology._--It is a popular belief that the islands of Japan consist for the most part of volcanic rocks. But although this conception might reasonably be suggested by the prese...