Part 1

Transcriber's notes:

(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an underscore, like C_n.

(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.

(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective paragraphs.

(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not inserted.

(5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek letters.

(6) The following typographical errors have been corrected:

ARTICLE JAMAICA: "The British government awarded them compensation at the rate of £19 per slave, the market value of slaves at the time being £35, but most of this compensation went into the hands of the planters' creditors." 'compensation' amended from 'conpensation'.

ARTICLE JAMESON, LEANDER STARR: "They were tried in London under the Foreign Enlistment Act in May 1896, and Dr Jameson was sentenced to fifteen months' imprisonment at Holloway." 'imprisonment' amended from 'inprisonment'.

ARTICLE JAPAN: "The pots in which these wonders of patient skill are grown have to be themselves fine specimens of the ceramist's craft, and as much as £200 is sometimes paid for a notably well trained tree." "ceramist's" amended from "keramist's".

ARTICLE JAPAN: "... named Iwasa Matahei, had even made a specialty of this class of motive; but so little is known of Matahei and his work that even his period is a matter of dispute ..." 'specialty' amended from 'speciality'.

ARTICLE JAPAN: "At the naval cadet academy--originally situated in Tokyo but now at Etajima near Kure--aspirants for service as naval officers receive a 3 years' academical course and 1 year's training at sea ..." 'Tokyo' amended from 'Tkoyo'.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XV, SLICE II

Jacobites to Japan (part)

ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:

JACOBITES JAMES III. JACOBS, CHRISTIAN WILHELM JAMES IV. JACOBS CAVERN JAMES V. JACOBSEN, JENS PETER JAMES I. (king of Aragon) JACOB'S WELL JAMES II. JACOBUS DE VORAGINE JAMES II. (king of Majorca) JACOTOT, JOSEPH JAMES III. (king of Majorca) JACQUARD, JOSEPH MARIE JAMES (prince of Wales) JACQUERIE, THE JAMES, DAVID JACTITATION JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFORD JADE (estuary of the North Sea) JAMES, HENRY JADE (ornamental stones) JAMES, JOHN ANGELL JAEN (province of Spain) JAMES, THOMAS JAEN (city of Spain) JAMES, WILLIAM (English historian) JAFARABAD JAMES, WILLIAM (American philosopher) JAFFNA JAMES OF HEREFORD, HENRY JAMES JÄGER, GUSTAV JAMES, EPISTLE OF JÄGERNDORF JAMESON, ANNA BROWNELL JAGERSFONTEIN JAMESON, GEORGE JAGO, RICHARD JAMESON, LEANDER STARR JAGUAR JAMESON, ROBERT JAGUARONDI JAMESTOWN (North Dakota, U.S.A.) JAHANABAD JAMESTOWN (New York, U.S.A.) JAHANGIR JAMESTOWN (Virginia, U.S.A.) JAHIZ JAMI JAHN, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG JAMIESON, JOHN JAHN, JOHANN JAMIESON, ROBERT JAHN, OTTO JAMKHANDI JAHRUM JAMMU JAINS JAMNIA JAIPUR JAMRUD JAISALMER JAMS AND JELLIES JAJCE JANESVILLE JAJPUR JANET, PAUL JAKOB, LUDWIG HEINRICH VON JANGIPUR JAKOVA JANIN, JULES GABRIEL JAKUNS JANISSARIES JALALABAD JANIUAY JALAP JANJIRA JALAPA JAN MAYEN JALAUN JANSEN, CORNELIUS JALISCO JANSENISM JALNA JANSSEN, CORNELIUS JALPAIGURI JANSSEN, JOHANNES JAMAICA (island) JANSSEN, PIERRE JULES CÉSAR JAMAICA (New York, U.S.A.) JANSSENS, VICTOR HONORIUS JAMB JANSSENS VAN NUYSSEN, ABRAHAM JAMES (name) JANUARIUS, ST JAMES (New Testament) JANUARY JAMES I. (king of Great Britain) JANUS JAMES II. JAORA JAMES I. (king of Scotland) JAPAN (part) JAMES II.

JACOBITES (from Lat. _Jacobus_, James), the name given after the revolution of 1688 to the adherents, first of the exiled English king James II., then of his descendants, and after the extinction of the latter in 1807, of the descendants of Charles I., i.e. of the exiled house of Stuart.

The history of the Jacobites, culminating in the risings of 1715 and 1745, is part of the general history of England (q.v.), and especially of Scotland (q.v.), in which country they were comparatively more numerous and more active, while there was also a large number of Jacobites in Ireland. They were recruited largely, but not solely, from among the Roman Catholics, and the Protestants among them were often identical with the Non-Jurors. Owing to a variety of causes Jacobitism began to lose ground after the accession of George I. and the suppression of the revolt of 1715; and the total failure of the rising of 1745 may be said to mark its end as a serious political force. In 1765 Horace Walpole said that "Jacobitism, the concealed mother of the latter (i.e. Toryism), was extinct," but as a sentiment it remained for some time longer, and may even be said to exist to-day. In 1750, during a strike of coal workers at Elswick, James III. was proclaimed king; in 1780 certain persons walked out of the Roman Catholic Church at Hexham when George III. was prayed for; and as late as 1784 a Jacobite rising was talked about. Northumberland was thus a Jacobite stronghold; and in Manchester, where in 1777 according to an American observer Jacobitism "is openly professed," a Jacobite rendezvous known as "John Shaw's Club" lasted from 1733 to 1892. North Wales was another Jacobite centre. The "Cycle of the White Rose"--the white rose being the badge of the Stuarts--composed of members of the principal Welsh families around Wrexham, including the Williams-Wynns of Wynnstay, lasted from 1710 until some time between 1850 and 1860. Jacobite traditions also lingered among the great families of the Scottish Highlands; the last person to suffer death as a Jacobite was Archibald Cameron, a son of Cameron of Lochiel, who was executed in 1753. Dr Johnson's Jacobite sympathies are well known, and on the death of Victor Emmanuel I., the ex-king of Sardinia, in 1824, Lord Liverpool wrote to Canning saying "there are those who think that the ex-king was the lawful king of Great Britain." Until the accession of King Edward VII. finger-bowls were not placed upon the royal dinner-table, because in former times those who secretly sympathized with the Jacobites were in the habit of drinking to the king _over the water_. The romantic side of Jacobitism was stimulated by Sir Walter Scott's _Waverley_, and many Jacobite poems were written during the 19th century.

The chief collections of Jacobite poems are: Charles Mackay's _Jacobite Songs and Ballads of Scotland, 1688-1746, with Appendix of Modern Jacobite Songs_ (1861); G. S. Macquoid's _Jacobite Songs and Ballads_ (1888); and _English Jacobite Ballads_, edited by A. B. Grosart from the Towneley manuscripts (1877).

Upon the death of Henry Stuart, Cardinal York, the last of James II.'s descendants, in 1807, the rightful occupant of the British throne according to legitimist principles was to be found among the descendants of Henrietta, daughter of Charles I., who married Philip I., duke of Orleans. Henrietta's daughter, Anne Marie (1669-1728), became the wife of Victor Amadeus II., duke of Savoy, afterwards king of Sardinia; her son was King Charles Emmanuel III., and her grandson Victor Amadeus III. The latter's son, King Victor Emmanuel I., left no sons, and his eldest daughter, Marie Beatrice, married Francis IV., duke of Modena, whose son Ferdinand (d. 1849) left an only daughter, Marie Thérèse (b. 1849). This lady, the wife of Prince Louis of Bavaria, was in 1910 the senior member of the Stuart family, and according to the legitimists the rightful sovereign of Great Britain and Ireland.

_Table showing the succession to the crown of Great Britain and Ireland according to Jacobite principles._

Charles I. (1600-1649) | Henrietta (1644-1670) = Philip I., duke of Orleans (1640-1701) | Anne Marie (1669-1728) = Victor Amadeus II, king of Sardinia (1666-1732) | Charles Emmanuel III. king of Sardinia (1701-1773) | Victor Amadeus III. king of Sardinia (1726-1796) | Victor Emmanuel I. king of Sardinia (1759-1824) | Marie Beatrice (c. 1780-1840) = Francis IV., duke of Modena (1779-1846) | Ferdinand (1821-1849) | Marie Thérèse (b. 1849) = Louis, prince of Bavaria (b. 1845) | +--------------------+------------+------------+ | | | Rupert, prince Charles Francis of Bavaria (b. 1869) (b. 1874) (b. 1875) +---------------+--------------+ | | | Luitpold Albert Rudolph (b. 1901) (b. 1905) (b. 1909)

Among the modern Jacobite, or legitimist, societies perhaps the most important is the "Order of the White Rose," which has a branch in Canada and the United States. The order holds that sovereign authority is of divine sanction, and that the execution of Charles I. and the revolution of 1688 were national crimes; it exists to study the history of the Stuarts, to oppose all democratic tendencies, and in general to maintain the theory that kingship is independent of all parliamentary authority and popular approval. The order, which was instituted in 1886, was responsible for the Stuart exhibition of 1889, and has a newspaper, the _Royalist_. Among other societies with similar objects in view are the "Thames Valley Legitimist Club" and the "Legitimist Jacobite League of Great Britain and Ireland."

See _Historical Papers relating to the Jacobite Period_, edited by J. Allardyce (Aberdeen, 1895-1896); James Hogg, _The Jacobite Relics of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1819-1821); and F. W. Head, _The Fallen Stuarts_ (Cambridge, 1901). The marquis de Ruvigny has compiled _The Jacobite Peerage_ (Edinburgh, 1904), a work which purports to give a list of all the titles and honours conferred by the kings of the exiled House of Stuart. (A. W. H.*)

JACOBS, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1764-1847), German classical scholar, was born at Gotha on the 6th of October 1764. After studying philology and theology at Jena and Göttingen, in 1785 he became teacher in the gymnasium of his native town, and in 1802 was appointed to an office in the public library. In 1807 he became classical tutor in the lyceum of Munich, but, disgusted at the attacks made upon him by the old Bavarian Catholic party, who resented the introduction of "north German" teachers, he returned to Gotha in 1810 to take charge of the library and the numismatic cabinet. He remained in Gotha till his death on the 30th of March 1847. Jacobs was an extremely successful teacher; he took great interest in the affairs of his country, and was a publicist of no mean order. But his great work was an edition of the Greek Anthology, with copious notes, in 13 volumes (1798-1814), supplemented by a revised text from the Codex Palatinus (1814-1817). He published also notes on Horace, Stobaeus, Euripides, Athenaeus and the _Iliaca_ of Tzetzes; translations of Aelian (_History of Animals_); many of the Greek romances; Philostratus; poetical versions of much of the Greek Anthology; miscellaneous essays on classical subjects; and some very successful school books. His translation of the political speeches of Demosthenes was undertaken with the express purpose of rousing his country against Napoleon, whom he regarded as a second Philip of Macedon.

See E. F. Wüstemann, _Friderici Jacobsii laudatio_ (Gotha, 1848); C. Bursian, _Geschichte der classischen Philologie in Deutschland_; and the appreciative article by C. Regel in _Allgemeine deutsche Biographie_.

JACOBS CAVERN, a cavern in latitude 36° 35´ N., 2 m. E. of Pineville, McDonald county, Missouri, named after its discoverer, E. H. Jacobs, of Bentonville, Arkansas. It was scientifically explored by him, in company with Professors Charles Peabody and Warren K. Moorehead, in 1903. The results were published in that year by Jacobs in the _Benton County Sun_; by C. N. Gould in _Science_, July 31, 1903; by Peabody in the _Am. Anthropologist_, Sept. 1903; and in the _Am. Journ. Archaeology_, 1904; and by Peabody and Moorehead, 1904, as _Bulletin I._ of the Dept. of Archaeology in Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., in the museum of which are exhibits, maps and photographs.

Jacobs Cavern is one of the smaller caves, hardly more than a rock-shelter, and is entirely in the "St Joe Limestone" of the sub-carboniferous age. Its roof is a single flat stratum of limestone; its walls are well marked by lines of stratification; dripstone also partly covers the walls, fills a deep fissure at the end of the cave, and spreads over the floor, where it mingles with an ancient bed of ashes, forming an ash-breccia (mostly firm and solid) that encloses fragments of sandstone, flint spalls, flint implements, charcoal and bones. Underneath is the true floor of the cave, a mass of homogeneous yellow clay, one metre in thickness. It holds scattered fragments of limestone, and is itself the result of limestone degeneration. The length of the opening is over 21 metres; its depth 14 metres, and the height of roof above the undisturbed ash deposit varied from 1 m. 20 cm. to 2 m. 60 cm. The bone recess at the end was from 50 cm. to 80 cm. in height. The stratum of ashes was from 50 cm. to 1 m. 50 cm. thick.

The ash surface was staked off into square metres, and the substance carefully removed in order. Each stalactite, stalagmite and pilaster was measured, numbered, and removed in sections. Six human skeletons were found buried in the ashes. Seven-tenths of a cubic metre of animal bones were found: deer, bear, wolf, raccoon, opossum, beaver, buffalo, elk, turkey, woodchuck, tortoise and hog; all contemporary with man's occupancy. Three stone metates, one stone axe, one celt and fifteen hammer-stones were found. Jacobs Cavern was peculiarly rich in flint knives and projectile points. The sum total amounts to 419 objects, besides hundreds of fragments, cores, spalls and rejects, retained for study and comparison. Considerable numbers of bone or horn awls were found in the ashes, as well as fragments of pottery, but no "ceremonial" objects.

The rude type of the implements, the absence of fine pottery, and the peculiarities of the human remains, indicate a race of occupants more ancient than the "mound-builders." The deepest implement observed was buried 50 cm. under the stalagmitic surface. Dr. Hovey has proved that the rate of stalagmitic growth in Wyandotte Cave, Indiana, is .0254 cm. annually; and if that was the rate in Jacobs Cavern, 1968 years would have been needed for the embedding of that implement. Polished rocks outside the cavern and pictographs in the vicinity indicate the work of a prehistoric race earlier than the Osage Indians, who were the historic owners previous to the advent of the white man. (H. C. H.)

JACOBSEN, JENS PETER (1847-1885), Danish imaginative writer, was born at Thisted in Jutland, on the 7th of April 1847; he was the eldest of the five children of a prosperous merchant. He became a student at the university of Copenhagen in 1868. As a boy he showed a remarkable turn for science, particularly for botany. In 1870, although he was secretly writing verses already, Jacobsen definitely adopted botany as a profession. He was sent by a scientific body in Copenhagen to report on the flora of the islands of Anholt and Læsö. About this time the discoveries of Darwin began to exercise a fascination over him, and finding them little understood in Denmark, he translated into Danish _The Origin of Species_ and _The Descent of Man_. In the autumn of 1872, while collecting plants in a morass near Ordrup, he contracted pulmonary disease. His illness, which cut him off from scientific investigation, drove him to literature. He met the famous critic, Dr Georg Brandes, who was struck by his powers of expression, and under his influence, in the spring of 1873, Jacobsen began his great historical romance of _Marie Grubbe_. His method of composition was painful and elaborate, and his work was not ready for publication until the close of 1876. In 1879 he was too ill to write at all; but in 1880 an improvement came, and he finished his second novel, _Niels Lyhne_. In 1882 he published a volume of six short stories, most of them written a few years earlier, called, from the first of them, _Mogens_. After this he wrote no more, but lingered on in his mother's house at Thisted until the 30th of April 1885. In 1886 his posthumous fragments were collected. It was early recognized that Jacobsen was the greatest artist in prose that Denmark has produced. He has been compared with Flaubert, with De Quincey, with Pater; but these parallelisms merely express a sense of the intense individuality of his style, and of his untiring pursuit of beauty in colour, form and melody. Although he wrote so little, and crossed the living stage so hurriedly, his influence in the North has been far-reaching. It may be said that no one in Denmark or Norway has tried to write prose carefully since 1880 whose efforts have not been in some degree modified by the example of Jacobsen's laborious art.

His _Samlede Skrifter_ appeared in two volumes in 1888; in 1899 his letters (_Breve_) were edited by Edvard Brandes. In 1896 an English translation of part of the former was published under the title of _Siren Voices: Niels Lyhne_, by Miss E. F. L. Robertson. (E. G.)

JACOB'S WELL, the scene of the conversation between Jesus and the "woman of Samaria" narrated in the Fourth Gospel, is described as being in the neighbourhood of an otherwise unmentioned "city called Sychar." From the time of Eusebius this city has been identified with Sychem or Shechem (modern Nablus), and the well is still in existence 1½ m. E. of the town, at the foot of Mt Gerizim. It is beneath one of the ruined arches of a church mentioned by Jerome, and is reached by a few rough steps. When Robinson visited it in 1838 it was 105 ft. deep, but it is now much shallower and often dry.

For a discussion of Sychar as distinct from Shechem see T. K. Cheyne, art. "Sychar," in _Ency. Bibl._, col. 4830. It is possible that Sychar should be placed at Tulul Balata, a mound about ½ m. W. of the well (_Palestine Exploration Fund Statement_, 1907, p. 92 seq.); when that village fell into ruin the name may have migrated to 'Askar, a village on the lower slopes of Mt Ebal about 1¾ m. E.N.E. from Nablus and ½ m. N. from Jacob's Well. It may be noted that the difficulty is not with the location of the well, but with the identification of Sychar.

JACOBUS DE VORAGINE (c. 1230-c. 1298), Italian chronicler, archbishop of Genoa, was born at the little village of Varazze, near Genoa, about the year 1230. He entered the order of the friars preachers of St Dominic in 1244, and besides preaching with success in many parts of Italy, taught in the schools of his own fraternity. He was provincial of Lombardy from 1267 till 1286, when he was removed at the meeting of the order in Paris. He also represented his own province at the councils of Lucca (1288) and Ferrara (1290). On the last occasion he was one of the four delegates charged with signifying Nicholas IV.'s desire for the deposition of Munio de Zamora, who had been master of the order from 1285, and was deprived of his office by a papal bull dated the 12th of April 1291. In 1288 Nicholas empowered him to absolve the people of Genoa for their offence in aiding the Sicilians against Charles II. Early in 1292 the same pope, himself a Franciscan, summoned Jacobus to Rome, intending to consecrate him archbishop of Genoa with his own hands. He reached Rome on Palm Sunday (March 30), only to find his patron ill of a deadly sickness, from which he died on Good Friday (April 4). The cardinals, however, "propter honorem Communis Januae," determined to carry out this consecration on the Sunday after Easter. He was a good bishop, and especially distinguished himself by his' efforts to appease the civil discords of Genoa. He died in 1298 or 1299, and was buried in the Dominican church at Genoa. A story, mentioned by the chronicler Echard as unworthy of credit, makes Boniface VIII., on the first day of Lent, cast the ashes in the archbishop's eyes instead of on his head, with the words, "Remember that thou art a Ghibelline, and with thy fellow Ghibellines wilt return to naught."

Jacobus de Voragine left a list of his own works. Speaking of himself in his _Chronicon januense_, he says, "While he was in his order, and after he had been made archbishop, he wrote many works. For he compiled the legends of the saints (_Legendae sanctorum_) in one volume, adding many things from the _Historia tripartita et scholastica_, and from the chronicles of many writers." The other writings he claims are two anonymous volumes of "Sermons concerning all the Saints" whose yearly feasts the church celebrates. Of these volumes, he adds, one is very diffuse, but the other short and concise. Then follow _Sermones de omnibus evangeliis dominicalibus_ for every Sunday in the year; _Sermones de omnibus evangeliis_, i.e. a book of discourses on all the Gospels, from Ash Wednesday to the Tuesday after Easter; and a treatise called "_Marialis_, qui totus est de B. Maria compositus," consisting of about 160 discourses on the attributes, titles, &c., of the Virgin Mary. In the same work the archbishop claims to have written his _Chronicon januense_ in the second year of his pontificate (1293), but it extends to 1296 or 1297. To this list Echard adds several other works, such as a defence of the Dominicans, printed at Venice in 1504, and a _Summa virtutum et vitiorum Guillelmi Peraldi_, a Dominican who died about 1250. Jacobus is also said by Sixtus of Siena (_Biblioth. Sacra_, lib. ix.) to have translated the Old and New Testaments into his own tongue. "But," adds Echard, "if he did so, the version lies so closely hid that there is no recollection of it," and it may be added that it is highly improbable that the man who compiled the Golden Legend ever conceived the necessity of having the Scriptures in the vernacular.